Considering the role of negotiated developer contributions in financing ecological mitigation and protection programs in England: A cultural perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 026909422110535
Author(s):  
Malachy Buck
Keyword(s):  
Practice Change ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
Local Planning ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Value Capture ◽  
Biodiversity Crisis ◽  
Resource Limitations ◽  
The Status ◽  
Legislative Changes ◽  
Planning Culture

This paper explores the potential of ‘Land Value Capture’ in addressing the shortfall in funding to address the biodiversity crisis through a series of interviews with Local Planning Authority officers in England. It finds heterogeneity in their responses to financial austerity and imperatives to deliver development, which heavily influences developer contribution (DC) practice. The response to these pressures differed depending upon localised planning culture and its interrelation with behavioural biases, which defined the scope of officer agency to influence developer contribution outcomes. Most LPAs placed a strong emphasis upon securing real estate investment to drive economic growth and to provide opportunities to secure DC to address socio-economic issues, with the status quo bias contributing towards inertia in policy and practice change. Elsewhere, there was a greater emphasis placed upon reconciling the need to deliver development with the preservation of environmental amenity, enabling officers to carefully frame practice changes, to successfully secure funding for ecological mitigation programs. The paper illustrates the cultural and behavioural challenges in implementing DC policy change to support funding these priorities, whilst this may be overcome by legislative changes, integrating these may be compromised by resource limitations whilst also affecting the existing delivery of public goods.

scholarly journals Researcher perspectives on challenges and opportunities in conservation physiology revealed from an online survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine L Madliger ◽  
Oliver P Love ◽  
Vivian M Nguyen ◽  
Neal R Haddaway ◽  
Steven J Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Stakeholder Involvement ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Conservation Science ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Conservation Action ◽  
Conservation Physiology ◽  
Biodiversity Crisis ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Multi Stakeholder

Abstract Conservation physiology represents a recently emerging arm of conservation science that applies physiological tools and techniques to understand and solve conservation issues. While a multi-disciplinary toolbox can only help to address the global biodiversity crisis, any field can face challenges while becoming established, particularly highly applied disciplines that require multi-stakeholder involvement. Gaining first-hand knowledge of the challenges that conservation physiologists are facing can help characterize the current state of the field and build a better foundation for determining how it can grow. Through an online survey of 468 scientists working at the intersection of physiology and conservation, we aimed to identify characteristics of those engaging in conservation physiology research (e.g. demographics, primary taxa of study), gauge conservation physiology’s role in contributing to on-the-ground conservation action, identify the perceived barriers to achieving success and determine how difficult any identified barriers are to overcome. Despite all participants having experience combining physiology and conservation, only one-third considered themselves to be ‘conservation physiologists’. Moreover, there was a general perception that conservation physiology does not yet regularly lead to tangible conservation success. Respondents identified the recent conceptualization of the field and the broader issue of adequately translating science into management action as the primary reasons for these deficits. Other significant barriers that respondents have faced when integrating physiology and conservation science included a lack of funding, logistical constraints (e.g. sample sizes, obtaining permits) and a lack of physiological baseline data (i.e. reference ranges of a physiological metric’s ‘normal’ or pre-environmental change levels). We identified 12 actions based on suggestions of survey participants that we anticipate will help deconstruct the barriers and continue to develop a narrative of physiology that is relevant to conservation science, policy and practice.

scholarly journals Understanding the geography of affordable housing provided through land value capture: Evidence from England

Urban Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 004209802199889
Author(s):  
Alexander Lord ◽  
Chi-Wan Cheang ◽  
Richard Dunning
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Land Values ◽  
Land Value ◽  
Local Planning ◽  
Development Activity ◽  
Value Capture ◽  
Dual Approach ◽  
The Right ◽  
Community Infrastructure

Governments the world over routinely undertake Land Value Capture (LVC) to recover some (or all) of the uplift in land values arising from the right to develop in order to fund infrastructure and public goods. Instruments to exact LVC are diverse but are usually implemented independently. However, since 2011 England has been experimenting with a dual approach to LVC, applying both a tariff-style levy to fund local infrastructure (the Community Infrastructure Levy) and negotiated obligations, used primarily to fund affordable housing (Section 106 agreements). In this article we employ a difference-in-differences (DID) method to identify the interaction of these two instruments available to local planning authorities. We explore the question of whether the Community Infrastructure Levy ‘crowds out’ affordable housing secured through Section 106 planning agreements. In so doing we show that the interaction of these two approaches is heterogeneous across local authorities of different types. This raises questions for understanding the economic geography of development activity and the theory and practice of Land Value Capture.

