scholarly journals Structural Gendered Racism Revealed in Pandemic Times: Intersectional Approaches to Understanding Race and Gender Health Inequities in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 089124322110013
Author(s):  
Whitney N. Laster Pirtle ◽  
Tashelle Wright
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Women Of Color ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Gendered Racism ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
The Veil ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact

The pandemic reveals; the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has brought the historically rooted inequities of our society to the forefront. We argue that an intersectional analysis is needed to further help peel back the veil that the pandemic has begun to reveal. We identify structural gendered racism—the totality of interconnectedness between structural racism and structural sexism in shaping race and gender inequities—as a root cause of health problems among Black women and other women of color, which has been amplified during the pandemic. We show that women of color occupy disadvantaged positions within households, occupations, and health care institutions, and therefore face heightened risk for COVID-19 and lowered resources for mitigating the impact of the deadly virus. Intersectional analyses and solutions must be centered to also reveal, we hope, a new way forward.

scholarly journals Deaths, Disparities, and Cumulative (Dis)Advantage: How Social Inequities Produce an Impairment Paradox in Later Life

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heide Jackson ◽  
Michal Engelman
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Functional Limitations ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Functional Health ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Research on health across the life course consistently documents widening racial and socioeconomic disparities from childhood through adulthood, followed by stabilization or convergence in later life. This pattern appears to contradict expectations set by cumulative (dis)advantage (CAD) theory. Informed by the punctuated equilibrium perspective, we examine the relationship between midlife health and subsequent health change and mortality and consider the impact of earlier socioeconomic exposures on observed disparities. Methods Using the Health and Retirement Study, we characterize the functional impairment histories of a nationally-representative sample of 8,464 older adults between 1994-2016. We employ non-parametric and discrete outcome multinomial logistic regression to examine the competing risks of mortality, health change, and attrition. Results Exposures to disadvantages are associated with poorer functional health in midlife and mortality. However, a higher number of functional limitations in midlife is negatively associated with the accumulation of subsequent limitations for white men and women and for Black women. The impact of educational attainment, occupation, wealth, and marriage on later life health differs across race and gender groups. Conclusions Observed stability or convergence in later-life functional health disparities is not a departure from the dynamics posited by CAD, but rather a result of the differential impact of racial and socioeconomic inequities on mortality and health at older ages. Higher exposure to disadvantages and a lower protective impact of advantageous exposures lead to higher mortality among Black Americans, a pattern which masks persistent health inequities later in life.

scholarly journals Child’s Developmental Disabilities and Parental Health in Later Life: Do Parental Race and Gender Matter?

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 312-313
Author(s):  
Juha Lee ◽  
Manjing Gao ◽  
Chioun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Early Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Parental Health ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Parents, particularly mothers, who experienced early life adversities (ELAs) are more likely to have a child with developmental disabilities (DD). We have little knowledge about how parental health varies across race-gender groups among those with a DD child and the role of ELAs in the associations. Using Black and White adults (n = 8,778; 25% Blacks) from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study, we examine racial disparities in the impact of having a child with DD (vs. having healthy children) on parental health outcomes. This study questions (1) the extent to which parents’ ELAs (e.g., poverty and abuse) are associated with having a child with DD and (2) how considering early-life factors reveals racial and gender disparities in the impact of having a child with DD. We found that as the number of ELAs increases, the probability of having a healthy child decreases for all race-gender groups, but most dramatically for Black women. Having a DD has adverse effects on chronic illnesses and functional limitations more for mothers than fathers. Black women are most adversely affected, with no effect on Black men. There is no gender difference in the impact of having a DD child on depressive symptoms, yet White parents are more vulnerable than Black parents. After controlling for ELAs, the adverse effects of having a DD child on both physical and mental health remain significant. Future research should identify life-course circumstances that reveal why the impact of having a DD child varies by race and gender.

What's Respect Got to Do With It?

