scholarly journals Continuing Education and Stratification at Midlife

2021 ◽  
pp. 003804072110417
Author(s):  
Eric Grodsky ◽  
Catherine Doren ◽  
Koit Hung ◽  
Chandra Muller ◽  
John Robert Warren

We ask whether patterns of racial ethnic and socioeconomic stratification in educational attainment are amplified or attenuated when we take a longer view of educational careers. We propose a model of staged advantage to understand how educational inequalities evolve over the life course. Distinct from cumulative advantage, staged advantage asserts that inequalities in education ebb and flow over the life course as the population at risk of making each educational transition changes along with the constraints they confront in seeking more education. Results based on data from the 2014 follow up of the sophomore cohort of High School and Beyond offer partial support for our hypotheses. The educational attainment process was far from over for our respondents as they aged through their 30s and 40s: More than 6 of 10 continued their formal training during this period, and 4 of 10 earned an additional credential. Patterns of educational stratification at midlife became more pronounced in some ways as women pulled further ahead of men in their educational attainments and parental education (but not income), and high school academic achievement continued to shape educational trajectories at the bachelor’s degree level and beyond. However, African Americans gained on whites during this life phase through continued formal (largely academic) training and slightly greater conditional probabilities of graduate or professional degree attainment; social background fails to predict earning an associate’s degree. These results, showing educational changes and transitions far into adulthood, have implications for our understanding of the complex role of education in stratification processes.

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (17) ◽  
pp. e2020167118
Author(s):  
Yang Claire Yang ◽  
Christine E. Walsh ◽  
Moira P. Johnson ◽  
Daniel W. Belsky ◽  
Max Reason ◽  
...  

No research exists on how body mass index (BMI) changes with age over the full life span and social disparities therein. This study aims to fill the gap using an innovative life-course research design and analytic methods to model BMI trajectories from early adolescence to old age across 20th-century birth cohorts and test sociodemographic variation in such trajectories. We conducted the pooled integrative data analysis (IDA) to combine data from four national population-based NIH longitudinal cohort studies that collectively cover multiple stages of the life course (Add Health, MIDUS, ACL, and HRS) and estimate mixed-effects models of age trajectories of BMI for men and women. We examined associations of BMI trajectories with birth cohort, race/ethnicity, parental education, and adult educational attainment. We found higher mean levels of and larger increases in BMI with age across more recent birth cohorts as compared with earlier-born cohorts. Black and Hispanic excesses in BMI compared with Whites were present early in life and persisted at all ages, and, in the case of Black–White disparities, were of larger magnitude for more recent cohorts. Higher parental and adulthood educational attainment were associated with lower levels of BMI at all ages. Women with college-educated parents also experienced less cohort increase in mean BMI. Both race and education disparities in BMI trajectories were larger for women compared with men.


2021 ◽  
pp. 019791832110415
Author(s):  
Tate Kihara

In the United States, there is a wide academic achievement gap, beginning in early childhood, between children with more and less educated parents. However, we know little about the differences in size and trajectories of achievement gaps associated with parental education and nativity. Drawing on two US education datasets that enable me to follow a cohort of children from kindergarten to high school, I estimate the size and trajectories of standardized test-score gaps associated with parental education, separately for children of native-born and immigrant parents. I find that the test-score gap between children with more and less educated native-born parents stays wide and stable from kindergarten entry to high school. In contrast, the test-score gap between children with more and less educated immigrant parents is narrower in kindergarten because of higher achievement of children with less educated immigrant parents, compared to their counterparts with less educated native-born parents. Moreover, the gap between more and less educated immigrant parents further narrows in their early life course because the achievement of children with less educated immigrant parents improves relative to children with more educated immigrant parents. Differences by parental nativity in the size and trajectories of achievement gaps associated with parental education can be partially explained by the fact that children with less educated immigrant parents have relatively greater resources than their peers with less educated native-born parents from early in life. My findings provide evidence that the “immigrant advantage” in academic achievement, a common finding in the literature on immigrant education in the United States, originates early in the life course.


