Coercion in Disguise? A Reassessment of Brazilian Education and Health Reforms

Journal of Politics in Latin America ◽

10.1177/1866802x21991145 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1866802X2199114

Author(s):

Rogerio Schlegel ◽

Daniel Arias Vazquez

Keyword(s):

Policy Decision ◽

Social Expenditure ◽

Care Programme ◽

Fiscal Constraints ◽

Configurational Approach ◽

Education And Health ◽

Education Fund ◽

Opt Out ◽

Fundamental Education ◽

Policy Decision Making

In federations and other regionalised arrangements, the search for co-operation may lead to a hierarchical alignment where the centre concentrates policy decision-making power. The use of conditional grants to build this kind of co-ordination can disguise its rather coercive character when opt-out clauses are counteracted by fiscal constraints that virtually force subnational adherence. Previous accounts on recentralisation in Latin America have overlooked this feature, particularly by mistakenly identifying the transfer of fiscal resources and responsibilities with authority over policies. The article adopts a configurational approach, focused on mechanisms, to reassess two Brazilian programmes redesigned in the 1990s and 2000s – the Fundamental Education Fund (Fundef) and the Basic Health Care Programme ( Programa de Atenção Básica, PAB). Our evidence shows that both reforms followed hierarchical paths and received massive adherence of municipalities. We discuss how this kind of coercion in disguise is especially concerning in settings where some retrenchment of social expenditure is expected.

Modeling Foreign Policy Decision Making

Contemporary Psychology ◽

10.1037/0010531 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 136, 138

Author(s):

RICHARD L. MERRITT

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Foreign Policy ◽

Policy Decision ◽

Policy Decision Making

A CAS Approach to Public Policy Decision Making

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e631062011-001 ◽

1998 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Glenda H. Eoyang ◽

Lois Yellowthunder ◽

Vic Ward

Keyword(s):

Public Policy ◽

Decision Making ◽

Policy Decision ◽

Policy Decision Making

Decision Models and Japanese Foreign Policy Decision Making

Asian Survey ◽

10.1525/as.1985.25.12.01p0328v ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 25 (12) ◽

pp. 1229-1241 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Michael Minor

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Foreign Policy ◽

Policy Decision ◽

Decision Models ◽

Japanese Foreign Policy ◽

Policy Decision Making

Three Looks at German Foreign Policy before September 11: A Landscape Shifts

German Politics & Society ◽

10.3167/104503002782385327 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 73-81

Author(s):

Karen Donfried

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Foreign Policy ◽

Policy Decision ◽

The Political ◽

German Foreign Policy ◽

State University ◽

European Monetary ◽

Monetary Cooperation ◽

Policy Decision Making ◽

The Eu

Wolf-Dieter Eberwein and Karl Kaiser, Germany’s New Foreign Policy: Decision-Making in an Independent World (Hampshire: Palgrave, 2001)Adrian Hyde-Price, Germany & European Order: Enlarging NATO and the EU (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000)Matthias Kaelberer, Money and Power in Europe: The Political Economy of European Monetary Cooperation (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001)

National Security Policy Decision-Making: The Case for Doctrine and Training

10.21236/ada432206 ◽

2000 ◽

Author(s):

Patrick A. Stallings

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

National Security ◽

Security Policy ◽

Policy Decision ◽

National Security Policy ◽

Policy Decision Making ◽

And Training

Into the Unknown: Reflections on Risk, Uncertainty and Monetary Policy Decision-making

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3422396 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Paul Jenkins

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Monetary Policy ◽

Policy Decision ◽

Policy Decision Making ◽

Risk Uncertainty

The impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 epidemic growth in the 37 OECD member states

European Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1007/s10654-021-00766-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Francisco Pozo-Martin ◽

