Developmental Trajectories of Justice System-Involved Friendship Proportion: Relevance for Predicting Continued Offending Risk in Emerging Adulthood

2021 ◽  
pp. 073401682110465
Author(s):  
Thomas Wojciechowski
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Group Assignment ◽  
Trajectory Group ◽  
Pathways To Desistance ◽  
Best Fit

There is limited research which has examined the developmental nature of friendships and their relevance for offending. This study examined heterogeneity in the development of justice system-involved friendship proportionality and its relevance for predicting offending continuity in emerging adulthood. Having a greater proportion of such peers within a friendship collective as individuals exit adolescence may lead to continued risk of offending in adulthood. The Pathways to Desistance data were used in analyses. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify developmental patterns of justice system-involved friendship proportionality during adolescence and emerging adulthood. Logistic regression was used to assess the relevance of trajectory group assignment for predicting offending risk in emerging adulthood. Findings indicated that a six-group trajectory model best fit the data. All other trajectory groups in the model indicated a lower risk of offending in emerging adulthood than the High Chronic justice system-involved friendship proportionality group. Sensitivity analyses indicated that separation from criminal peers following adolescence may be a more conservative predictor of offending risk in emerging adulthood.

Developmental Heterogeneity in Social Support Among Juvenile Offenders: Relevance of Social Support Withdrawal for the Dulling of Maturational Decline in Offending

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 712-733
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Wojciechowski
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Group Assignment ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Trajectory Group ◽  
Pathways To Desistance ◽  
Over Time

Social support is a highly relevant predictor of offending. Despite this, little research has examined how this construct develops over time and how withdrawal of social support may result in “late bloomer” offending. This study used the Pathways to Desistance to data to test hypotheses related to these research questions. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify trajectories of social support, and ordinary least squares regression was used to determine the relevance of trajectory group assignment for predicting differences in offending between adolescence and adulthood. Results indicated that withdrawal of social support resulted in a dulling of the maturational decline in offending frequency typically observed following adolescence. Implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Perceived Social Status and Suicidal Ideation in Maltreated Children and Adolescents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelli L. Dickerson ◽  
Helen M. Milojevich ◽  
Jodi A. Quas
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Established Risk Factor ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Perceived Social Status

AbstractRecent decades have seen an alarming increase in rates of suicide among young people, including children and adolescents (“youth”). Although child maltreatment constitutes a well-established risk factor for suicidal ideation in youth, few efforts have focused on identifying factors associated with maltreated youths’ increased risk for suicidal ideation, especially across development. The present study examined the relations between maltreated youths' (N = 279, M = 12.06 years, 52% female, 53% Latinx) perceptions of their social status and suicidal ideation and compared those relations between pre-adolescents and adolescents. Findings revealed unique developmental patterns: Perceived social status was associated with suicidal ideation, but only in adolescents, who showed greater risk for suicidal ideation if they viewed themselves as lower ranked in society and lower risk for suicidal ideation if they viewed themselves as higher ranked in society. Findings have implications for scientific and practical efforts aimed at better understanding and preventing suicide in a high-risk developmental population.

scholarly journals Survival in elderly glioblastoma patients treated with bevacizumab-based regimens in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Davies ◽  
Irmarie Reyes-Rivera ◽  
Thirupathi Pattipaka ◽  
Stephen Skirboll ◽  
Beatrice Ugiliweneza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Karnofsky Performance Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Primary Analysis ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Initial Surgery ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackgroundThe efficacy of bevacizumab (BEV) in elderly patients with glioblastoma remains unclear. We evaluated the effect of BEV on survival in this patient population using the Survival, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database.MethodsThis retrospective, cohort study analyzed SEER-Medicare data for patients (aged ≥66 years) diagnosed with glioblastoma from 2006 to 2011. Two cohorts were constructed: one comprised patients who had received BEV (BEV cohort); the other comprised patients who had received any anticancer treatment other than BEV (NBEV cohort). The primary analysis used a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model to compare overall survival in the BEV and NBEV cohorts with initiation of BEV as a time-dependent variable, adjusting for potential confounders (age, gender, Charlson comorbidity index, region, race, radiotherapy after initial surgery, and diagnosis of coronary artery disease). Sensitivity analyses were conducted using landmark survival, propensity score modeling, and the impact of poor Karnofsky Performance Status.ResultsWe identified 2603 patients (BEV, n = 597; NBEV, n = 2006). In the BEV cohort, most patients were Caucasian males and were younger with fewer comorbidities and more initial resections. In the primary analysis, the BEV cohort showed a lower risk of death compared with the NBEV cohort (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.72–0.89; P < .01). The survival benefit of BEV appeared independent of the number of temozolomide cycles or frontline treatment with radiotherapy and temozolomide.ConclusionBEV exposure was associated with a lower risk of death, providing evidence that there might be a potential benefit of BEV in elderly patients with glioblastoma.

