The original review of alpine timberline in North America: Rexford Daubenmire’s 1954 publication, ‘Alpine Timberlines in the Americas and Their Interpretation’

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-291
Author(s):  
Clayton J Whitesides
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Formative Time ◽  
Alpine Timberline ◽  
Definition Of

Rexford Daubenmire’s 1954 seminal review of alpine timberline in North America remains a valuable classic for timberline scholars. His article was published at a formative time for timberline studies and, as such, has affected the direction of timberline research for nearly 70 years. Daubenmire’s definition of timberline, his review of climatological theories controlling timberline, and his additions to altitudinal variations of timberline across latitudes remain at the forefront of timberline research.

scholarly journals Global incidence and prevalence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toby M. Maher ◽  
Elisabeth Bendstrup ◽  
Louis Dron ◽  
Jonathan Langley ◽  
Gerald Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Rare Disease ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Adjusted Incidence

Abstract Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive debilitating lung disease with considerable morbidity. Heterogeneity in epidemiologic studies means the full impact of the disease is unclear. Methods A targeted literature search for population-based, observational studies reporting incidence and/or prevalence of IPF from January 2009 to April 2020 was conducted. Identified studies were aggregated by country. For countries with multiple publications, a weighted average was determined. Incidence and prevalence data were adjusted for between-study differences where possible. The final model included adjusted estimates of incidence and prevalence per 10,000 of the population with 95% confidence intervals. As prevalence estimates vary depending on the definitions used, estimates were based on a specific case definition of IPF. Results Overall, 22 studies covering 12 countries met the inclusion criteria, with 15 reporting incidence and 18 reporting prevalence estimates. The adjusted incidence estimates (per 10,000 of the population) ranged from 0.35 to 1.30 in Asia–Pacific countries, 0.09 to 0.49 in Europe, and 0.75 to 0.93 in North America. Unadjusted and adjusted incidence estimates were consistent. The adjusted prevalence estimates ranged from 0.57 to 4.51 in Asia–Pacific countries, 0.33 to 2.51 in Europe, and 2.40 to 2.98 in North America. South Korea had the highest incidence and prevalence estimates. When prevalence estimates were compared to country-specific rare disease thresholds, IPF met the definition of a rare disease in all countries except South Korea. There were notable geographic gaps for IPF epidemiologic data. Conclusions Due to differences in study methodologies, there is worldwide variability in the reported incidence and prevalence of IPF. Based on the countries included in our analysis, we estimated the adjusted incidence and prevalence of IPF to be in the range of 0.09–1.30 and 0.33–4.51 per 10,000 persons, respectively. According to these prevalence estimates, IPF remains a rare disease. For consistency, future epidemiologic studies of IPF should take age, sex, smoking status, and the specificity of case definitions into consideration.

The Fractured Body: The Eucharist and Anglican Division

2016 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-659
Author(s):  
Eugene R. Schlesinger
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
The Will ◽  
Definition Of

This article confronts the ongoing reality of intra-Anglican divisions, both in North America and within the broader Anglican Communion. Beginning with a treatment of Augustine of Hippo's doctrine of the totus Christus, I suggest that the proper criterion for ecclesial communion is the recognition of one another as members of Christ, rather than doctrinal or ethical teachings. I then supplement this criterion with a definition of ecclesial unity drawn from Ephraim Radner. The church's unity is not a unity of consensus, but a unity that embraces even one's enemies. Finally, I propose a reading of the eucharistic fraction rite that synthesizes its twin dimensions of sacrifice and communion. This understanding of the rite opens up the imaginative space for an emergence of the will to reunion.

scholarly journals Entreprenariat social et entreprenariat collectif : synthèse et constats

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Marc Fontan
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
French Language ◽  
Social Entrepreneur ◽  
Nous Permet ◽  
The Social ◽  
Convergence And Divergence ◽  
Nous Voyons ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Revue De Littérature

RÉSUMÉL’article présente les résultats d’une recherche portant sur les notions d’entrepreneur social et d’entrepreneur collectif. Après avoir défini le concept d’entrepreneur, nous voyons comment les qualitatifs « social » et « collectif » transforment l’idée d’entreprendre en un projet plus intégré où les objectifs sociaux, politiques et économiques sont « harmonieusement » agencés. La recherche repose essentiellement sur la réalisation d’une revue de littérature de textes clés produits en langue française et anglaise en Amérique du Nord et en Europe. L’analyse des données recueillies nous permet de présenter des critères simples pour proposer une définition de ces notions qui devrait rendre compte de la réalité des pratiques rencontrées sur le terrain et des contributions théoriques et critiques faites par les auteurs et travaux consultés. Elle permet aussi de présenter une dizaine de constats qui illustrent tant les points de convergence que les divergences observées entre les types d’entreprenariat étudiés.ABSTRACTThis article presents the results of a study bearing on the notions of social entrepreneur and collectiveentrepreneur. After defining the concept of entrepreneur, I look at how the adjectives “social” and “collective” transform the project of being an entrepreneur into a more integrated one where the social, political and economic objectives are “harmoniously” organized. The study is essentially based on a literature review of key English- and French-language texts written in North America and in Europe. The analysis of the collected data allows me to present simple criteria for proposing a definition of these notions that should take into account both the reality of the practices encountered in the field and the theoretical and critical contributions made by the authors and the texts that I consulted. It also enables me to present ten observations that illustrate both the points of convergence and divergence between the types of entrepreneurship that I studied.