Coaching and Coach Education in Spain: A Critical Analysis of Legislative Evolution

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastián Feu ◽  
Javier García-Rubio ◽  
Antonio Antúnez ◽  
Sergio Ibáñez
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Formal Training ◽  
Coach Education ◽  
Single Process ◽  
The Status ◽  
Training Courses ◽  
Administrative Procedures ◽  
Legislative Changes ◽  
Sport Coaches ◽  
Spanish Education

The purpose of this paper is to describe the status of coaching and coach education in Spain. Particular emphasis is placed on legislative evolution of the qualifications of sport coaches and the repercussions it has had on the sport and education system. The formal training of sport coaches in Spain has undergone many legislative changes since the promulgation of the Constitution in 1978. This period of legislative changes has been long and has not ended as a single process. Transitory provisions are still being used to impart and approve training courses. The changes adopted have served to introduce sport teaching into the Spanish education system as a special education system; and to homogenize the study plans, the requisites for teachers who give the courses and the administrative procedures, among the different sport disciplines. The equalization of professional sport qualifications at the European level is now more feasible.

scholarly journals OIL SPILL LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION (“SUPERFUND”)

1977 ◽  
Vol 1977 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Compensation System ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Status ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Adequate Coverage ◽  
Legislative Changes ◽  
Double Coverage ◽  
Compensation Law

ABSTRACT The subjects under consideration are the liability imposed upon shippers, producers, refiners, and other handlers of oil, and the compensation monies available to persons damaged from oil spills. The liability and compensation system in existence today is one that provides little or no coverage in some instances, adequate coverage in some instances, and double coverage in still other instances. It has been correctly described as a “patchwork.” In the past three years, concerted efforts have been made by industry, government, and environmentalists to legislate improvements to the system. An attempt to enact a comprehensive oil spill liability and compensation law made substantial progress in the last Congress. This paper reviews the system as it now exists, the problems caused by the existing system, the proposed legislative changes, and the status of the legislation today.

scholarly journals ON QUESTION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUITY IN THE ENFORCEMENT OF MONETARY OBLIGATIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2(14)) ◽  
pp. 99-102
Author(s):  
Halyna Volodymyrivna Zadorozhnia ◽  
Yurij Anatoliyovych Zadorozhnyi ◽  
Ruslana Оlexandrivna Kotsiuba
Keyword(s):  
Research Study ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Target Setting ◽  
The Status ◽  
Legislative Proposals ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Legislative Changes ◽  
The Individual

Urgency of the research. Study of the problem of implementation of monetary obligations in the field of banking relations is determined by violation of the principle of equity in relation to individuals. Target setting. The state has actually removed from the regulation of credit relations in the field of ensuring the fulfilment of monetary obligations that arise between the individual and the bank. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Many modern scientists (I. Bezklubyi, T. Bodnar, A. Dzera, A. Kolodiy, V. Lutz, I. Opadchiy and others) studied the institution of the fulfilment of monetary obligations. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Behind attention of scientists was left the issue of protecting the rights of individuals who have monetary obligations to the bank and do not have the status of the subject of entrepreneurial activity. The research objective. The purpose of the article is to develop legislative proposals taking into account international and foreign practice in the aspect of protecting the rights of individuals who have monetary obligations to the bank. The statement of basic materials. Specifics of legal regulation of contractual relations is determined between banks and recipients of funds in the aspect of liability for late fulfilment of monetary obligations, propositions to the legislation were substantiated. Conclusions. It is offered to solve the problem of violation of the principle of fairness in the aspect of fulfilment of monetary obligations in the field of banking relations through legislative changes.

scholarly journals Prawo małoletnich do wolności od hazardu, uzależnienia od Internetu i gier komputerowych

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 47-75
Author(s):  
Wioletta Pawska
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Gaming Addiction ◽  
Online Environment ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
The Status ◽  
Legislative Changes ◽  
The Right

