A comparison of assays for the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in the feces of scouring calves

2022 ◽  
pp. 104063872110621
Author(s):  
Harveen K. Atwal ◽  
Erin Zabek ◽  
Julie Bidulka ◽  
Alecia DuCharme ◽  
Michael Pawlik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Lateral Flow Immunoassay ◽  
Direct Smear ◽  
Kappa Value ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Level Of Agreement

Cryptosporidium parvum is a zoonotic, protozoan parasite that causes potentially life-threatening diarrhea in the host and can be transmitted via the fecal-oral route. C. parvum can infect cattle and may be detected in their feces using a variety of tests. We compared the level of agreement, ease of procedure, and cost among PCR, lateral flow immunoassay, fluorescent antibody, and Kinyoun acid-fast stain direct smear tests. Over the course of 9 mo, 74 calf fecal samples were submitted and tested for C. parvum using all 4 tests. A Fleiss kappa value of 0.813 was obtained, indicating an excellent level of agreement among tests. Overall, the best test based on cost and ease of procedure was the Kinyoun acid-fast stain direct smear.

The Epidemiology of Human Cryptosporidiosis and the Water Route of Infection

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Casemore
Keyword(s):  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
The Uk

Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite, has emerged during the 1980s as a common cause of gastroenteritis in otherwise healthy subjects and of potentially life-threatening infection in the immunocompromised. The parasite, a member of the coccidia, has a complex life-cycle resulting in the production of an environmentally hardy stage, the oocyst, excreted in the faeces. Cryptosporidium parvum infects a wide range of host species including man and his livestock animals. The epidemiology is complex with both direct and indirect routes of transmission. Environmental contamination may result in dissemination of the infection by the water route. Such water may meet current microbiological and other standards. The oocysts are remarkably resistent to most disinfectants including chlorine but sensitive to ozone. Water may provide the vehicle of infection for sporadic cases and outbreaks, some involving thousands of consumers. Such outbreaks have been identified in the USA and in the UK.

Giardiasis: An Overview

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander K.C. Leung ◽  
Amy A.M. Leung ◽  
Alex H.C. Wong ◽  
Consolato M. Sergi ◽  
Joseph K.M. Kam
Keyword(s):  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Child Care Workers ◽  
Pubmed Search

Background: Giardiasis is an important cause of waterborne and foodborne diarrhea, daycare center outbreaks, and traveler's diarrhea. Objective: The study aimed to provide an update on the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of giardiasis. Methods: A PubMed search was completed in Clinical Queries using the key terms “giardiasis”, "Giardia lamblia", "Giardia duodenalis" and "Giardia intestinalis". The search strategy included metaanalyses, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews. The search was restricted to the English literature. Patents were searched using the key term “giardiasis” from www.freepatentsonline.com. Results: Giardiasis is caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia. The parasite is transmitted by the fecal-oral route, frequently through ingestion of contaminated water and food or person-to person transmission. Risk factors for infection include children in day-care settings, child-care workers, institutionalized individuals, travelers in endemic areas, ingestion of contaminated or recreational water, immunodeficiency, cystic fibrosis, and oral-anal sex. Approximately 50 to 75% of infected children are asymptomatic. Other children present acute or chronic diarrhea. Direct fluorescent antibody tests that detect intact organisms, enzyme immunoassays that detect soluble antigens, and multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assays that detect specific genes of the parasite in stool samples have improved sensitivity and specificity compared with microscopic examination of stool specimens for the detection of Giardia trophozoites or cysts. Drugs used in the treatment of symptomatic giardiasis are reviewed in this study. Moreover, recent patents related to the management of giardiasis are also discussed. Conclusion: Metronidazole, tinidazole, and nitazoxanide are drugs of choice. Resistance to common antigiardial drugs has increased in recent years, therefore, the search for new molecular targets for antigiardial drugs is urgently needed. In general, treatment of asymptomatic carriers is not recommended. Purification of water supply is an important preventive measure.

scholarly journals A Review of Amoebic Liver Abscess for Clinicians in a Nonendemic Setting