Applicability of an extant batch respirometric assay in describing dynamics of ammonia and nitrite oxidation in a nitrifying bioreactor

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 503-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Chandran ◽  
Z. Hu ◽  
B.F. Smets
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Parameter ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Continuous Reactor ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Additional Parameter ◽  
Reactor Performance ◽  
Estimation Techniques ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Best Fit

Several techniques have been proposed for biokinetic estimation of nitrification. Recently, an extant respirometric assay has been presented that yields kinetic parameters for both nitrification steps with minimal physiological change to the microorganisms during the assay. Herein, the ability of biokinetic parameter estimates from the extant respirometric assay to adequately describe concurrently obtained NH4+-N and NO2−-N substrate depletion profiles is evaluated. Based on our results, in general, the substrate depletion profiles resulted in a higher estimate of the maximum specific growth rate coefficient, μmax for both NH4+-N to NO2−-N oxidation and NO2−-N to NO3−-N oxidation compared to estimates from the extant respirograms. The trends in the kinetic parameter estimates from the different biokinetic estimation techniques are paralleled in the nature of substrate depletion profiles obtained from best-fit parameters. Based on a visual inspection, in general, best-fit parameters from optimally designed complete respirograms provided a better description of the substrate depletion profiles than estimates from isolated respirograms. Nevertheless, the sum of the squared errors for the best-fit respirometry based parameters was outside the 95% joint confidence interval computed for the best-fit substrate depletion based parameters. Notwithstanding the difference in kinetic parameter estimates determined in this study, the different biokinetic estimation techniques still are close to estimates reported in literature. Additional parameter identifiability and sensitivity analysis of parameters from substrate depletion assays revealed high precision of parameters and high parameter correlation. Although biokinetic estimation via automated extant respirometry is far more facile than via manual substrate depletion measurements, additional sensitivity analyses are needed to test the impact of differences in the resulting parameter values on continuous reactor performance.

scholarly journals Use of ticagrelor and the risks of pneumonia and pneumonia-specific death in patients with non-acute coronary syndrome conditions: a population-based cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Feng ◽  
Man Fung Tsoi ◽  
Yue Fei ◽  
Ching Lung Cheung ◽  
Bernard M. Y. Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Acute Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Matching Adjustment ◽  
Analysis Models

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that ticagrelor reduced risk of pneumonia in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) compared to clopidogrel, however, its effect in patients with non-ACS cardiovascular diseases remains uncertain. The aim was to investigate the effect of ticagrelor on pneumonia and pneumonia-specific death compared to clopidogrel in non-ACS patients in Hong Kong. This was a population-based cohort study. We included consecutive patients using ticagrelor or clopidogrel admitted for non-ACS conditions in Hong Kong public hospitals from March 2012 to September 2019. Patients using both drugs were excluded. The outcomes of interest were incident pneumonia, all-cause death, and pneumonia-specific death. Multivariable survival analysis models were used to estimate the effects [hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI)]. Propensity score matching, adjustment and weighting were performed as sensitivity analyses. In total, 90,154 patients were included (mean age 70.66 years, males 61.7%). The majority of them (97.2%) used clopidogrel. Ticagrelor was associated with a lower risk of incident pneumonia [0.59 (0.46–0.75)], all-cause death [0.83 (0.73–0.93)] and pneumonia-specific death [0.49 (0.36–0.67)]. Sensitivity analyses yielded similar results. Ticagrelor was associated with lower risk of all-cause death, pneumonia-specific death, and incident pneumonia in patients with non-ACS cardiovascular conditions, consistent with previous evidence in patients with ACS. This additional effect of anti-pneumonia should be considered when choosing a proper P2Y12 inhibitor for patients with high risk of pneumonia.

Peer-Mentored Community Reentry Reduces Recidivism

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-456
Author(s):  
Dave Sells ◽  
Anderson Curtis ◽  
Jehan Abdur-Raheem ◽  
Michele Klimczak ◽  
Charles Barber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Justice System ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Community Reentry ◽  
Peer Mentorship ◽  
Group Assignment ◽  
National Initiatives ◽  
Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Most people released from incarceration in the criminal justice system return to prison within 3 years. To improve community reentry, national initiatives have promoted new and revitalized programming, including peer mentorship, though this approach remains largely unstudied. Fifty-five men participated within a pilot randomized controlled trial investigating the effect of peer mentorship upon recidivism. Hierarchical binary logistic regression including recidivism risk, as well as group assignment to either a standard services for community reentry condition or standard services plus peer mentorship condition, showed that those receiving mentorship had significantly lower recidivism. It appears that peer mentorship with a model focus upon early intervention, relationship quality, criminal desistance, social navigation, and gainful citizenship may promote the complex task of early community reentry. Given this pilot’s small sample, future research should confirm this association on a larger scale, enabling longitudinal and treatment component analyses examining the relative contributions of mentorship model factors.

Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration, Victimization, and Overlap Among Serious Juvenile Offenders: Trajectories of Emerging Adulthood

2019 ◽  
pp. 088626051988100
Author(s):  
Tara N. Richards ◽  
Lane Kirkland Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Witnessing Violence ◽  
Pathways To Desistance

This study uses group-based trajectory analysis and data from the Pathways to Desistance Study to examine the prevalence and patterns of intimate partner victimization, offending, and overlap among justice-involved adolescents (i.e., general offenders) who reported dating ( n = 909); regression analysis was further utilized to assess predictors of intimate partner violence (IPV) group membership. Findings revealed that 40% of adjudicated youth reported IPV as a victim, an offender, or as both a victim and an offender during emerging adulthood. Findings also indicated that there was significant overlap between victimization and offending, and 5% of the sample was assigned to both the high-rate perpetration and victimization trajectory groups. Maternal hostility, alcohol use, and witnessing violence predicted higher rate perpetration and victimization overlap group membership compared with very-low-rate perpetration/victimization group membership. Implications for informing policy and future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Genetically Determined Levels of Serum Metabolites and Risk of Neuroticism: A Mendelian Randomization Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Qian ◽  
Yajuan Fan ◽  
Fengjie Gao ◽  
Binbin Zhao ◽  
Bin Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Genetic Associations ◽  
Inverse Variance

Abstract Background Neuroticism is a strong predictor for a variety of social and behavioral outcomes, but the etiology is still unknown. Our study aims to provide a comprehensive investigation of causal effects of serum metabolome phenotypes on risk of neuroticism using Mendelian randomization (MR) approaches. Methods Genetic associations with 486 metabolic traits were utilized as exposures, and data from a large genome-wide association study of neuroticism were selected as outcome. For MR analysis, we used the standard inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method for primary MR analysis and 3 additional MR methods (MR-Egger, weighted median, and MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier) for sensitivity analyses. Results Our study identified 31 metabolites that might have causal effects on neuroticism. Of the 31 metabolites, uric acid and paraxanthine showed robustly significant association with neuroticism in all MR methods. Using single nucleotide polymorphisms as instrumental variables, a 1-SD increase in uric acid was associated with approximately 30% lower risk of neuroticism (OR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.62–0.95; PIVW = 0.0145), whereas a 1-SD increase in paraxanthine was associated with a 7% higher risk of neuroticism (OR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.01–1.12; PIVW = .0145). Discussion Our study suggested an increased level of uric acid was associated with lower risk of neuroticism, whereas paraxanthine showed the contrary effect. Our study provided novel insight by combining metabolomics with genomics to help understand the pathogenesis of neuroticism.

scholarly journals Legitimacy and the Life Course: An Age-graded Examination of Changes in Legitimacy Attitudes over Time

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle McLean ◽  
Scott E. Wolfe ◽  
Travis C. Pratt
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Family Support ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Criminal Offending ◽  
Latent Growth ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Pathways To Desistance ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Objectives: A body of literature has demonstrated that the perceived legitimacy of legal authorities is an important predictor of criminal offending. Criminal offending is itself age-graded and good explanations of offending should offer some insight for how it changes as individuals age. This article attempts to address this gap by developing and testing seven hypotheses regarding how legitimacy changes over time. Method: Using panel data from the Pathways to Desistance study, a latent growth model (LGM) for legitimacy examines how evaluations of legitimacy change from adolescence to emerging adulthood as well as what factors influence this change. Results: During the period individuals were involved in the study, the LGM revealed that perceptions of legitimacy increase as individuals progress through adolescence before stabilizing in emerging adulthood. Several theoretical factors were related to individuals’ legitimacy evaluations including parental evaluations of legitimacy, family support, emotionality, and self-control. Most importantly, perceptions of procedural justice were found to be related to legitimacy, but this relationship weakened as individuals aged. Conclusions: Evaluations of the legitimacy of legal authorities are, in fact, age-graded. Criminologists should continue to explore the sources of legitimacy evaluations in further developing legitimacy as an important theory of criminal behavior.

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