Pre-career exposure to violence as a predictor of emotional distress among police recruits

2022 ◽  
pp. 0032258X2110647
Author(s):  
Brooke McQuerrey Tuttle ◽  
Yeokil Cho ◽  
Tia C Waldrop
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Police Stress ◽  
Police Recruits ◽  
Occupational Risks ◽  
Path Analyses ◽  
Direct Exposure ◽  
Emotional Wellness

The occupational risks to police mental health are widely known; however, less is known about how early life experiences and pre-academy stressors influence the emotional wellness of recruits in an academy setting. The present study investigated the links between pre-career exposure to violence and emotional wellness among a sample of 1,072 police recruits. Results of path analyses revealed that direct exposure to physical violence prior to age 18 was a significant factor for recruit emotional distress, whereas indirect exposure to violence did not significantly predict emotional distress. Findings carry implications for considering a lifespan approach to understanding police stress.

scholarly journals The effect of gender norms on the association between violence and hope among girls in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Stark ◽  
K. Asghar ◽  
S. Meyer ◽  
G. Yu ◽  
T. Bakemore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Violence Exposure ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Future Orientation ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Republic Of The Congo

Background.Girls at early stages of adolescence are vulnerable to violence victimization in humanitarian contexts, but few studies examine factors that affect girls’ hope in these settings. We assessed attitudes toward traditional gender norms as an effect modifier of the relationship between violence exposure and future orientation in displaced girls.Methods.Secondary analysis, using multivariable regression of cross-sectional data from girls ages 10–14 in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Key variables of interest were attitudes toward intimate partner violence (IPV), Children's Hope Scale (CHS) score, and exposure to physical, emotional, and sexual violence within the last 12 months. Additional covariates included age, educational status, and territory.Results.The interaction of exposure to violence and attitudes toward IPV magnified the association between violence exposure and lower CHS score for physical violence (β = −0.09, p = 0.040) and unwanted sexual touching (β = −0.20, p = 0.003) among girls age 10–14, when adjusting for other covariates. The interaction of exposure to violence and attitudes toward IPV magnified the association between violence exposure and lower CHS score for forced sex (β = −0.22, p = 0.016) among girls age 13–14, when adjusting for covariates. Findings for emotional violence, any form of sexual violence, and coerced sex trended toward lower CHS scores for girls who reported higher acceptance of IPV, but did not reach significance.Conclusions.Findings support the utility of gender norms-transformative programming in increasing resilience of girls who have experienced sexual violence in humanitarian contexts.

scholarly journals Measuring child exposure to violence and mental health reactions in epidemiological studies: challenges and current issues

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiane Seixas Duarte ◽  
Isabel Altenfelder Santos Bordin ◽  
Genevieve Rachel Green ◽  
Christina W. Hoven
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Child Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Traumatic Grief ◽  
Child Exposure ◽  
Grief In Children

This paper examines challenges and current issues involved in measuring exposure to different types of violence which are associated mental health problems in children and adolescents. Standardized measures suitable for epidemiological studies, selected based on their relevance in the current literature, are briefly described and commented. The assessment of child's exposure to violence may focus on a specific event (e.g., kidnapping), a specific context (e.g., war) or even of a certain type of exposure (e.g., intrafamilial physical violence). The assessment of child mental health after exposure to violence has traditionally focused on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - most frequently measured through non-diagnostic scales. However, other mental health reactions may be present and screening as well as diagnostic instruments which may be used to assess these reactions are also described. Two issues of emerging importance - the assessment of impairment and of traumatic grief in children - are also presented. Availability of culturally appropriate instruments is a crucial step towards proper identification of child mental health problems after exposure to violence.

Abstract P202: Violence and Midlife Carotid Artery Intima-media Thickness in Mexican Women

Circulation ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 133 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Flores ◽  
Unnur Valdimarsdóttir ◽  
Ruy Lopez-Ridaura ◽  
Adriana Monge ◽  
Carlos Cantú-Brito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Carotid Atherosclerosis ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Intima Media Thickness ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Media Thickness ◽  
Adult Exposure ◽  
Subclinical Cvd