2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-19
Author(s):  
Nicole Etherington

Research demonstrates that despite post-secondary expansion, there are still vast socioeconomic differences in educational attainment. Educational attainment can have a tremendous impact on the life course in terms of income, employment, and perhaps most significantly, health. Recognizing these issues, the Niagara region opened the DSBN Academy in September 2011. The DSBN Academy, the first school of its kind in Canada, offers social and academic programming designed to encourage its students to not only graduate from high school, but also, to become the first in their family to pursue post-secondary education. From a life course perspective, this paper assesses the relationship between education and health followed by an examination of the primary processes of cumulative advantage and disadvantage involved in producing variation in educational trajectories, which in turn impact health outcomes. I then evaluate the role of the DSBN Academy as a potential strategy to facilitate the completion of higher education by working-class students, and accordingly, to improve their health outcomes. Through analyzing the Academy, I argue that while the school has the potential to be a turning point in the lives of its students, it also risks committing a form of Bourdieu’s symbolic violence. That is, it enforces middle-class ideals of education and good health as both desirable and indicators of success. Consequently, this paper raises a fundamental question in the study of social inequality, namely, how sociologists can work toward ameliorating inequality without perpetuating the symbolic violence we continually fight against.Les recherches démontrent que, malgré le développement de l’enseignement postsecondaire, il existe encore de grandes différences socio-économiques en matière de niveau d’études. Le niveau d’études peut avoir un impact énorme dans un parcours de vie en termes de revenus, d’emploi, et peut-être plus important encore, de santé. Conscient de ces enjeux, la région du Niagara a ouvert la DSBN Academy en septembre 2011. La DSBN Academy , la première école du genre au Canada, offre des programmes sociaux et des programmes d’études conçus pour encourager ses élèves à non seulement obtenir leur diplôme d'études secondaires, mais également à devenir les premiers de leur famille à poursuivre des études postsecondaires. Dans la perspective d’une trajectoire de vie, cette étude évalue la relation entre l'éducation et la santé suivie d'un examen des principaux processus des avantages et désavantages cumulatifs liés qui jouent un rôle dans la variation du parcours scolaire, ce qui à son tour a des impacts sur l’état de santé. J'ai ensuite évalué le rôle de la DSBN Academy; le fait de l’intégrer peut-être une stratégie possible pour faciliter l'achèvement de l'enseignement supérieur par les étudiants de la classe ouvrière et, par conséquent, améliorer leur état de santé. Mon analyse de l'Académie me permet de soutenir que, même si l'école peut représenter un tournant dans la vie de ses élèves, elle risque aussi de commettre une forme de violence symbolique telle que celle définie par Bourdieu. Autrement dit, cela favorise les idéaux de la classe moyenne en matière d’éducation et de bonne santé comme étant à la fois souhaitable et indicateurs de succès. Par conséquent, ce document soulève une question fondamentale dans l'étude des inégalités sociales, à savoir, comment les sociologues peuvent chercher à estomper l'inégalité sans perpétuer la violence symbolique contre laquelle nous continuons de nous battre. 


2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-33
Author(s):  
Shauna A. Morimoto

This article draws on qualitative data of U.S. high school students considering their place in the adult world; the purpose is to investigate Jeffrey Arnett’s (2000) concept of “emerging adulthood” as a new stage of life course. Drawing on interviews and observational data collected around the time when Arnett’s notion of emerging adulthood started to take hold, I use intersectional interpretive lens in order to highlight how race and gender construct emerging adulthood as high school students move out of adolescence. I consider Arnett’s thesis twofold. First, when emerging adulthood is examined intersectionally, young people reveal that – rather than being distinct periods that can simply be prolonged, delayed, or even reached – life stages are fluid and constantly in flux. Second, since efforts to mitigate against uncertain futures characterizes the Millennial generation, I argue that the process of guarding against uncertainty reorders, questions or reconfigures the characteristics and stages that conventionally serve as markers of life course. I conclude that the identity exploration, indecision, and insecurity associated with emerging adulthood can also be understood as related to how the youth reveal and reshape the life course intersectionally.


Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marialaura Bonaccio ◽  
Augusto Di Castelnuovo ◽  
Simona Costanzo ◽  
Mariarosaria Persichillo ◽  
Chiara Cerletti ◽  
...  

Introduction: A life course approach has been suggested as the most appropriated to establish the actual impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on health outcomes. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that SES trajectories from childhood to adulthood are useful to better evaluate the role of SES towards mortality risk in a large general population-based cohort. Methods: Longitudinal analysis on 22,194 subjects recruited in the general population of the Moli-sani study, Italy (2005-2010). Educational attainment (low/high) and SES in adulthood (measured by a score including occupational social class, housing and overcrowding, and dichotomized as low/high) were used to define four possible trajectories both in low and high SES in childhood (age of 8). Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated by multivariable Cox regression and competing risk models. Results: Over a median follow-up of 8.3 years (182,924 person-years), 1155 all-cause, of which 414 cardiovascular (CVD), deaths were ascertained. In the group with low SES in childhood, as opposed to those stably low (low education and low SES in adulthood), an upward in both educational attainment and material factors in adulthood was associated with lower risk of both all-cause (HR=0.64; 95%CI 0.52-0.79; Table) and CVD mortality (HR=0.62; 0.43-0.88), respectively. Subjects with high childhood SES experienced an increased risk of total and CVD death in absence of higher educational attainment despite a higher SES in adulthood (HR=1.47; 1.04-2.07 and HR=1.75;1.00-3.05, respectively) as compared to the group with both high education and high SES in adulthood. Conclusions: In conclusion, for individuals with low SES in childhood, an upward of both educational attainment and material factors over the life course is associated with lower risk of total and CVD death. In advantaged groups in childhood, lack of a higher educational attainment, rather than material factors, over the life course appears to be unfavourably associated with survival.


2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keon L. Gilbert, DrPH ◽  
Keith Elder, PhD ◽  
Sarah Lyons, MS ◽  
Kimberly A. Kaphingst, ScD ◽  
Melvin Blanchard, MD ◽  
...  

<strong>Purpose: </strong>Studies have demonstrated the effects of segregated social and physi­cal environments on the development of chronic diseases for African Americans. Studies have not delineated the effects of segregated environments specifically on the health of African American men over their lifetime. This study examines the relation­ship between life course measures of racial composition of social environments and diagnosis of hypertension among African American men.<p><strong>Design: </strong>We analyzed cross-sectional data from a convenience sample of African American men seeking health care services in an outpatient primary care clinic serving a medically underserved patient population (<em>N</em>=118). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to examine associations between racial composition of multiple environments across the life course (eg, junior high school, high school, neighbor­hood growing up, current neighborhood, place of employment, place of worship) and hypertension diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The majority (86%) of participants were not currently in the workforce (retired, unemployed, or disabled) and more than half (54%) reported an annual household income of &lt;$9,999; median age was 53. Results suggest that African American men who grew up in mostly Black neighbor­hoods (OR=4.3; <em>P</em>=.008), and worked in mostly Black environments (OR=3.1; <em>P</em>=.041) were more likely to be diagnosed with hypertension than those who did not.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We found associations between mostly Black residential and work­place settings and hypertension diagnoses among African American men. Findings sug­gest exposure to segregated environments during childhood and later adulthood may impact hypertension risk among African American men over the life course. <em>Ethn Dis</em>. 2015;25(3):295-304.</p>


2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-194
Author(s):  
Aniruddha Das