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 729-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry Wuerz ◽  
Jennifer B Kane ◽  
Andrea K Boggild ◽  
Sigmund Krajden ◽  
Jay S Keystone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Entamoeba Histolytica ◽  
Liver Abscess ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Amoebic Liver Abscess ◽  
Topical Review ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Life Threatening Complication ◽  
The Tropics

Amoebic liver abscess (ALA) is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening complication of infection with the protozoan parasiteEntamoeba histolytica. E histolyticais widely distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics, causing up to 40 million infections annually. The parasite is transmitted via the fecal-oral route, and once it establishes itself in the colon, it has the propensity to invade the mucosa, leading to ulceration and colitis, and to disseminate to distant extraintestinal sites, the most common of which is the liver. The authors provide a topical review of ALA and summarize clinical data from a series of 29 patients with ALA presenting to seven hospitals in Toronto, Ontario, a nonendemic setting, over 30 years.

Gold-Aptamer-Nanoconstructs Engineered to Detect Conserved Enteroviral Nucleic Acid Sequences

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veeren Chauhan ◽  
Mohamed M Elsutohy ◽  
C Patrick McClure ◽  
Will Irving ◽  
Neil Roddis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Nucleic Acid Sequence ◽  
In Silico Screening ◽  
Lateral Flow Assays ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Software And Hardware ◽  
Nucleic Acid Sequences

<p>Enteroviruses are a ubiquitous mammalian pathogen that can produce mild to life-threatening disease. Bearing this in mind, we have developed a rapid, accurate and economical point-of-care biosensor that can detect a nucleic acid sequences conserved amongst 96% of all known enteroviruses. The biosensor harnesses the physicochemical properties of gold nanoparticles and aptamers to provide colourimetric, spectroscopic and lateral flow-based identification of an exclusive enteroviral RNA sequence (23 bases), which was identified through in silico screening. Aptamers were designed to demonstrate specific complementarity towards the target enteroviral RNA to produce aggregated gold-aptamer nanoconstructs. Conserved target enteroviral nucleic acid sequence (≥ 1x10<sup>-7</sup> M, ≥1.4×10<sup>-14</sup> g/mL), initiates gold-aptamer-nanoconstructs disaggregation and a signal transduction mechanism, producing a colourimetric and spectroscopic blueshift (544 nm (purple) > 524 nm (red)). Furthermore, lateral-flow-assays that utilise gold-aptamer-nanoconstructs were unaffected by contaminating human genomic DNA, demonstrated rapid detection of conserved target enteroviral nucleic acid sequence (< 60 s) and could be interpreted with a bespoke software and hardware electronic interface. We anticipate our methodology will translate in-silico screening of nucleic acid databases to a tangible enteroviral desktop detector, which could be readily translated to related organisms. This will pave-the-way forward in the clinical evaluation of disease and complement existing strategies at overcoming antimicrobial resistance.</p>

An Aggregation-Induced Emission Material Labeling Antigen-Based Lateral Flow Immunoassay Strip for Rapid Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7

2021 ◽  
pp. 247263032098193
Author(s):  
Cheng Liu ◽  
Shuiqin Fang ◽  
Yachen Tian ◽  
Youxue Wu ◽  
Meijiao Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Test Strip ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Lateral Flow Immunoassay ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Aggregation Induced Emission ◽  
E Coli

Escherichia coli O157:H7 ( E. coli O157:H7) is a dangerous foodborne pathogen, mainly found in beef, milk, fruits, and their products, causing harm to human health or even death. Therefore, the detection of E. coli O157:H7 in food is particularly important. In this paper, we report a lateral flow immunoassay strip (LFIS) based on aggregation-induced emission (AIE) material labeling antigen as a fluorescent probe for the rapid detection of E. coli O157:H7. The detection sensitivity of the strip is 105 CFU/mL, which is 10 times higher than that of the colloidal gold test strip. This method has good specificity and stability and can be used to detect about 250 CFU of E. coli O157:H7 successfully in 25 g or 25 mL of beef, jelly, and milk. AIE-LFIS might be valuable in monitoring food pathogens for rapid detection.

