scholarly journals Transcriptomic, proteomic and ultrastructural studies on salinity-tolerant Aedes aegypti in the context of rising sea levels and arboviral disease epidemiology

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranjan Ramasamy ◽  
Vaikunthavasan Thiruchenthooran ◽  
Tibutius T. P. Jayadas ◽  
Thampoe Eswaramohan ◽  
Sharanga Santhirasegaram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Arboviral Diseases ◽  
Rising Sea Levels

Abstract Background Aedes aegypti mosquito, the principal global vector of arboviral diseases, lays eggs and undergoes larval and pupal development to become adult mosquitoes in fresh water (FW). It has recently been observed to develop in coastal brackish water (BW) habitats of up to 50% sea water, and such salinity tolerance shown to be an inheritable trait. Genomics of salinity tolerance in Ae. aegypti has not been previously studied, but it is of fundamental biological interest and important for controlling arboviral diseases in the context of rising sea levels increasing coastal ground water salinity. Results BW- and FW-Ae. aegypti were compared by RNA-seq analysis on the gut, anal papillae and rest of the carcass in fourth instar larvae (L4), proteomics of cuticles shed when L4 metamorphose into pupae, and transmission electron microscopy of cuticles in L4 and adults. Genes for specific cuticle proteins, signalling proteins, moulting hormone-related proteins, membrane transporters, enzymes involved in cuticle metabolism, and cytochrome P450 showed different mRNA levels in BW and FW L4 tissues. The salinity-tolerant Ae. aegypti were also characterized by altered L4 cuticle proteomics and changes in cuticle ultrastructure of L4 and adults. Conclusions The findings provide new information on molecular and ultrastructural changes associated with salinity adaptation in FW mosquitoes. Changes in cuticles of larvae and adults of salinity-tolerant Ae. aegypti are expected to reduce the efficacy of insecticides used for controlling arboviral diseases. Expansion of coastal BW habitats and their neglect for control measures facilitates the spread of salinity-tolerant Ae. aegypti and genes for salinity tolerance. The transmission of arboviral diseases can therefore be amplified in multiple ways by salinity-tolerant Ae. aegypti and requires appropriate mitigating measures. The findings in Ae. aegypti have attendant implications for the development of salinity tolerance in other fresh water mosquito vectors and the diseases they transmit.

scholarly journals Tonga

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (212) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Coastal Erosion ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
The World ◽  
Rising Sea Levels

Tonga is one of the world’s most exposed countries to climate change and natural disasters. It suffered the highest loss from natural disasters in the world (as a ratio to GDP) in 2018 and is among the top five over the last decade (Table 1). Climate change will make this worse. Cyclones will become more intense, with more damage from wind and sea surges. Rising sea levels will cause more flooding, coastal erosion and contaminate fresh water. Daily high temperatures will become more extreme, with more severe floods and drought.

scholarly journals Protecting Coastlines from Flooding in a Changing Climate: A Preliminary Experimental Study to Investigate a Sustainable Approach

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2471
Author(s):  
Matteo Rubinato ◽  
Jacob Heyworth ◽  
James Hart
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Slope Angle ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Soft Engineering ◽  
Rising Sea Levels ◽  
The Impact

Rising sea levels are causing more frequent flooding events in coastal areas and generate many issues for coastal communities such as loss of property or damages to infrastructures. To address this issue, this paper reviews measures currently in place and identifies possible control measures that can be implemented to aid preservation of coastlines in the future. Breakwaters present a unique opportunity to proactively address the impact of coastal flooding. However, there is currently a lack of research into combined hard and soft engineering techniques. To address the global need for developing sustainable solutions, three specific breakwater configurations were designed and experimentally compared in the hydraulic laboratory at Coventry University to assess their performance in reducing overtopping and the impact of waves, quantifying the effectiveness of each. The investigation confirmed that stepped configurations work effectively in high amplitudes waves, especially with the presence of a slope angle to aid wave reflection. These results provide a very valuable preliminary investigation into novel sustainable solutions incorporating both artificial and natural based strategies that could be considered by local and national authorities for the planning of future mitigation strategies to defend coastal areas from flooding and erosion.