Abstract Background Emerging social genetics research suggests one’s genes may influence not just one’s own outcomes but also those of close social alters. Health implications, particularly in late life, remain underexplored. Using combined genetic and survey data, this study examined such transpersonal genetic associations among older U.S. couples. Method Data were from married or cohabiting couples in the 2006–2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study, nationally representative of U.S. adults over 50. Measures included a polygenic score for educational attainment, and self-rated health. Analysis was through parallel process latent growth models. Results Women’s and men’s genetic scores for education had transpersonal linkages with their partner’s health. Such associations were solely with life-course variations and not late-life change in outcomes. Moreover, they were indirect, mediated by educational attainment itself. Evidence also emerged for individual-level genetic effects mediated by the partner’s education. Discussion In addition to the subject-specific linkages emphasized in extant genetics literature, relational contexts involve multiple transpersonal genetic associations. These appear to have consequences for a partner’s and one’s own health. Life-course theory indicates that a person is never not embedded in such contexts, suggesting that these patterns may be widespread. Research is needed on their implications for the life-course and gene–environment correlation literature.


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S128-S129
Author(s):  
Melanie S Hill ◽  
James E Hill ◽  
Stephanie Richardson ◽  
Jessica Brown ◽  
Jeremy B Yorgason ◽  
...  

Abstract Identity scholars have suggested that having a unified sense of past, present, and future is related to positive well-being outcomes (Whitbourne, Sneed & Skultety, 2009). One’s occupation can have a profound influence on an individual’s identity throughout the life course (Nazar & van der Heijden, 2012). Research has looked at career mobility among younger age groups (Baiyun, Ramkissoon, Greenwood, & Hoyte, 2018); however, less is known about the impact of career stability later in life. Consistency in career choice over the life course may have positive outcomes down the line as career becomes part of an individual's identity. The current study uses the Life and Family Legacies dataset, a longitudinal state-representative sample of 3,348, to examine individual’s careers at three points in the life course: high school (projected career choice), early adulthood, and later life. Results revealed that a match of desired career in high school and actual career in early adulthood was not predictive of life satisfaction or depressive symptoms in later life. However, a match of career in early adulthood and later life was significantly related to better life satisfaction and less depressive symptoms, which was explained through higher levels of job satisfaction. This study highlights the importance of acquiring and maintaining a career that is fulfilling to the individual over the course of early adulthood to later life.


2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 2806-2835
Author(s):  
Camron S. Devor ◽  
Susan D. Stewart ◽  
Cassandra Dorius

Educational attainment is lower among children with divorced parents than those with continuously married parents. Most research has focused on the educational outcomes of children and little research has examined the effect of parental divorce on educational attainment beyond a bachelor’s degree. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, we investigated how parental divorce affects young adult postbaccalaureate educational attainment, measured by graduate/professional school enrollment and attainment of a graduate/professional degree. We also examined the role of social capital, measured by parental educational expectations. Parental divorce was negatively associated with enrolling in a graduate/professional program and obtaining a degree. Parental educational expectations were positively related to children’s postbaccalaureate educational attainment, but the expectations of divorced and continuously married parents were similar and did not explain the negative effect of parental divorce. More work is needed to investigate explanations for lower postbaccalaureate educational attainment among children of divorce.


Author(s):  
Jarl Mooyaart

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the linkages between socio-economic background, family formation and economic (dis)advantage and reveals to what extent the influence of parental education on family formation persists over time, i.e. across birth cohorts. The second part of this chapter examines to what extent the influence of socio-economic background persists over the life-course. This part covers: (1) the influence of parental education on union formation over the life-course, and (2) the influence of socio-economic background on income trajectories in young adulthood, after adjusting for the career and family pathways that young adults followed during the transition to adulthood, thereby examining the influence of socio-economic background on income beyond the first stage of young adulthood. This chapter reveals two key insights on the linkages between socio-economic background, family formation and (dis)advantage: (1) Whereas union and family formation patterns have changed across birth cohorts, socio-economic background continues to stratify union and family formation pathways; (2) Although the influence of socio-economic background on family formation and young adults’ economic position decreases throughout young adulthood, socio-economic background continues to have an impact in young adulthood.


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