Introduction: Violence against women remains globally one of the most important human rights violations and public health threats. Yet, data on the potential impact of lifetime exposure to violence, an important stressor, on cardiovascular disease (CVD) are scarce. Hypothesis: Adult women with a history of childhood and/or adult exposure to violence are at increased risk of subclinical CVD compared to women without this history. Methods: We evaluated the association of childhood and adult exposure to violence and carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) in 634 disease-free women from the Mexican Teachers’ Cohort. In 2012-13, study participants retrospectively responded to 12 violence-related items from the Life Stressor Checklist questionnaire. We categorized violence as neglect, and observed, physical and sexual violence, in childhood and adulthood. IMT was measured by standardized neurologists through ultrasound and log-transformed. We defined carotid atherosclerosis as IMT ≥0.8mm or plaque. We used multivariable linear and logistic regression models to assess the association between violence, IMT and carotid atherosclerosis. Results: In childhood, the prevalence of neglect was 8.2%, observed violence 22.2%, sexual violence 6.9% and physical violence 8.2%. In adulthood, neglect was present in 17.4% participants, observed violence in 21.6%, sexual violence in 10.4% and physical violence in 27.4%. Childhood exposure to sexual violence appeared to be associated to IMT in midlife but remained non-significant. In adulthood, we observed an association between exposure to physical violence and IMT when comparing exposed to unexposed women (multivariable-adjusted mean % difference=2.3%; 95%CI 0.1, 4.6). The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio for carotid atherosclerosis was 1.69 (95%CI 1.07, 2.69) comparing women who reported physical violence relative to those who did not. Conclusions: Exposure to certain types of violence may be associated with increased subclinical CVD in middle-aged women.

In the Shadow of Conflict: How Emotions, Threat Perceptions and Victimization Influence Foreign Policy Attitudes

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
A. Kupatadze ◽  
T. Zeitzoff
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Threat Perceptions ◽  
Policy Attitudes ◽  
Direct Exposure ◽  
Stratified Sample ◽  
Differential Exposure ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Foreign Policy Attitudes

AbstractWe investigate how emotions, threat perceptions and past violence influence foreign policy attitudes via a survey experiment in Georgia. Using a stratified sample across areas with differential exposure to the conflict and the presence of internally displaced persons, we randomly assign respondents to receive emotional primes about Russian aggression in the region. We find that exposure to violence, as well as simply being primed about past Russian aggression, both increase the perceived threat from Russia, and to a lesser extent anger towards Russia. Individuals who receive the primes are more supportive of a hardline foreign policy. In contrast, we find that exposure to violence does not have a direct effect on foreign policy attitudes, but increases hardline attitudes indirectly, through increased anger and threat. Taken together our results provide evidence that reminders of past violence have different effects than direct exposure to violence on foreign policy attitudes.

scholarly journals Physical violence and violent threats reported by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with a disability: cross sectional evidence from a nationally representative survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeromey B. Temple ◽  
Heather Wong ◽  
Angeline Ferdinand ◽  
Scott Avery ◽  
Yin Paradies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Torres Strait Islander ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Royal Commission ◽  
Torres Strait Islander People ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Complex Survey ◽  
Complex Survey Design ◽  
Torres Strait

Abstract Background A recent Royal Commission into the treatment of Australians living with disabilities has underscored the considerable exposure to violence and harm in this population. Yet, little is known about exposure to violence among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people living with disabilities. The objective of this paper was to examine the prevalence, disability correlates and aspects of violence and threats reported by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people living with disabilities. Methods Data from the 2014–15 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey were used to measure physical violence, violent threats and disability. Multivariable logistic and ordinal logistic regression models adjusted for complex survey design were used to examine the association between measures of disability and exposure to violence and violent threats. Results In 2014–15, 17% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 15–64 with disability experienced an instance of physical violence compared with 13% of those with no disability. Approximately 22% of those with a profound or severe disability reported experiencing the threat of physical violence. After adjusting for a comprehensive set of confounding factors and accounting for complex survey design, presence of a disability was associated with a 1.5 odds increase in exposure to physical violence (OR = 1.54 p < 0.001), violence with harm (OR = 1.55 p < 0.001), more frequent experience of violence (OR = 1.55 p < 0.001) and a 2.1 odds increase (OR = 2.13 p < 0.001) in exposure to violent threats. Severity of disability, higher numbers of disabling conditions as well as specific disability types (e.g., psychological or intellectual) were associated with increased odds of both physical violence and threats beyond this level. Independent of these effects, removal from one’s natural family was strongly associated with experiences of physical violence and violent threats. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women, regardless of disability status, were more likely to report partner or family violence, whereas men were more likely to report violence from other known individuals. Conclusion Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with disability are at heightened risk of physical violence and threats compared to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people without disability, with increased exposure for people with multiple, severe or specific disabilities.

Splintered Sexualities in Rebecca West’s The Return of the Soldier, Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway, and Sylvia Townsend Warner’s “A Love Match”

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vara Neverow
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Great War ◽  
Direct Exposure ◽  
The Great War

Chris Baldry in Rebecca West’s debut novel The Return of the Soldier (1918), Septimus Warren Smith in Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway (1925), and the siblings Justin Tizard and Celia Tizard in Sylvia Townsend Warner’s “A Love Match” (1961) all struggle with sexual attractions generated either by the trauma of direct exposure to the horrors of the Great War or by the side-effects of the war. Each of the characters discussed must cope with war-driven sexual confusion that violates the cultural restraints circumscribing sex and marriage while forbidding the transgressions of homosexuality and incest. The essay explores how the characters cope with their war-induced emotional distress and how their sufferings are offset through moments of intense love and euphoria that transcend all conventions. The essay also takes into account issues relating to censorship, particularly with regard to the timeframe of publication for Warner’s work.