The Right of Minors to Freedom from Gambling and Internet andGaming Addition The aim of the article is to highlight the dangers of gambling and Internet and gaming addiction of minors and young persons. The author is convinced that in the absence of positive legislative changes and if creators of games engaging young persons in gaming are not punished, children will not be safe in the online environment. There will not have any other lives than those in the games they play. Additionally, the most important thing is the role of the parents, guardians and teachers. They should talk to children about the problem, show them the dangers and organise better their free time – in an educational and carefree way. In accordance with the obligatory rules of custody, they should ensure them suitable development, safety and a sense of belonging. The teachers ought to support these activities. Summarising, if the status quo continues to be tolerated, minors and young person’s will be deprived of carefree life and suffer from harm and even sudden deaths. The author is sure that parents and children do not give enough attention to that and we should not take away from young person’s the joy of simple things letting them play in the Internet instead.

scholarly journals The door behind the bamboo curtain - Chinese law and policy on refugee status

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lili Song
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Refugee Status ◽  
Chinese Law ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
High Commissioner ◽  
The Status ◽  
Definition Of

<p>This thesis systematically considers the law and policy on refugee status in the People’s Republic of China. It considers relevant Chinese legal provisions, applicable bilateral and multinational treaties, as well as China’s refugee policy and practice. It also presents and analyses first-hand information collected through interviews with refugees and aid workers.  China is an emerging destination of refugees and other displaced foreigners. Although China is a party to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol, Chinese law contains no provisions governing the definition of a refugee or the determination of refugee status. Further, there is a gap between the criteria for asylum in the 1982 Chinese Constitution and the criteria for refugee status in the 1951 Convention.  In practice, although the Chinese government has generally allowed the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees to process individual applications for refugee status, the Chinese government has practically performed the function of refugee status determination in large-scale influx situations through policy decisions. In these situations, the security, political, and strategic interests of China have often overshadowed China’s commitment under the 1951 Convention.  China has been cautious about recognising refugees on its territory. However, the Chinese government has clearly demonstrated a growing interest in addressing the issue of refugee recognition within a more formalised framework.  In conclusion, this thesis recommends that China adopt a legal refugee definition in line with the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and develop a predictable and fair national RSD mechanism.</p>

scholarly journals The door behind the bamboo curtain - Chinese law and policy on refugee status

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lili Song
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Refugee Status ◽  
Chinese Law ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
High Commissioner ◽  
The Status ◽  
Definition Of

<p>This thesis systematically considers the law and policy on refugee status in the People’s Republic of China. It considers relevant Chinese legal provisions, applicable bilateral and multinational treaties, as well as China’s refugee policy and practice. It also presents and analyses first-hand information collected through interviews with refugees and aid workers.  China is an emerging destination of refugees and other displaced foreigners. Although China is a party to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol, Chinese law contains no provisions governing the definition of a refugee or the determination of refugee status. Further, there is a gap between the criteria for asylum in the 1982 Chinese Constitution and the criteria for refugee status in the 1951 Convention.  In practice, although the Chinese government has generally allowed the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees to process individual applications for refugee status, the Chinese government has practically performed the function of refugee status determination in large-scale influx situations through policy decisions. In these situations, the security, political, and strategic interests of China have often overshadowed China’s commitment under the 1951 Convention.  China has been cautious about recognising refugees on its territory. However, the Chinese government has clearly demonstrated a growing interest in addressing the issue of refugee recognition within a more formalised framework.  In conclusion, this thesis recommends that China adopt a legal refugee definition in line with the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and develop a predictable and fair national RSD mechanism.</p>

scholarly journals CHALLENGES OF CIVIC ENGAGEMENT IN THE (POST-SOCIALIST) TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY: EXPERIENCES FROM WATERFRONT URBAN AREAS MEZAPARK IN RIGA AND KALARAND IN TALLINN

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-121
Author(s):  
Viktorija Prilenska ◽  
Katrin Paadam ◽  
Roode Liias
Keyword(s):  
Civic Engagement ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Planning ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Current Case ◽  
Engagement Strategies ◽  
Public Expectations ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Planning Culture ◽  
The City

Current case studies examine the shortcomings of civic engagement strategies during the design process and ratification of detailed plans for urban areas of strategic importance − Mezapark in Riga and Kalarand in Tallinn. Detailed plans caused public outcries and led to long-lasting and distressful negotiations between local communities, developers, designers and municipalities over the future development and use of these areas. The debates about detailed plans raised an increasing public interest in planning related issues and growing demands for greater civic engagement in decisions shaping the city. At the same time, the debates demonstrated the inability of local planning frameworks to meet public expectations. There appears a salient need for changing the planning culture. This paper studies the shortcomings of civic engagement strategies and the desirable changes through a series of semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders involved and the analysis of planning related documentation.

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