The problem of entanglement: Biases and fallacies in police conflict management

2021 ◽  
pp. 146135572110640
Author(s):  
Mario S Staller ◽  
Benjamin Zaiser ◽  
Swen Koerner
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Conflict Management ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
External Influences ◽  
Current Affairs ◽  
Excessive Use Of Force ◽  
Systemic Understanding ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

Cognitive biases have been identified as drivers of the excessive use of force, which has determined current affairs across the globe. In this article, we argue that the police are facing serious challenges in combating these biases. These challenges stem from the nature of cognitive biases, their sources and the fallacies that mislead police professionals in the way they think about them. Based on a framework of expert decision-making fallacies and biases, we argue that these fallacies limit the impact of efforts to mitigate cognitive biases in police conflict management. In order to achieve a systemic understanding of cognitive biases and their detrimental effects, the article concludes that implementing reflexive structures within the police is a crucial prerequisite to effectively reflect on external influences and to limit bias and fallacies from further unfolding in a self-referential loop.

De structuur van de besluitvorming in de Raad van de Europese Unie

Res Publica ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 36 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 381-398
Author(s):  
Jan Beyers
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
European Union ◽  
Functional Approach ◽  
Council Decision ◽  
Working Groups ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

In spite of its importance in European Union decision making, research on the functioning of the Council is scarce (Wessels, 1991). Based on empirical findings this article gives some new insights in the way Council decision making is institutionalized. The first part focusses on the characteristics of Council working groups and the different positions of actors in the decision making network. Our findings confirm the definition of the Council as a highly bureaucratized institution. Interesting is that the diversity of tasks of the different actors(working groups, Coreper, CSA etc.) strengthens the impact of national administrations in Council decision making. The second part explores the reasons for this impact. This article adds to the functional approach, which over-emphasizes the adaptive character of the Council, the perception of the Council as an intergovernmental component in a supranational system.

The Impact of Culture on Workplace Conflict in the Caribbean

2014 ◽  
pp. 1352-1366
Author(s):  
Susan Scott
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Conflict Management ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Relationship Management ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Human Relationship ◽  
Workplace Conflict ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
East And West ◽  
The Impact

There are many subtleties within a culture that affect decision-making. Lack of understanding of these nuances enhances the mystique of cross-cultural business. Global managers need to better understand trans-cultural decision-making to maximize the benefits of alliances and business relationships abroad. One of these subtleties, often discussed in relation to business in the Orient, is conflict management. The notion of “face” and the importance of individual honor pervade cultural briefing materials on countries such as Japan. It is a defining difference in human relationship management between East and West. Yet when dealing with employees in nations speaking the same language, as a U.S. manager to a Caribbean manager, one often fails to account for equally significant differences in managing conflict. This chapter discusses the impact of culture-specific attitudes concerning workplace conflict on business performance in the Caribbean, using examples specifically from Grenada.

Conflict of Interest and Decision Making

2021 ◽  
pp. 265-282
Author(s):  
Geneviève Helleringer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Professional Norms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Harmful Effects

This chapter looks at conflicts of interest (COI). It first considers tools of analytic philosophy to highlight the notion of COI, and in particular, the connection between COIs, choice and judgment, emphasising why decision making is a central element in the characterisation of COIs. Drawing on these elements, it is clear that any question of regulation and institutional design requires a sophisticated understanding of the capacity of individuals to recognise and resist bias in themselves and others when making judgments and decisions. The chapter then studies two specific mechanisms—bounded rationality and cognitive biases—that affect the behaviour of people in COI situations. It starts by analysing how rationalisation can reframe questionable behaviour as appearing acceptable, and how a sense of invulnerability encourages people to downplay the impact of COIs. The chapter then looks at techniques (policies, procedures, incentives, etc.) used to address COI situations in the light of insights from psychological studies. It concludes that both fiduciary duties and procedural requirements reflect an erroneous understanding of psychology and have led institutions and policies to deal ineffectively—if not indeed counterproductively—with the problems caused by COIs. Finally, the chapter assesses how alternative mechanisms may overcome the highlighted deficiencies. It specifically focuses on the key role that professional norms can play in dealing with unavoidable COIs while preserving trust between the affected parties, and the potential for self-regulation to provide worthwhile tools in combatting the harmful effects of COIs.

