scholarly journals Veiled Muslim women’s responses to experiences of gendered Islamophobia in the UK

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Zempi
Keyword(s):  
Hate Crime ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
Gender Performance ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Muslim Identity ◽  
The West ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Uk

In a post-9/11 climate, Islamophobia has increased significantly in the UK and elsewhere in the West. ISIS-inspired terrorist attacks in the UK as well as in France, Belgium, Germany and, more recently, in Sri Lanka have triggered an increase in verbal and physical attacks on Muslims. Drawing on intersectionality (as a nexus of identities that work together to render certain individuals as ‘ideal’ targets to attack), veiled Muslim women are likely to experience gendered Islamophobia in the cyber world but also in ‘real’ life due to the intersections between their ‘visible’ Muslim identity and gender performance. In the British context, although Islamophobia is recorded as a hate crime nationally, and misogyny as a hate crime locally in some police forces, veiled Muslim women are unlikely to report their experiences to the police. Drawing on qualitative interviews with Muslim women who wear the niqab (face veil), the purpose of this article is to examine the ways in which they respond to experiences of gendered Islamophobia as well as their reasons for not reporting their experiences to the police.

scholarly journals ‘You all look the same’: Non-Muslim men who suffer Islamophobic hate crime in the post-Brexit era

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 585-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imran Awan ◽  
Irene Zempi
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Muslim Men ◽  
The Uk

Existing research on Islamophobic hate crime has examined in detail the verbal, physical and emotional attacks against Muslims. However, the experiences of non-Muslim men who suffer Islamophobic hate crime because they look Muslim remain ‘invisible’ in both official statistics and empirical research. Drawing on data from qualitative interviews with 20 non-Muslim men based in the United Kingdom, we examined their lived experiences of Islamophobic hate crime. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. A deductive approach to thematic analysis was adopted to analyse participants’ narratives, and six overarching themes were developed: (1) nature of Islamophobic hate crime; (2) triggers of Islamophobic hate crime; (3) impact of Islamophobic hate crime; (4) reporting incidents, responses and barriers to Islamophobic hate; (5) victims’ coping strategies; and (6) recommendations on tackling the problem. Our findings show that participants experienced Islamophobic hate crime because of ‘trigger’ events, namely the Brexit vote, Donald Trump’s presidency and ISIS-inspired terrorist attacks in European countries such as France, Germany, Sweden and the UK. Participants described being verbally and physically attacked, threatened and harassed as well as their property being damaged. The impacts upon victims included physical, emotional, psychological and economic damage. These experiences were also damaging to community cohesion and led to polarization between different communities in the UK.

scholarly journals Fashion and Faith: Islamic Dress and Identity in The Netherlands

Religions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bat Sheva Hass ◽  
Hayden Lutek
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
Muslim Identity ◽  
Dutch Identity ◽  
Dress And Identity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Islamic Dress

This paper focuses on the relationship between clothing and identity—specifically, on Islamic dress as shaping the identity of Dutch Muslim women. How do these Dutch Muslim women shape their identity in a way that it is both Dutch and Muslim? Do they mix Dutch parameters in their Muslim identity, while at the same time intersplicing Islamic principles in their Dutch sense of self? This study is based on two ethnographies conducted in the city of Amsterdam, the first occurring from September to October 2009, and the second took place in August 2018, which combines insights taken from in-depth interviews with Dutch Muslim women and observations in gatherings from Quranic and Religious studies, social gatherings and one-time events, as well as observations in stores for Islamic fashion and museums in Amsterdam. This study takes as its theme clothing and identity, and how Islamic clothing can be mobilized by Dutch Muslim women in service of identity formation. The study takes place in a context, the Netherlands, where Islam is largely considered by the populous as a religion that is oppressive and discriminatory to women. This paper argues that in the context of being Dutch and Muslim, through choice of clothing, these women express their agency: their ability to choose and act in social action, thus pushing the limits of archetypal Dutch identity while simultaneously stretching the meaning of Islam to craft their own identity, one that is influenced by themes of immigration, belongingness, ethnicity, religious knowledge and gender.