Upconversion nanoparticles-based lateral flow immunoassay for point-of-care diagnosis of periodontitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 334 ◽  
pp. 129673
Author(s):  
Wanghong He ◽  
Minli You ◽  
Zedong Li ◽  
Lei Cao ◽  
Feng Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of Care ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Lateral Flow Immunoassay ◽  
Upconversion Nanoparticles

scholarly journals Ten Years of Lateral Flow Immunoassay Technique Applications: Trends, Challenges and Future Perspectives

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5185
Author(s):  
Fabio Di Nardo ◽  
Matteo Chiarello ◽  
Simone Cavalera ◽  
Claudio Baggiani ◽  
Laura Anfossi
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Control ◽  
Improve Patient Care ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Lateral Flow Immunoassay ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Immunoassay Technique ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Application Fields ◽  
Feed Safety

The Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) is by far one of the most successful analytical platforms to perform the on-site detection of target substances. LFIA can be considered as a sort of lab-in-a-hand and, together with other point-of-need tests, has represented a paradigm shift from sample-to-lab to lab-to-sample aiming to improve decision making and turnaround time. The features of LFIAs made them a very attractive tool in clinical diagnostic where they can improve patient care by enabling more prompt diagnosis and treatment decisions. The rapidity, simplicity, relative cost-effectiveness, and the possibility to be used by nonskilled personnel contributed to the wide acceptance of LFIAs. As a consequence, from the detection of molecules, organisms, and (bio)markers for clinical purposes, the LFIA application has been rapidly extended to other fields, including food and feed safety, veterinary medicine, environmental control, and many others. This review aims to provide readers with a 10-years overview of applications, outlining the trends for the main application fields and the relative compounded annual growth rates. Moreover, future perspectives and challenges are discussed.

scholarly journals High Diversity of Cryptosporidium Species and Subtypes Identified in Cryptosporidiosis Acquired in Sweden and Abroad

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 523
Author(s):  
Marianne Lebbad ◽  
Jadwiga Winiecka-Krusnell ◽  
Christen Rune Stensvold ◽  
Jessica Beser
Keyword(s):  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Cryptosporidium Species ◽  
Intestinal Protozoan ◽  
Genotype I ◽  
Glycoprotein Gene ◽  
High Diversity

The intestinal protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium is an important cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. The aim of this study was to expand the knowledge on the molecular epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis in Sweden to better understand transmission patterns and potential zoonotic sources. Cryptosporidium-positive fecal samples were collected between January 2013 and December 2014 from 12 regional clinical microbiology laboratories in Sweden. Species and subtype determination was achieved using small subunit ribosomal RNA and 60 kDa glycoprotein gene analysis. Samples were available for 398 patients, of whom 250 (63%) and 138 (35%) had acquired the infection in Sweden and abroad, respectively. Species identification was successful for 95% (379/398) of the samples, revealing 12 species/genotypes: Cryptosporidium parvum (n = 299), C. hominis (n = 49), C. meleagridis (n = 8), C. cuniculus (n = 5), Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I (n = 5), C. felis (n = 4), C. erinacei (n = 2), C. ubiquitum (n = 2), and one each of C. suis, C. viatorum, C. ditrichi, and Cryptosporidium horse genotype. One patient was co-infected with C. parvum and C. hominis. Subtyping was successful for all species/genotypes, except for C. ditrichi, and revealed large diversity, with 29 subtype families (including 4 novel ones: C. parvum IIr, IIs, IIt, and Cryptosporidium horse genotype VIc) and 81 different subtypes. The most common subtype families were IIa (n = 164) and IId (n = 118) for C. parvum and Ib (n = 26) and Ia (n = 12) for C. hominis. Infections caused by the zoonotic C. parvum subtype families IIa and IId dominated both in patients infected in Sweden and abroad, while most C. hominis cases were travel-related. Infections caused by non-hominis and non-parvum species were quite common (8%) and equally represented in cases infected in Sweden and abroad.

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