scholarly journals How Concept Selection Tools Impact the Development of Creative Ideas in Engineering Design Education

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Zheng ◽  
Sarah C. Ritter ◽  
Scarlett R. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Design Education ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Concept Selection ◽  
Engineering Design Education ◽  
Student Teams ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Tools

Concept selection tools have been heavily integrated into engineering design education in an effort to reduce the risks and uncertainties of early-phase design ideas and aid students in the decision-making process. However, little research has examined the utility of these tools in promoting creative ideas or their impact on student team decision making throughout the conceptual design process. To fill this research gap, the current study was designed to compare the impact of two concept selection tools, the concept selection matrix (CSM) and the tool for assessing semantic creativity (TASC) on the average quality (AQL) and average novelty (ANV) of ideas selected by student teams at several decision points throughout an 8-week project. The results of the study showed that the AQL increased significantly in the detailed design stage, while the ANV did not change. However, this change in idea quality was not significantly impacted by the concept selection tool used, suggesting other factors may impact student decision making and the development of creative ideas. Finally, student teams were found to select ideas ranked highly in concept selection tools only when these ideas met their expectations, indicating that cognitive biases may be significantly impeding decision making.

scholarly journals The odd case when cognitive biases are more prevalent in researchers than in samples

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose D. Perezgonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Result Interpretation

Walmsley and Gilbey (2016) reported on the impact of cognitive biases on pilots’ decision-making, concluding that there was strong evidence that cognitive bias impacted decision making thus putting pilots' lives in danger. However, their methodology was not free of the same biases they set to research and, more importantly, they relied far too much on statistical significance as the only standard for result interpretation. Consequently, while the results obtained may have been technically correct, their divorce from the underlying methodological context made them factually wrong. Therefore, the conclusions achieved also misrepresented the true impact of cognitive biases on pilots' decision-making.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF OVERCONFIDENCE BIAS ON PERSONAL INVESTMENT DECISIONS: THE CASE OF NORTH MACEDONIA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shenaj Hadzimustafa ◽  
Nermine Shabani
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Financial Behavior ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Investment Decision Making ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Emotional Bias ◽  
Overconfidence Bias ◽  
The Impact

The "Financial Behavior" in the field of "decision making" is the topic that awarded the economist Richard H. Thaler the Nobel Prize in 2017. According to him, after many investigations made on human decisions, it is noticed that they often depend on nature, intuition, habits, cognitive biases, emotional biases which lead the investor to wrong decisions. Given that the investments play an important and central role in the economy, the main purpose of the paper is to analyze the investment decision making process based on emotional bias, or more specifically the overconfidence bias. This study captures the impact of gender, and level of education on overconfidence during investment decision making in North Macedonia. The results show that investors' decisions were significantly influenced by the overconfidence bias. Although men and women are found to be overconfident, studies have shown that the degree of overconfidence varies among them and men are more overconfident than women. Also, overconfidence increases with the level of education. Based on the results certain recommendations are provided in order to assist future investment decision-making processes by notifying and eliminating the overconfidence bias identified during this research as a key factor leading to wrong and failing, non-rational investment decision making.

scholarly journals The Influence of Cognitive Biases in Production Planning and Control: Considering the Human Factor for the Design of Decision Support Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Bendul ◽  
Melanie Zahner
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Production Planning ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Production Planning And Control ◽  
Due Date ◽  
Planning And Control ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Production planning and control (PPC) requires human decision-making in several process steps like production program planning, production data management, and performance measurement. Thereby, human decisions are often biased leading to an aggravation of logistic performance. Exemplary, the lead time syndrome (LTS) shows this connection. While production planners aim to improve due date reliability by updating planned lead times, the result is actually a decreasing due date reliability. In current research in the field of production logistics, the impact of cognitive biases on the decision-making process in production planning and control remains at a silent place. We aim to close this research gap by combining a systematic literature review on behavioral operation management and cognitive biases with a case study from the steel industry to show the influence of cognitive biases on human decision-making in production planning and the impact on logistic performance. The result is the definition of guidelines considering human behavior for the design of decision support systems to improve logistic performance.