scholarly journals Patterns of Memory in Askold Melnyczuk’s Novels as an Example of Ukrainian-American Émigré Fiction

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-137
Author(s):  
Marta Koval
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
European History ◽  
Family Stories ◽  
Traumatic Memories ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Definition Of

Although Ukrainian emigration to North America is not a new phenomenon, the dilemmas of memory and amnesia remain crucial in Ukrainian-American émigré fiction. The paper focuses on selected novels by Askold Melnyczuk (What is Told and Ambassador of the Dead) and analyzes how traumatic memories and family stories of the past shape the American lives of Ukrainian emigrants. The discussion of the selected Ukrainian-American émigré novels focuses on the dilemmas of remembering and forgetting in the construction of both Ukrainian and American narratives of the past. The voluntary amnesia of the Ame- rican-born Ukrainians in Melnyczuk’s novels confronts their parents’ dependence on the past and their inability to abandon it emotionally. Memories of ‘the old country’ make them, similarly to Ada Kruk, ambassadors of the dead. The expression becomes a metaphoric definition of those wrapped by their repressed, fragmentary and sometimes inaccessible memories. Crucial events of European history of the 20th century are inscribed and personalized in the older generation’s stories which their children are reluctant to hear. For them, their parents’ memories became a burden and a shame. Using the concept of transgenerational memory, the paper explores the challenges of postmemory, and eventually its failure. 

A new species of the genus Odonteus (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae) from northern Pakistan

Zootaxa ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 968 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
GIUSEPPE M. CARPANETO ◽  
ROBERTO MIGNANI
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Northern Pakistan ◽  
Relict Species ◽  
Old World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
A New Species

A remarkable new species, Odonteus gandhara Carpaneto & Mignani, n. sp., is described from northern Pakistan. The holotype (adult male) and the paratype (adult female) are illustrated and compared with O. armiger (Scopoli, 1772) and O. orientalis Mittal, 1998, the only two species of this genus recognized in the Old World. Both O. armiger and O. orientalis have the eye not completely divided by the canthus and have a sensory area on the external side of the last antennomere (this character has never been discussed in the literature until now). These two character states in O. armiger and O. orientalis compel emendations to the definition of the genus. The new species has a great zoogeographical relevance because similar species occur in North America (O. obesus LeConte, 1859 and O. falli Wallis, 1928), and probably represents a relict species endemic to the Himalayan range.

Where We Are, and How We Got Here

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Public Attitude ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Free People ◽  
Wetland Regulation ◽  
Wetland Policy

English is a subtle language with many words that offer fine shades of meaning, but it also can be blunt and unequivocal. Dictionaries were not made for words such as hairdo, ballpark, or pigpen. The law, however, as practiced by Americans, can mutate the meaning of even the humblest word. If the law concerns itself with pigpens, then we must know whether a pigpen still exists when the pigs are removed and, if so, for how long. We must know if a pen originally built for cattle can become a pigpen if occupied by pigs and if pigpens are the same in all parts of the nation. In short, we must have federal guidance, regional interpretations, legal specialists, and technical authorities on pigpens. So it is with wetlands. The chapters of this book will show how troublesome the definition of wetlands has become since the federal government began regulating them. In the meantime, it will suffice to define wetlands informally as those portions of a landscape that are not permanently inundated under deep water, but are still too wet most years to be used for the cultivation of upland crops such as corn or soybeans. Wetlands, in other words, coincide pretty well with the common conception of swamps, marshes, and bogs. Government has had its hand in wetlands for about 150 years. Between the 1850s and 1970s, the federal government was intent on eliminating wetlands. Since then, it has been equally intent on preserving them. An individual who behaved in this manner would seem at least irresponsible. Many critics of federal wetland policy have in fact given the government a sound thrashing for its inconsistency, but the shift from elimination to protection of wetlands has continued nevertheless. Blaming government is the duty of a free people, and also good sport. Even so, the obvious truth about wetland regulation is that government has merely reflected a change in public attitude toward wetlands. Most Americans now believe that wetlands should be saved throughout the nation, except possibly on their own property. Americans did not always feel this way. Most European colonists of North America came from homelands that were essentially tame.