Children's Self-Report of Exposure to Violence and Its Relation to Emotional Distress

1999 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amiram Raviv ◽  
Alona Raviv ◽  
Hagit Shimoni ◽  
Nathan A Fox ◽  
Lewis A Leavitt
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Self Report

Multiple Self-damaging Behaviour among Alcoholic Women

1992 ◽  
Vol 161 (5) ◽  
pp. 643-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Evans ◽  
J. Hubert Lacey
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Impulse Control ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Revolving Door ◽  
Control Problems ◽  
Loss Of Control ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Specific Behaviour

Among patients being treated for specific behaviour-control problems, there exists an important subgroup of ‘multi-impulsive’ patients whose treatment might be facilitated if the full range of their problems were recognised and dealt with as one general issue of impulse control. In women in particular, loss of control of eating may be prevalent and easily concealed from staff, and may thwart treatment. This survey of 50 women attending an alcoholic-treatment unit explored the prevalence of behavioural-control problems other than those of alcohol. Three-quarters of the women also had other behavioural problems. Over half the sample had thought of taking an overdose and just under half had actually taken one; about a quarter had cut themselves deliberately; half described impulsive physical violence; half acknowledged a period of ‘promiscuity’; and at least 16% had had a clinically diagnosable eating disorder. More research is needed but we believe that all self-damaging behaviour should be addressed simultaneously to prevent ‘revolving door’ relapses as emotional distress is transferred from one behaviour to another.

A Reading of Ehud and Jael through the Lens 
of Affect Theory

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 430-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy C. Cottrill
Keyword(s):  
Meaning Making ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Affect Theory ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Textual Interpretation ◽  
Violent Images ◽  
Insight Into

This paper uses affect theory as a tool to interpret the violent images of two stories found in Judges 3–5, those of Ehud and Eglon and that of Jael and Sisera. Affect theory affords biblical exegetes a means to examine the role of the reader’s embodiment as a tool for textual interpretation. I use the work of affect theorists to discuss the way violent images work on readers and create the emotional, physical, and sensory context in which later violent images will be received and interpreted. The sensation created by exposure to violence is embodied in readers before the readers judge the images according to their moral, ideological, and ethical value. In fact, the embodied affect of exposure to violence is the context in which that judgment occurs. In Judges, the violated body anchors an experience of vulnerability and fear in the reader. The visceral affect of anxiety and the intensity of bodily violence position the reader to feel the need for security and relief in the figure of the king. This paper focuses on Ehud and Jael as two of the significant early exposures to the violated body in the book of Judges and explores their different contributions to the theme of physical violence. The physical experiences of modern readers may give us valuable insight into how the physical experiences of readers contribute to the persuasiveness of textual arguments. Affect theory brings into focus the body in the text and the body of the reader as part of meaning-making.


scholarly journals Country and gender differences in the association between violence and cigarette smoking among youth

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niveen M. E. Abu-Rmeileh ◽  
Ethel Alderete ◽  
Abdullatif Husseini ◽  
Jennifer Livaudais-Toman ◽  
Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Smoking Prevention ◽  
Current Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Current Cigarette ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Exposure to violence in youth may be associated with substance use and other adverse health effects. This study examined cigarette smoking in two middle-income areas with different levels and types of exposure to violence. Methods Association of exposure to verbal and physical violence with cigarette smoking in the West Bank oPt (2008) and in Jujuy Argentina (2006) was examined using cross-sectional surveys of 14 to 17-year old youth in 7th to 10th grade using probabilistic sampling. Results Violence exposure rates were more than double for Palestinian girls (99.6% vs. 41.2%) and boys (98.7% vs. 41.1%) compared with Argentinians. The rate of current cigarette smoking was significantly higher among Argentinian girls compared with Palestinian girls (33.1% vs. 7.1%, p < 0.001). Exposure to verbal violence from family and to physical violence increased the odds of current cigarette smoking, respectively, among Argentinian girls (aOR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.0–1.7; aOR = 2.5, 95%CI = 1.7–3.8), Palestinian girls (aOR 2.2, 95%CI = 1.1–2.4; aOR = 2.0, 95%CI = 1.1–3.6) and Argentinian boys (aOR = 1.5, 95%CI = 1.1–2.0; aOR = 2.2, 95%CI = 1.6–3.0), but not among Palestinian boys. Conclusion Findings highlight the importance of producing context and gender specific evidence from exposure to violence, to inform and increase the impact of targeted smoking prevention strategies.

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