Racial bias in perceptions of disease and policy

2022 ◽  
pp. 136843022110621
Author(s):  
Sophie Trawalter ◽  
Nana-Bilkisu Habib ◽  
James N. Druckman
Keyword(s):  
Representative Sample ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Historical Narratives ◽  
Archival Study ◽  
People Today ◽  
Newspaper Articles

Narratives about Africa as dark, depraved, and diseased justified the exploitation of African land and people. Today, these narratives may still have a hold on people’s fears about disease. We test this in three (pre-COVID-19) experiments ( N = 1,803). Across studies, we find that participants report greater worry about a pandemic originating in Africa (vs. elsewhere). In turn, they report greater support for travel bans and for loosening abortion restrictions. We then document these narratives in an archival study of newspaper articles of the 2015–2016 Zika pandemic ( N = 1,475). We find that articles were more negative—for example, they included more death-related words—if they mentioned Africa. Finally, we replicate the experimental results within the COVID-19 context, using a representative sample ( N = 1,200). Taken together, the studies make clear that reactions to pandemics are biased, and in a way consistent with historical narratives about race and Africa.

Racial Bias: A Buried Cornerstone of the Administrative State

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 1470-1490
Author(s):  
Jennifer Alexander ◽  
Camilla Stivers
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
Diversity Training ◽  
Social Equity ◽  
Representative Bureaucracy ◽  
Historical Narratives ◽  
Administrative State ◽  
Public Agencies ◽  
Administrative Practices ◽  
Self Image

Historians of American public administration have largely perpetuated its self-image of neutrality and scientific detachment. Yet public agencies are shaped by their political and cultural environments. Long-standing myths and historical narratives about the meaning of America reveal not neutrality but racial bias dating back centuries, a pattern sustained, in part, by failure to recognize its existence. This article explores how historical understandings of the administrative state have neglected the influence of racial bias on the development of administrative practices. We suggest that a reconstructed understanding may strengthen support for anti-racism efforts, such as diversity training, representative bureaucracy, and social equity.

Settling Chattanooga

2018 ◽  
pp. 17-33
Author(s):  
Courtney Elizabeth Knapp
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Early History ◽  
Historical Narratives ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Native Culture ◽  
Historical Relationship ◽  
People Today

Chapter 1 charts the historical relationship between Native dispossession and early city planning and development in downtown Chattanooga, to understand more deeply the complex relationship that many contemporary Chattanoogans have with the legacies of Cherokee dispossession that took place within their hometown’s borders. The chapter focuses on the construction of historical narratives of people and place during the pre-removal and Removal periods, and argues that a paternalistic, yet quasi-reverent and nostalgic, popular framing of Native culture and removal has profoundly impacted how many people today relate to, and represent, Chattanooga’s early history. Tracing the genealogy of race, property, and Native removal in the context of early city-building prepares the ground for later discussions of contemporary Native American placemaking activities along the Tennessee riverfront.

Combining Clustering and Voting Scheme to Select Initial Training Set for Active Learning

2014 ◽  
Vol 926-930 ◽  
pp. 3008-3011
Author(s):  
Yan Leng ◽  
Guang Hui Qi ◽  
Xin Yan Xu ◽  
Xiao Peng Wang ◽  
Deng Wang Li
Keyword(s):  
Active Learning ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Initial Training ◽  
Selection Algorithm ◽  
Training Set ◽  
Stable Performance ◽  
Voting Scheme ◽  
Training Set Selection

Currently, most researchers select clustering-based algorithms to generate the initial training set for active learning. Considering that for such algorithms, a single clustering is not stable, we propose an initial training set selection algorithm which combines multi-clustering results to select samples. Specifically, after each clustering, it delimits several representative regions. If a sample falls into its corresponding representative region, then the algorithm casts a vote for it to mark that it is a potential representative sample. Finally, after several clustering, the samples with the most votes are selected. Experimental results show that our algorithm can efficiently select the informative samples, and can make the classifier have a more stable performance.