2019 ◽  
pp. 181-201
Author(s):  
Amandia Speakes Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Women Of Color ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Institutional Barriers ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

In this chapter, drawing from the research of the literature and personal experience, the author intends to analyze the intersectionality of race and gender in relation to respect, as well as explore institutional barriers with regards to respect from colleagues and students in and out of the classroom. Keeping in line with the theme of this edited book, forms of microaggressions will be explored as a way of understanding the impact of discrimination and obstacles to feeling respected by colleagues and students. Suggested strategies for an accommodating environment and an academic fit for women of color will be presented.

RING THE ALARM

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Jelisa S. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
News Coverage ◽  
Black Girls ◽  
Black Boys ◽  
Exclusionary Discipline ◽  
School To Prison Pipeline ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Discipline Policies ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In this research, I use theories of framing and social construction to investigate how race and gender are featured in national news coverage of the school-to-prison pipeline, and how policies and practices funnel students from school to the criminal justice system. Results indicate that there are three primary narratives surrounding the school-to-prison pipeline. The first is a narrative that harsh disciplinary practices in schools are irrational and negatively impact all students. The second narrative crafts the school-to-prison pipeline as a social problem for all Black students irrespective of gender. The final narrative emphasizes the impact of exclusionary discipline on Black boys. Each of these narratives functions to erase the experiences of Black girls. Ultimately, I argue that we need to take a more intersectional approach to school discipline policies and take into account how Black women and girls are situated within popular and policy discussions.

Race, Gender, and National Identity in the American and British Telephone Industries

2001 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venus Green
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Black Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Gender Constructions ◽  
Telephone Operators ◽  
Telephone Industry ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

This article compares the racially heterogeneous, privately-owned American telephone industry, and the relatively homogeneous, publicly-owned British system, to examine how race and gender constructions implicit in the national identities of the two countries influence employment opportunities. For all the differences in the histories of the two telephone industries and variations in the construction of racial, national, and gender identities, blacks in the United States and Britain had remarkably similar experiences in obtaining employment as telephone operators. This leads to the conclusion that the power of national identity in the workplace is strongly based on “whiteness”. Despite their limited access to national identity, white women experienced advantages that were denied to black women, which illustrates how race modified the impact of gender on the privileges of national identity.

scholarly journals How Race and Gender Impact the Perceived Objectivity of Broadcast Women of Color on Twitter

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 205630512110629
Author(s):  
Kelli S. Boling ◽  
Denetra Walker
Keyword(s):  
Women Of Color ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Strongly Agree ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender ◽  
The Impact

Using an online survey ( N = 528), this study examines the impact of race/ethnicity and gender on the perceived objectivity of broadcasters who are women of color. Findings show that when the broadcaster is a woman of color, Twitter engagement does not necessarily lead to positive perceived objectivity. Most respondents (52.6%) following broadcasters on Twitter agreed that broadcast women of color were more biased than other broadcasters they follow on Twitter, with men being more likely to agree than others. In addition to perceived objectivity, 38.7% of respondents either agree or strongly agree that the race/ethnicity of the journalist impacts their objectivity. Of the respondents who follow broadcast women of color on Twitter, 57.4% either agree or strongly agree that they share too many opinions. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Refugees, Race, and Gender: The Multiple Discrimination against Refugee Women

Refuge ◽  
2001 ◽  
pp. 21-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen Pittaway ◽  
Linda Bartolomei
Keyword(s):  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Refugee Women ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Refugee Experience ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Domestic Law

This paper examines the intersectionality of race and gender in refugee situations, and the multiple forms of discrimination experienced by refugee women. It explores the notion of racism as a root cause of refugee generation, and the gendered nature of the refugee experience. The manner in which racism and sexism intersect to compound the human rights violations that refugee women experience is explored in the treatment of sexual violence in international and domestic law and policy; during armed conflict; in refugee camps; in countries of first asylum; and in countries of resettlement. Using a case study of one strand of refugee policy in Australia, it illustrates the impact of this discrimination on refugee women. The forthcoming World Conference against Racism offers a unique opportunity for this phenomenon to be addressed by the international community.

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