Linking Judging Moral to Acting Moral: A Relational Motivations Approach to Judging and Practicing Covid-19 Behaviors

2021 ◽  
pp. 003329412110610
Author(s):  
Beyza Tepe ◽  
Arzu Karakulak
Keyword(s):  
Moral Identity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Moderator Variable ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Socially Responsive ◽  
Responsible Behaviors ◽  
General Concern

Building on the Relational Motivation Theory, the present research argues that relational motivations (RM) underlie both the regulation and the moral judgment of socially (un)responsive Covid-19 behaviors (e.g., physical distancing) and links these two via moral identity. We hypothesize that different types of socially unresponsive behaviors are judged morally wrong through perceptions of RM violations and that a stronger concern for unity predicts the extent to which individuals self-report to perform socially responsive Covid-19 behaviors. Additionally, the role of moral identity as an individual-level moderator variable linking perceptions about RM violation to the practice of Covid-19 responsible behaviors is explored. The results support the predictions with data collected from participants living in Turkey and the USA. In both cultures, socially unresponsive Covid-19 behaviors of others were judged morally wrong through RMs, plus individuals’ general concern for unity predicted their self-reported socially responsive Covid-19 behaviors. Additionally, for the sample from Turkey, results revealed that the general concern for unity was positively associated with self-reported tendencies to perform Covid-19 socially responsive behaviors only among individuals with a low or moderate moral identity, but not when moral identity was high.

Effects of workaholism on satisfaction among US managerial and professional women

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 635-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele V Levy
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Professional Women ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Work Enjoyment ◽  
High Drive ◽  
The Usa

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate relationships between workaholism and satisfaction outcomes with job, career and life overall among managerial and professional women and explore the moderating role of social support in these associations. Design/methodology/approach – Self-report measures collected online from 350 alumnae from top-ranked business schools currently in the US labor force were analyzed through hierarchical multiple regression analyses. Findings – Workaholism components explained significant amounts of variance in job, career and life satisfaction. Specifically, lower levels of work enjoyment were consistently associated with detrimental outcomes and high drive impacted both job and life satisfaction negatively. Social support moderated the relationship between job satisfaction and workaholism through work enjoyment, with women with greater social support demonstrating higher job satisfaction at equivalent work enjoyment levels versus those with low social support. Research limitations/implications – This paper shares methodological weaknesses involving the nature of the sample and self-report methods of measurement common to workaholism research. Practical implications – In the context of today’s competitive workplaces, results provide a cautionary message of the harmful effects of workaholic dispositions for a certain segment of professional women. It emphasizes the importance of work enjoyment and positive intrinsic motivation, while suggesting that job designs that reflect the work involvement predispositions of each woman can be beneficial. Originality/value – This paper extends the understanding of workaholism correlates to female MBA graduates from top management schools in the USA and investigates, for the first time, the role of social support in those relationships.

scholarly journals Harsh discipline and readiness for interpersonal aggression in Poland and the USA: the mediating role of sensitivity to provocations and frustrations

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-554
Author(s):  
Monika Dominiak-Kochanek ◽  
Karolina Konopka ◽  
Mary Bower-Russa ◽  
Adam Frączek
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Emotional Reaction ◽  
Physical Punishment ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Psychological Aggression ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Harsh Parenting ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of

Abstract This study examined the effect of history of harsh parenting on readiness for aggression in young adults testing the mediating effect of emotional reaction to frustration and provocation that is assumed to arise in the context of a history of physical punishment and psychological aggression. Data were collected from 402 participants including 187 Poles (Mage = 9.5; SD = 1.2) and 215 Americans (Mage = 19.16, SD = 1.15). Participants reported retrospectively on corporal punishment and psychological aggression experienced during childhood. Based on self-report instruments, sensitivity to provocation and frustration and three patterns of readiness for aggression in adulthood were assessed. Contrary to the US sample, sensitivity to provocation and frustration were mediators in the Polish sample alone. The important role of contextual factors that define harsh parenting circumstances, such as cultural context and sex of the parent, are discussed.

scholarly journals Defending or Remaining Passive as a Bystander of School Bullying in Sweden: The Role of Moral Disengagement and Antibullying Class Norms

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110374
Author(s):  
Robert Thornberg ◽  
Tiziana Pozzoli ◽  
Gianluca Gini
Keyword(s):  
Moral Disengagement ◽  
School Bullying ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Educational Strategies ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Class Level

The overall aim of the present study was to examine whether moral disengagement and perceptions of antibullying class norms at individual level and at class level were associated with defending and passive bystanding in school bullying among school-age children. More specifically, we investigated the extent to which moral disengagement would contribute to explain defending and passive bystanding, after controlling for sex and perceptions of antibullying class norms at individual level and at class level. A total of 789 Swedish students (aged 10-14) from 40 middle school classes filled out a self-report survey. The findings revealed that girls and students who were less prone to morally disengage, and who perceived that their classmates endorsed more antibullying norms, were more likely to defend victimized peers. Students who were more inclined to morally disengage and perceive that classmates do not condemn bullying were more likely to act as passive bystanders. In addition, classes with higher levels of antibullying class norms were more likely to show higher rates of defending and lower rates of passive bystanding compared to the other classes. The findings suggest that schools and teachers need to develop educational strategies, methods, and efforts designed to make students aware of moral disengagement and to reduce their likelihood of morally disengaging in bullying situations. The present findings also point to the importance of teachers establishing class rules against bullying together with the students.