Diagnostics of Gold Laser Plasmas

1988 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 357-360
Author(s):  
J.C. Gauthier ◽  
J.P. Geindre ◽  
P. Monier ◽  
C. Chenais-Popovics ◽  
N. Tragin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Results ◽  
Pure Gold ◽  
Electronic Temperature ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Laser Plasmas ◽  
Collisional Radiative Model ◽  
Radiative Model

AbstractIn order to achieve a nickel-like X ray laser scheme we need a tool to determine the parameters which characterise the high-Z plasma. The aim of this work is to study gold laser plasmas and to compare experimental results to a collisional-radiative model which describes nickel-like ions. The electronic temperature and density are measured by the emission of an aluminium tracer. They are compared to the predictions of the nickel-like model for pure gold. The results show that the density and temperature can be estimated in a pure gold plasma.

Observation of Phase Contrast Images in STEM and CTEM Modes by Using 100 kV Field Emission Electron Gun

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 390-391
Author(s):  
Y. Harada ◽  
T. Goto ◽  
H. Koike ◽  
T. Someya
Keyword(s):  
Field Emission ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Image Formation ◽  
Fresnel Diffraction ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Electron Gun ◽  
Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Emission Electron ◽  
Lattice Images

Since phase contrasts of STEM images, that is, Fresnel diffraction fringes or lattice images, manifest themselves in field emission scanning microscopy, the mechanism for image formation in the STEM mode has been investigated and compared with that in CTEM mode, resulting in the theory of reciprocity. It reveals that contrast in STEM images exhibits the same properties as contrast in CTEM images. However, it appears that the validity of the reciprocity theory, especially on the details of phase contrast, has not yet been fully proven by the experiments. In this work, we shall investigate the phase contrast images obtained in both the STEM and CTEM modes of a field emission microscope (100kV), and evaluate the validity of the reciprocity theory by comparing the experimental results.

A new dissociation mode for dislocations in silicon

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 346-347
Author(s):  
A. Ourmazd ◽  
G.R. Booker ◽  
C.J. Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Dislocation Network ◽  
Weak Beam ◽  
Phosphorus Doped

A (111) phosphorus-doped Si specimen, thinned to give a TEM foil of thickness ∼ 150nm, contained a dislocation network lying on the (111) plane. The dislocation lines were along the three <211> directions and their total Burgers vectors,ḇt, were of the type , each dislocation being of edge character. TEM examination under proper weak-beam conditions seemed initially to show the standard contrast behaviour for such dislocations, indicating some dislocation segments were undissociated (contrast A), while other segments were dissociated to give two Shockley partials separated by approximately 6nm (contrast B) . A more detailed examination, however, revealed that some segments exhibited a third and anomalous contrast behaviour (contrast C), interpreted here as being due to a new dissociation not previously reported. Experimental results obtained for a dislocation along [211] with for the six <220> type reflections using (g,5g) weak-beam conditions are summarised in the table below, together with the relevant values.

Multislice calculations of RHEED patterns from vicinal Si (001)

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 1000-1001
Author(s):  
Scott Lordi
Keyword(s):  
Misorientation Angle ◽  
Incident Angle ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Bragg Condition ◽  
Vicinal Surfaces ◽  
Kinematic Theory ◽  
Step Edges

Vicinal Si (001) surfaces are interesting because they are good substrates for the growth of III-V semiconductors. Spots in RHEED patterns from vicinal surfaces are split due to scattering from ordered step arrays and this splitting can be used to determine the misorientation angle, using kinematic arguments. Kinematic theory is generally regarded to be inadequate for the calculation of RHEED intensities; however, only a few dynamical RHEED simulations have been attempted for vicinal surfaces. The multislice formulation of Cowley and Moodie with a recently developed edge patching method was used to calculate RHEED patterns from vicinal Si (001) surfaces. The calculated patterns are qualitatively similar to published experimental results and the positions of the split spots quantitatively agree with kinematic calculations.RHEED patterns were calculated for unreconstructed (bulk terminated) Si (001) surfaces misoriented towards [110] ,with an energy of 15 keV, at an incident angle of 36.63 mrad ([004] bragg condition), and a beam azimuth of [110] (perpendicular to the step edges) and the incident beam pointed down the step staircase.

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