Individual Differences in Structure Building: Impacts on Comprehension and Learning, Theoretical Underpinnings, and Support for Less Able Structure Builders

2021 ◽  
pp. 174569162110007
Author(s):  
Mark A. McDaniel ◽  
Elizabeth J. Marsh ◽  
Reshma Gouravajhala

In this article, we highlight an underappreciated individual difference: structure building. Structure building is integral to many everyday activities and involves creating coherent mental representations of conversations, texts, pictorial stories, and other events. People vary in this ability in a way not generally captured by other better known concepts and individual difference measures. Individuals with lower structure-building ability consistently perform worse on a range of comprehension and learning measures than do individuals with higher structure-building ability, both in the laboratory and in the classroom. Problems include a range of comprehension processes, including encoding factual content, inhibiting irrelevant information, and constructing a cohesive situation model of a text or conversation. Despite these problems, recent research is encouraging in that techniques to improve the learning outcomes for low-ability structure builders have been identified. We argue that the accumulated research warrants the recognition of structure building as an important individual difference in cognitive functioning and that additional theoretical work is needed to understand the underpinnings of structure-building deficits.

2014 ◽  
Vol 638-640 ◽  
pp. 2265-2268
Author(s):  
Shuang Qiu

Modern architecture design lays more emphasis on the authenticity and regionality of the building.The basic tectonic principles are the real material performance and real construction expression. Architecture artistic is based on the internal expressive force of the structural system. And the logicality of building structure is given the inner beauty of architectural image. Modern timber-structure building is breaking the fetter of formalism in the aspect of structure performance. Its tectonic methods are making the positive exploration in terms of the architectural context inheritance.


2012 ◽  
Vol 174-177 ◽  
pp. 3074-3077
Author(s):  
Shao Hong Li

The paper presented the research on for German Navy's second battalion headquarters building site from the perspectives of building site, building plane, building facades and building structure. building site conformed to terrain, Shapes of building facades were flexible and varied, the overall architectural construction was brick-stone-wood composite structure.The building style was the typical of German Romanticism, both in layout or in the facade shape, color, structure, etc.; it had shown the lively romantic chic, eclectic architectural style.


2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 740-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Cobb Scott ◽  
Steven Paul Woods ◽  
Ofilio Vigil ◽  
Robert K. Heaton ◽  
Igor Grant ◽  
...  

AbstractScript generation describes one's ability to produce complex, sequential action plans derived from mental representations of everyday activities. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on script generation performance. Sixty HIV+ individuals (48% of whom had HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders [HAND]) and 26 demographically comparable HIV- participants were administered a novel, standardized test of script generation, which required participants to verbally generate and organize the necessary steps for completing six daily activities. HAND participants evidenced significantly more total errors, intrusions, and script boundary errors compared to the HIV- sample, indicating difficulties inhibiting irrelevant actions and staying within the prescribed boundaries of scripts, but had adequate knowledge of the relevant actions required for each script. These findings are generally consistent with the executive dysfunction and slowing common in HAND and suggest that script generation may play a role in everyday functioning problems in HIV. (JINS, 2011, 17, 740–745)


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Carlson ◽  
Antonio Fábregas ◽  
Michael T. Putnam

What is the nature and function of mental representations in cognitive science, and in human language in particular? How do they come into existence and interact, and how is the information attributed to them stored in and retrieved from the human mind? Some theories treat constructions as primitive entities used for structure-building, central in both production and comprehension, while other theories only admit construction-like entities as devices to map the structure into semantics or to relate them to specific morphophonological exponents. In this positional piece, we seek to elucidate areas of commonality across what have traditionally been divergent approaches to the role of constructions in language. Here we outline a robust specification of the differences in how chunks of structure containing information are treated in the two main approaches, and we seek to offer a path toward a more unified theoretical stance.


Author(s):  
M.Y. Zachari ◽  
G. Turuallo

The selection of material is one of the important aspects used to design a building as it is known that every type of material has a different characteristic. The steel material used as the main component of building structure because of its ductility is more than another material which is the main criterion to design an earthquake resistance building. In this paper, an earthquake steel resistant structure building will be design. This building structure will consist of a five-story office with a regular structure configuration. A special moment frame (SMF) used as the resisting structure system of the earthquake loads as the amount of its load is analyzed using the spectrum response method. The steel material used is type of A36 (fy = 250 MPa; fu = 400 MPa), concrete used f’c = 30 MPa. The design process then produces an earthquake steel resistant structure building, which satisfies the requirement of story drift with a maximum number of story drift occurred in the 2nd story which is 93.5 mm less than allowed story drift that is 95 mm. A structure element dimension used is a beam with a profile of W16x7x40 for every level in the X-axis direction, and the beam with a profile is W14x6.75x38 for every level in Y-axis direction, 12 cm thick plates and column with a profile W14x16x211 is regularly used to every level.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matias Morales ◽  
Tanvi Patel ◽  
Andres Tamm ◽  
Martin Pickering ◽  
Paul Hoffman

When comprehending discourse, listeners engage default mode regions associated with integrative semantic processing to construct a situation model of its content. We investigated how similar networks are engaged when we produce, as well as comprehend, discourse. During fMRI, participants spoke about a series of specific topics and listened to discourse on other topics. We tested how activation was predicted by natural fluctuations in the global coherence of the discourse, i.e., the degree to which utterances conformed to the expected topic. The neural correlates of coherence were similar across speaking and listening, particularly in default mode regions. This network showed greater activation when less coherent speech was heard or produced, reflecting updating of mental representations when discourse did not conform to the expected topic. In contrast, regions that exert control over semantic activation showed task-specific effects, correlating negatively with coherence during listening but not during production. Participants who showed greater activation in left inferior prefrontal cortex also produced more coherent discourse, suggesting a specific role for this region in goal-directed regulation of speech content. Results suggest strong alignment of discourse representations during speaking and listening. However, they indicate that the semantic control network plays different roles in comprehension and production.


2011 ◽  
Vol 368-373 ◽  
pp. 485-488
Author(s):  
Dan Chai ◽  
Wen Zhou Yan

Nowadays, there are many systems can be used in multi-layer civil building, such as masonry-concrete structure, cast-in-situ concrete structure and assembled concrete structure. Each of them has its own features, and advantages in different aspects. In this paper, Vague set theory is used to comprehensively evaluate different types of multilayer civil structure system, and conclusion is made that the assembled concrete structure building performs more efficiently in both economic and social aspect, and could be popularized in our building industry.


Author(s):  
David Vernon ◽  
Josefine Albert ◽  
Michael Beetz ◽  
Shiau‐Chuen Chiou ◽  
Helge Ritter ◽  
...  

2014 ◽  
Vol 912-914 ◽  
pp. 1813-1816
Author(s):  
Shen Qi Gan ◽  
Hong Zhang ◽  
Yi Zhen Yang

In this paper, the basic situation of housing industrialization start today at home and abroad highlighting the latest developments in industrialized housing, and from the architectural design, building structure, building thermal engineering, project management and residential industrialization and other aspects of sustainable development for the future of industrialized housing development direction and trends discussed in depth.


2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wienke Wannagat ◽  
Gesine Waizenegger ◽  
Juliane Hauf ◽  
Gerhild Nieding

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