Spatial clusters of chronic preventable hospitalizations (ambulatory care sensitive conditions) and access to primary care

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. e134-e141
Author(s):  
Soumya Mazumdar ◽  
Shanley Chong ◽  
Luke Arnold ◽  
Bin Jalaludin
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Ambulatory Care ◽  
Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions ◽  
Spatial Clusters ◽  
Preventable Hospitalizations ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Ambulatory Care Sensitive ◽  
Sensitive Conditions

Abstract Background Potentially preventable hospitalizations (PPHs) or ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSCs) represent hospitalizations that could be successfully managed in a primary care setting. Research from the USA and elsewhere on the role of primary care provider (PCP) access as a PPH driver has been conflicting. We investigated the role of PCP access in the creation of areas with persistently significant high rates of PPHs over time or PPH hotspots/spatial clusters. Methods Using a detailed dataset of PCPs and a dataset of 106 334 chronic PPH hospitalizations from South Western Sydney, Australia, we identified hotspots of chronic PPHs. We contrasted how hotspot PPHs were different from other PPHs on a range of factors including PCP access. Results and conclusions Six spatially contiguous areas comprising of eight postcodes were identified as hotspots with risks ranging from 1.6 to 2.9. The hotspots were found to be more disadvantaged and had better PCP access than other areas. Socioeconomic disadvantage explained the most variation (8%) in clustering while PCP access explained only a small fraction though using detailed PCP access measures helped. Nevertheless a large proportion of the variation remained unexplained (86.5%) underscoring the importance of individual level behaviours and other factors in driving chronic PPH clustering.

scholarly journals Enduring exploitative leaders at work: the buffering role of proactive personality on employee job strain

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saleh Bajaba ◽  
Abdulah Bajaba ◽  
Bryan Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Job Strain ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Proactive Personality ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Conservation Of Resources ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Personal Resource ◽  
The Usa

Purpose This paper aims to study followers' proactive personality (PP) as a personal resource in moderating the hindering impact of exploitative leadership (EL) on followers' job strain (JS). Design/methodology/approach Self-report data on EL, JS and PP were obtained from 113 working students in the USA, and a cross-sectional design was used. The data was analyzed using SPSS 27 through hierarchal multiple regression and the PROCESS macro. Findings The findings support the buffering role of PP on the hindering impact of EL on JS, such that followers with higher PP tend to buffer the positive relationship between EL and followers' JS. Practical implications This study recommends practitioners to hire proactive individuals and/or enable existing employees to engage in proactivity in the presence of exploitative leaders to better cope with their self-serving behaviors. Originality/value Using the conservation of resources (COR) theory, this study is the first to use PP as a personal resource that protects against and mitigates the negative impact of EL.

scholarly journals The Role of Culture in Implicit & Explicit Suicide Ideation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukriti Drabu
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Suicide Ideation ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Suicidal Thoughts ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Usa ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Suicidal Thoughts And Behaviors

This study investigated the role of culture on suicidal thoughts and behaviors by examining (i) differences in explicit reporting of suicidal thoughts and behaviors, (ii) differences in implicit association of suicidal thoughts (iii) correlation of implicit- explicit reporting of suicidal thoughts and behaviors (iv) correlation between religion, religiosity level and reporting of suicidal thoughts between community samples from India and the USA. The study also tested the feasibility of using a measure of cognitive processing (i.e. the Implicit Association Task) as opposed to a self-report measure to identify implicit or hidden associations with suicidal thoughts or behaviors. Given the scarcity of available research on cross-cultural suicidal thoughts and behaviors, this study aims to bridge the current gap and provide evidence on the cultural variability in expression and development of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. The study hypothesized a lower level of explicit reporting of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in the Indian sample (as compared to the USA sample), but equivalent or higher level of implicit association with death/suicide related stimuli. Further, a significant difference in the correlation between religiosity level and suicidal behaviors, moderated by religion, was expected between the two countries. Participants were recruited online using Mechanical Turk to target individuals from India and the USA. A self-report questionnaire format was used to capture information about the participants’ explicit reporting of suicidal thoughts and behaviors, associated risk factors, religious affiliations and country of birth. Implicit cognition towards suicide was measured using an online version of the Death/Suicide IAT. The results showed a significantly lower level of explicit reporting in India as compared to the USA sample but comparable implicit reporting levels. Further, the results also reported a significantly different correlation of religiosity and suicidal thoughts between the two country samples. This study provides initial evidence suggesting a significant role of cultural setting in the reporting and expression of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. This study is also the first to test the feasibility of using the Death/Suicide IAT for measuring implicit suicide related cognition in India.