scholarly journals Power Asymmetry, Negotiations and Conflict Management in Organizations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyriaki Fousiani
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Conflict Management ◽  
Power Asymmetry ◽  
Resolution Power ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Negotiation Literature ◽  
Asymmetric Relationships ◽  
The Way

Relationships are seldom equal. In fact, social interactions involve most of the times power asymmetric relationships. Especially in organizations people are daily faced with situations where they are either in a powerful or in a powerless position compared to others. Power stems from various sources and takes several forms. For instance, people are powerful when they can administer punishments or rewards, when they are in a hierarchically higher position than others, when they have knowledge and expertise, when they are admired and respected, and when they have alternative options which enable them to make choices. Importantly, power determines the way people interact with each other and subsequently, the way they engage in conflicts and conflict resolution. Power-holders are best able to asymmetrically enforce their will and therefore, they have the capability to determine the process and the outcome of a conflict. In this chapter, I present the major sources of power and the main differences between them. Consequently, I elaborate on the impact of power on conflict management based on the negotiation literature. I conclude by touching on the necessity to distinguish between two contradictory faces of power: power as opportunity and power as responsibility.

Systems Simulation of Design for End-of-Life Recovery Under Uncertainty

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Behdad ◽  
Aaron T. Joseph ◽  
Deborah Thurston
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Product Design ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Reverse Logistics ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Product Life ◽  
Return Flows ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
The Impact

Design for End of Life (DfEOL) recovery is a complex process that requires consideration of various design aspects including design for product life extension, design for reliability, design for disassembly, design for components reuse, and design for recyclability. There is a need for an analytical tool that helps designers integrate all these design aspects together and moreover investigate the impact of design features on the recovery network. The designer needs to predict the variability that design features bring into the reverse logistics network, including the variability in the amount, quality and timing of return flows and uncertainty in the remanufacturing operations such as disassembly time. In addition to the product design, the EOL recovery system performance is also affected by human decision making. The willingness of customers to keep used products in storage, the qualitative criteria used by remanufacturing companies to sort and categorize the returned used products and the manual disassembly operations influenced by the operator’s cognitive biases are examples of human decision making processes that impact product recovery. The nonlinear character of reverse logistics system along with the dynamic complexity as a result of uncertainties and cognitive biases are particularly troublesome. This paper establishes a simulation-based System Dynamics (SD) model of product life cycle to check interrelationship among product design features and their impacts on the amount, quality and timing of the return flows to the waste stream. The complex product take back process and recovery operations are modeled. Designers could use the results of the model to compare different design scenarios and to receive information about what design features bring problems or create opportunities for EOL recovery.

The Impact of Culture on Workplace Conflict in the Caribbean

2012 ◽  
pp. 292-306
Author(s):  
Susan Scott
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Conflict Management ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Relationship Management ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Human Relationship ◽  
Workplace Conflict ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
East And West ◽  
The Impact

There are many subtleties within a culture that affect decision-making. Lack of understanding of these nuances enhances the mystique of cross-cultural business. Global managers need to better understand trans-cultural decision-making to maximize the benefits of alliances and business relationships abroad. One of these subtleties, often discussed in relation to business in the Orient, is conflict management. The notion of “face” and the importance of individual honor pervade cultural briefing materials on countries such as Japan. It is a defining difference in human relationship management between East and West. Yet when dealing with employees in nations speaking the same language, as a U.S. manager to a Caribbean manager, one often fails to account for equally significant differences in managing conflict. This chapter discusses the impact of culture-specific attitudes concerning workplace conflict on business performance in the Caribbean, using examples specifically from Grenada.

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