Heide Weishaar ◽

Florin Cristea ◽

Johanna Hanefeld ◽

Thurid Bahr ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Early Phase ◽

Policy Decision ◽

Multilevel Modelling ◽

Daily Growth ◽

Public Places ◽

Member States ◽

Unit Increase ◽

Policy Decision Making ◽

The Impact

AbstractWe estimated the impact of a comprehensive set of non-pharmeceutical interventions on the COVID-19 epidemic growth rate across the 37 member states of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic and between October and December 2020. For this task, we conducted a data-driven, longitudinal analysis using a multilevel modelling approach with both maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimation. We found that during the early phase of the epidemic: implementing restrictions on gatherings of more than 100 people, between 11 and 100 people, and 10 people or less was associated with a respective average reduction of 2.58%, 2.78% and 2.81% in the daily growth rate in weekly confirmed cases; requiring closing for some sectors or for all but essential workplaces with an average reduction of 1.51% and 1.78%; requiring closing of some school levels or all school levels with an average reduction of 1.12% or 1.65%; recommending mask wearing with an average reduction of 0.45%, requiring mask wearing country-wide in specific public spaces or in specific geographical areas within the country with an average reduction of 0.44%, requiring mask-wearing country-wide in all public places or all public places where social distancing is not possible with an average reduction of 0.96%; and number of tests per thousand population with an average reduction of 0.02% per unit increase. Between October and December 2020 work closing requirements and testing policy were significant predictors of the epidemic growth rate. These findings provide evidence to support policy decision-making regarding which NPIs to implement to control the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Air quality evaluation during COVID-19 in Avellino (South Italy): A significant case study to drive an urgent policy decision making

Environmental Research ◽

10.1016/j.envres.2021.111803 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 111803

Author(s):

Raffaele Cucciniello ◽

Letizia Raia ◽

Ermanno Vasca

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Air Quality ◽

Quality Evaluation ◽

Policy Decision ◽

South Italy ◽

Significant Case ◽

Policy Decision Making

Historicizing the comparative survey of freedom: tracing the social trajectory of an influential indicator

Science in Context ◽

10.1017/s0269889720000216 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 121-144

Author(s):

Emily Zerndt

Keyword(s):

American Foreign Policy ◽

Policy Decision ◽

Political Scientist ◽

Social Scientists ◽

The Social ◽

Retrospective Account ◽

Comparative Survey ◽

Policy Decision Making ◽

The U.S ◽

Freedom House

ArgumentThe Comparative Survey of Freedom, first published by Freedom House in 1973, is now the most widely used indicator of democracy by both academics and the U.S. government alike. However, literature examining the Survey’s origins is virtually nonexistent. In this article, I use archival records to challenge Freedom House’s retrospective account of the indicator’s creation. Rather than the outcome of a scientific methodology by multiple social scientists, the Survey was produced by a single political scientist, Raymond Gastil, according to his own hunches and impressions. How, then, did this indicator rise to such prominence? I argue that the Survey’s notoriety can be attributed to its early promotion in both political science and American foreign policy decision-making, as well as the fact that it fit the dominant scientific and political paradigms of the time.

Incommensurable preferences in contingent valuation: the case of Natura 2000 Network in Finland

Environmental Conservation ◽

10.1017/s0376892900000291 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 260-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

M. REKOLA ◽

E. POUTA ◽

J. KUULUVAINEN ◽

O. TAHVONEN ◽

C.-Z. LI

Keyword(s):

Property Rights ◽

Contingent Valuation ◽

Environmental Ethics ◽

Private Property ◽

Policy Decision ◽

Natura 2000 ◽

Private Property Rights ◽

Lexicographic Preferences ◽

Preference Construction ◽

Policy Decision Making

In the literature of contingent valuation, a rights-based system of environmental ethics claiming that natural objects have absolute rights, has frequently been regarded as the main reason for incommensurability, i.e. for citizens’ inability to find a common measure according to which all values could be ranked. In a study of 2400 Finns aged between 18 and 70, we tested whether a respondent's commitment to guaranteeing private property rights could be a reason for incommensurability beyond the respondent's possible commitment to absolute nature rights. It was found that incommensurability, modelled with lexicographic preferences, was attributable more often to private property rights than to nature rights. However, Finnish respondents who had lexicographic preferences for nature rights based their choice more often on an ethical judgement, whereas lexicographic preferences for property rights could rather be explained with an ambivalent preference construction. Lexicographic preferences for nature rights increased the willingness to pay for conservation, while lexicographic preferences for property rights decreased it. The result, which was predicted by the theory, supported the validity of incommensurability measurement. The study therefore indicates that several reasons for incommensurable preferences may exist and that it is possible to measure these reasons in contingent valuation surveys in order to judge the validity of the welfare measures in environmental policy decision-making.