scholarly journals Global adoption of personal and social mitigation behaviors during COVID-19: The role of trust & confidence

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0256159
Author(s):  
Pauline Jones ◽  
Anil Menon ◽  
Allen Hicken ◽  
Laura S. Rozek
Keyword(s):  
National Health ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Health Organizations ◽  
Health Ministry ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cross National

What influences the adoption of SARS-CoV-2 mitigation behaviors–both personal, such as mask wearing and frequent handwashing, and social, such as avoiding large gatherings and physical contact–across countries? Understanding why some individuals are more willing to change their behavior to mitigate the spread of a pandemic will not only help us to address the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic but also to respond to future ones. Researchers have pointed to a variety of factors that may influence individual adoption of personal and social mitigation behaviors, including social inequality, risk perception, personality traits, and government policies. While not denying the importance of these factors, we argue that the role of trust and confidence has received insufficient attention to date. Our study explores whether there is a difference in the way trust and confidence in particular leaders and organizations affect individual compliance and whether this effect is consistent across different types of mitigation behaviors. Specifically, we utilize an original cross-national survey conducted during the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (May-June 2020) to investigate how trust in scientists, medical professionals, politicians, and religious leaders and confidence in global, national, and local health organizations affects individual compliance in 16 countries/territories across five world regions. Our analyses, which control for the aforementioned factors as well as several others, suggest that trust in politicians and confidence in national health ministries have the most consistent influence on whether individuals adopt both personal and social mitigation behaviors. Across our sample, we find that greater trust in politicians is associated with lower levels of individual compliance with public health directives, whereas greater confidence in the national health ministry is associated with higher levels of individual compliance. Our findings suggest the need to understand trust and confidence as among the most important individual level characteristics driving compliance when developing and delivering messaging about the adoption of mitigation behaviors. The content of the message, it seems, will be most effective when citizens across countries trust its source. Trusted sources, such as politicians and the national health ministry, should thus consider working closely together when determining and communicating recommended health behaviors to avoid contradicting one another.

Invariant effect of individual cultural orientations: an application of CVSCALE

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 735-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boonghee Yoo ◽  
Geon-Cheol Shin
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cultural Orientations ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Individual

Purpose Culture is recognized as a pivotal variable in country of origin (COO) research. The purpose of this paper is to assess culture from an individual perspective and to examine the extent to which individual cultural orientations have similar associations with 33 manager- and consumer-related variables between two culturally opposite countries: the USA and South Korea. Design/methodology/approach An online survey is used. The sample size is 540 for the US sample and 572 for the Korean sample. The correlational similarity between the cultural orientations and other variables is analyzed in three ways and confirmed invariant in the majority cases of each analysis. Findings Individual cultural orientations are measured by Cultural Value Scale (Yoo et al., 2011), a 26-item five-dimensional scale measuring Hofstede’s typology of culture at the individual level. The three-faceted similarity test of each of the 165 pairs of correlations between the USA and Korea samples (i.e. 33 variables × 5 dimensions of individual cultural orientations) shows that the majority of the correlations are significantly similar between the two countries. Originality/value This is a first study in examining the invariance of the relationships of all five dimensions of Hofstede’s culture at the individual level to a variety of variables. As the invariance is found to be a norm, the role of culture in the COO phenomena can be studied at the individual level in a country and be expanded to other countries.

Repeat and Multiple Victimizations: The Role of Individual and Contextual Factors

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen Outlaw ◽  
Barry Ruback ◽  
Chester Britt
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Models ◽  
Hierarchical Modeling ◽  
Repeat Victimization ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Multiple Victimization ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Lifestyle Exposure Theory

The present research uses hierarchical modeling to examine the relative contributions of factors about the person, factors about the context, and, most important the interaction of factors about the person and factors about the context in models of both repeat victimization (more than one of the same type of crime) and multiple victimization (two or more different types of crime). Using telephone survey data from a multistage sample of Seattle residents, we estimate separate hierarchical models for repeat property, repeat violent and multiple victimization. Results indicate that repeat victimization of both types varies substantially by neighborhood, whereas multiple victimization seems more determined by individual-level factors. Implications for social disorganization theory, routine activity/lifestyle exposure theory, and future work on repeat victimization are discussed.

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