scholarly journals The Dutch inside the ‘Moslima’ and the ‘Moslima’ inside the Dutch: Processing the Religious Experience of Muslim Women in The Netherlands

Societies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bat Hass ◽  
Hayden Lutek
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
Muslim Identity ◽  
Religious Knowledge ◽  
Dutch Identity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The City ◽  
Depth Interviews

This research focuses on Dutch Muslim women who chose to practice Islam, whether they were born Muslim (‘Newly Practicing Muslims’) or they chose to convert (‘New Muslims’). This study takes place in a context, the Netherlands, where Islam is popularly considered by the native Dutch population, as a religion oppressive to women. How do these Dutch Muslim women build their identity in a way that it is both Dutch and Muslim? Do they mix Dutch parameters in their Muslim identity, while at the same time, inter-splicing Islamic principles in their Dutch sense of self? This study is based on an ethnography conducted in the city of Amsterdam from September to October 2009, which combines insights taken from in-depth interviews with Dutch Muslim women, observations from Quranic and Religious classes, observations in a mosque, and one-time events occurring during the month of Ramadan. This paper argues that, in the context of being Dutch and Muslim, women express their agency, which is their ability to choose and act in social action: they push the limits of archetypal Dutch identity while simultaneously stretching the meaning of Islam to craft their own identity, one that is influenced by themes of immigration, belongingness, religious knowledge, higher education and gender.

scholarly journals ‘Cuts are not a viable option’: The British Board of Film Classification, Hate Crime and Censorship for Adults in the Digital Age

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Kapka
Keyword(s):  
Hate Crime ◽  
Video On Demand ◽  
Media Industry ◽  
Independent Film ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Art Cinema ◽  
Digital World ◽  
Feature Films ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Uk

In March 2015 the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) refused to classify James Cullen Bressack's independent film, Hate Crime (2012). This was the Board's first explicit rejection of a film since 2011, and undermines their attempts to portray themselves as increasingly lenient, in favour of free choice for adults and open about their processes. This case is of particular interest as the film was to be distributed solely via an online video-on-demand platform. Hate Crime has the dubious honour of being the first film to be refused an eighteen certificate under revised regulations pertaining to the streamed Internet distribution of feature films in the UK. Furthermore, this case raises questions about genre boundaries, and about the definition and prioritisation of art cinema within UK institutions. This article engages with the BBFC's refusal to classify Hate Crime in the light of this particular distribution context. Focusing on media industry, genre and gender studies, the article explores whether or not the BBFC's decision can be justified and, further, what the consequences of this certification refusal might be in the current media landscape. It suggests that the BBFC's approach might be out of kilter with the digital world and in this case demonstrates a misunderstanding of genre conventions and an unequivocal bias in favour of art-house cinema.

8. Hate crime

2021 ◽  
pp. 211-235
Author(s):  
Angus Nurse ◽  
Mark Walters
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
The Public ◽  
Homophobic Violence ◽  
The Us ◽  
Civil Rights Movements ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Uk

This chapter addresses hate crimes, which are complex, as these offences can be linked to both personal gain or even profit, as well as concepts such as ‘difference’ and ‘othering’. This area of criminology came about primarily because the civil rights movements in the US and the UK raised the profile of racist and (later) homophobic violence so that they became important political and social issues. The chapter looks at a range of different types of hate crime, including offences based on prejudice towards victims because of their disability, race or ethnicity, religion or beliefs, sexual orientation, and gender identity. It also identifies some of the factors that can affect these offences in ways that are not immediately obvious. These elements include the influence politicians can have, especially when using language that excludes minority groups and portrays them as a threat to the public or as somehow being ‘Other’ (different and arguably not to be trusted).