Preventive Reassignment of Pregnant or Breast-Feeding Workers: The Québec Model

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Lippel
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
North America ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Paid Leave ◽  
Fetal Protection ◽  
Safe Work ◽  
Definition Of

This article examines the Québec legislation regarding the preventive reassignment of pregnant or breast-feeding workers, a program designed to enable pregnant workers to obtain safe work or paid leave during pregnancy. The author describes the program, considers the role of treating physicians and public health physicians in its application, and concludes with an analysis of its qualities and drawbacks. Conclusions are based on the analysis of 349 Appeal Tribunal decisions representing all final appeal decisions relating to the program that circumscribe conditions of application, particularly in relation to definition of hazards and the role of doctors in adjudication. Although this program is currently unique in North America, the author suggests that it may serve as a model for other jurisdictions, providing a progressive alternative to traditional fetal protection policies.

Normalisation and the Psychology of ‘Mental Retardation’

1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray K. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
North America ◽  
Social Integration ◽  
Precise Definition ◽  
Service Model ◽  
Dual Strategy ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Uk

The 1950 and 1960s witnessed a revival of interest among psychologists in mental retardation closely associated with the development of a behaviourist model. These developments effected a decisive break in the discourse of retardation by inserting a ‘behaviour’ component into the definition of retardation. This strengthened claims by psychology of professional primacy vis-à-vis medicine. The objective of professional assertion helped create the conditions in which the service model of Normalisation2 took root in North America and, to a lesser extent, the UK. As a semi-autonomous discourse, Normalisation provided a vehicle in which elements of contradictory discourses, principally psychology and interactionism, could be appropriated. The interventions which emerged from this comprised a dual strategy of enhanced social integration and the more precise definition and identification of mental retardation.

Leaves of Karwinskia axamilpense sp.nov. (Rhamnaceae) from Oligocene sediments, near Tepexi de Rodríguez, Puebla, Mexico

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-419
Author(s):  
Patricia Valasco de León ◽  
Sergio RS Cevallos-Ferriz ◽  
Alicia Silva-Pineda
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Acute Angle ◽  
Monotypic Genus ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
The Past ◽  
Average Linkage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Entire Margin

A new plant from the Los Ahuehuetes locality, near Tepexi de Rodríguez, Puebla, Mexico, is described based on its leaves. They are characterized by being ovate to elliptic, 4.5 cm long by 2.1 cm wide, having an entire margin, eucamptodromous venation, a midvein that is slightly curved and attenuated towards the leaf apex, seven pairs of secondary veins diverging at an acute angle from the midvein, percurrent tertiary veins forking or sometimes reticulated forming areoles, and having a petiole 1.3 cm long and 0.3 cm wide. An agglomerative nonhierarchical analysis with average linkage, based on the definition of 41 character states in 18 operational taxonomic units allows distinction between Karwinskia, Berchemia, and Rhamnus; the recognition of an extinct monotypic genus, Berhamniphyllum; and the identification of two fossil species of Karwinskia, among which the new plant from Puebla, Karwinskia axamilpense Velasco de León et al., is well defined. This new fossil leaf not only adds to the recently known Tertiary plants of the Los Ahuehuetes locality, but it gives new insights into the past flora of tropical North America and further supports the long history of some neotropical endemics, suggesting that, during the Tertiary, at least some areas in southern latitudes of North America could have been important for the origin and radiation of some taxa.Key words: Oligocene, Mexico, paleobotany, Rhamnaceae, Karwinskia.

scholarly journals Promoting Scholarship at Regional Medical Campuses

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
William Cathcart-Rake ◽  
Michael Robinson
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Medical School ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Scholarly Activity ◽  
Main Campus ◽  
Research Opportunities ◽  
Regional Medical ◽  
Academic Recognition ◽  
Definition Of

Multiple regional medical campuses (RMCs) have been established in North America as part of the effort to train physicians in locations geographically removed from the main medical school campus. RMCs may vary in size, geographic location and mission from the main campus, but scholarly activity by faculty and students is expected and should be promoted on all campuses. If the definition of scholarship is limited to research demonstrated by publication, and academic recognition and advancement is largely based on this criterion, faculty at the RMC who fail to participate may be at a disadvantage. Thus, in addition to expanding research opportunities at the RMC, it is argued that the definition of scholarship needs to be expanded to recognize the accomplishments of RMC faculty. RMC students must also be introduced to biomedical research principles and provided opportunities to engage in scholarly pursuits. Documented participation in scholarly activity may be necessary to make the student more competitive for residency positions. The authors review an expanded definition of scholarship, present an approach to promote faculty and student scholarship, and describe achievable options for scholarly activity on the RMC.

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