MuslimInnen auf neuen Wegen

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
Gender Justice ◽  
Islamic Feminism ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
And Gender

Is there such a thing as "Islamic" feminism? What does gender and gender justice mean in Islam? In a series of essays, this volume examines theoretical questions, studies, issues and controversial topics that are intensely debated when it comes to concepts of gender, gender justice and real-life gender roles in Islam. The authors are an intergenerational group of Islamic studies scholars and theologians. They present a variety of methodological approaches: a resource for students, scholars and those interested in Islamic feminism, Muslim women, gender justice and Islam. With contributions by Dr. Noha Abdel-Hady; Dr. Katajun Amirpur; Canan Bayram; Dr. Dina El Omari; Dr. Meltem Kulaçatan; Ingrid Overbeck; Dr. Fahimah Ulfat

scholarly journals The lived experiences of veiled Muslim women as ‘undeserving’ victims of Islamophobia

2018 ◽  
pp. 63-82
Author(s):  
Irene Zempi
Keyword(s):  
Hate Crime ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
Religious Fundamentalism ◽  
Global War On Terror ◽  
Gender Oppression ◽  
The Veil ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Media Discourses ◽  
Global War ◽  
The Ideal

Following the terrorist attacks of 9/11 and 7/7, and more recently the ISIS-directed attacks in Paris and Brussels the religion of Islam is associated with terrorism and the global ‘war on terror’. Muslim women who wear the veil in public are stigmatised as ‘other’ and demonised as ‘dangerous’. The wearing of the veil is understood as a practice synonymous with religious fundamentalism and Islamist extremism. Correspondingly, media discourses and political rhetoric about Islamist extremism are often illustrated by the image of a Muslim woman in veil. The veil is understood as a ‘threat’ to notions of integration and national cohesion, and a visual embodiment of gender oppression and gender inequality. Consequently, veiled Muslim women are vulnerable to hate crime attacks in public. Drawing on Christie’s (1986) concept of the ‘ideal victim’, this chapter considers the implications of the label of ‘undeserving victims’ for veiled Muslim women who have experienced anti-Muslim hate crime. It argues that they are often denied the ‘ideal victim’ identity due to the demonisation and criminalisation of the veil, especially in light of the banning of the veil in European countries such as France and Belgium.

scholarly journals Muslim Women’s Self-Representation in Art

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-193
Author(s):  
Asmaa Soliman
Keyword(s):  
Public Engagement ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
Female Identity ◽  
Male Gaze ◽  
Muslim Identity ◽  
The West ◽  
Artistic Self

Abstract This article examines German Muslim women’s artistic self-representation arguing that their public engagement can be seen as an example of counterpublics. Two main features can be found. First, the artists feel disappointed by the mainstream public, as it excludes and misrepresents Muslim women. Second, an agitational orientation can be observed, as the artists intend to offer explicitly articulated alternative self-representations targeting the mainstream public. The normality of their female German Muslim identity is conveyed. The very fact that the artists aim to challenge dominant stereotypes about Muslim women reveals the stereotypes’ strong influence on their self-representation. Due to their Muslim and female identity, Muslim women in the West face several exertions of power. The theory of intersectionality shows that their self-representation can be seen as a refusal to serve as an object of the male gaze, as well as the non-Muslim German gaze.

scholarly journals Navigating babysitting as liminal, gendered, and undervalued work

Childhood ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 090756822095347
Author(s):  
Riley Easterbrook ◽  
Rebecca Raby ◽  
Wolfgang Lehmann
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
The West ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Early Work Experience ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Informal Training

Babysitting is a common early-work experience in the West, yet there is little research on babysitters. From in-depth, qualitative interviews with 16 babysitters, we explore three themes related to liminality and gender inequality in babysitting. First, babysitting is a skilled job; many babysitters undertook formal and informal training and used it at work. Second, babysitters occupy a liminal position between childhood and adulthood, bringing challenges and opportunities at work. Finally, babysitters thoughtfully negotiate pay, but sometimes experience challenges doing so.

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