Effect of hydrogen peroxide on catalase gene expression, isoform activities and levels in leaves of potato sprayed with homobrassinolide and ultrastructural changes in mesophyll cells

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 707 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Almeida ◽  
Fernanda Fidalgo ◽  
Ana Confraria ◽  
Arlete Santos ◽  
Helena Pires ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Blot Analysis ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Transcript Accumulation ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies

The effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on catalase (CAT) isoform activities and amounts and on mRNA levels was studied in leaves from potato plants untreated and treated with homobrassinolide (HBR). Northern blot analysis revealed that 100 mm H2O2 supplied through the leaf petiole for 4 h did not induce CAT expression. In contrast, CAT1 and CAT2 responded differently to longer treatment, as CAT2 transcript levels increased markedly whereas CAT1 transcript levels remained unchanged. Western blot analysis showed disparity between the level of CAT1 transcript and CAT1 amount, which actually decreased after 28 h. CAT2 amount correlated well with transcript accumulation and CAT2 activity as visualised by zymogram analysis. H2O2 modified the relative importance of CAT isoforms. After 4 h, CAT1 was prevalent in untreated and H2O2-treated leaves. After 28 h, CAT2 was prevalent in H2O2-treated leaves; therefore, the quantified increase in total CAT activity in these leaves was due to the rise in CAT2. HBR pre-treatment increased CAT2 basal level not changing the pattern of CAT responses to H2O2, only lowering its amplitude. Even so, ultrastructural studies showed that HBR significantly reduced H2O2 negative effects on cellular sub-structures, allowing better recovery of affected structures and reducing the macroscopic injury symptoms on leaves, thus data point to a HBR protective role.

scholarly journals Climate change on fisheries: Challenges and opportunities

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-162
Author(s):  
GOLAM M. MATHBOR
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Climate System ◽  
Salt Water Intrusion ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Revenue Sources ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Rising Sea Levels ◽  
Life On Earth

Science has shown us that since Earth’s creation, climate has been affected by natural occurrences,both within and outside the climate system, but in recent years, climate is also being affected by actions andinactions of the human race. Climate system changes affect all life on earth, but fisheries are affected inparticular, because almost three-quarters of the Earth’s surface is water and home to a variety of aquatic life.Changing weather is producing more droughts, floods, rising sea levels, salt water intrusion of fresh water,acidity in the oceans and ocean warming. This paper discusses how climate change is affecting both marinelife in the oceans and aquatic species in fresh water, as well as the effects of these changes on the seafoodsupply chain and other revenue sources in coastal areas. Factors causing climate change and actions needed tomitigate these changes are also discussed.

A Simple PCR Assay for Discrimination of Dengue Vectors from Nsukka LGA, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
Amos Watentena ◽  
Ikem Chris Okoye ◽  
Ikechukwu Eugene Onah ◽  
Onwude Cosmas Ogbonnaya ◽  
Emmanuel Ogudu
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Aedes Mosquitoes ◽  
Allele Specific ◽  
Arboviral Diseases ◽  
Dengue Vectors

Mosquitoes of Aedes species are vectors of several arboviral diseases which continue to be a major public health problem in Nigeria. This study among other things, morphologically identified Aedes mosquitoes collected from Nsukka LGA and used an allele specific PCR amplification for discrimination of dengue vectors. Larval sampling, BG-sentinel traps and modified human landing catches were used for mosquito sampling in two selected autonomous communities of Nsukka LGA (Nsukka and Obimo). A total of 124 Aedes mosquitoes consisting of five (5) different species were collected from April to June, 2019 in a cross-sectional study that covered 126 households, under 76 distinct geographical coordinates. Larvae was mainly collected from plastic containers 73% (n=224), metallic containers 14% (n=43), earthen pots 9% (n=29) and used car tyres 3% (n=9), reared to adult stage 69.35% (n=86), and all mosquitoes were identified using standard morphological keys. Five (5) Aedes mosquito species were captured; Aedes aegypti 83(66.94%), Aedes albopictus 33(26.61%), Aedes simpsoni (4.48%), Aedes luteocephalus (≤1%) and Aedes vittatus (≤1%). Nsukka autonomous community had higher species diversity than Obimo. Allele specific amplification confirmed dengue vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus species on a 2% agarose gel. Since the most recent re-emergence of arboviral diseases is closely associated with Aedes species, findings of this study, therefore, give further evidence about the presence of potential arboviral vectors in Nigeria and describe the role of a simple PCR in discriminating some. Further entomological studies should integrate PCR assays in mosquito vector surveillance.

An Imperial Disaster

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Kingsbury
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Bay Of Bengal ◽  
Full Moon ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Natural Event ◽  
Cholera Epidemic ◽  
British Rule ◽  
Great Rivers ◽  
Rising Sea Levels

The storm came on the night of 31 October. It was a full moon, and the tides were at their peak; the great rivers of eastern Bengal were flowing high and fast to the sea. In the early hours the inhabitants of the coast and islands were overtaken by an immense wave from the Bay of Bengal — a wall of water that reached a height of 40 feet in some places. The wave swept away everything in its path, drowning around 215,000 people. At least another 100,000 died in the cholera epidemic and famine that followed. It was the worst calamity of its kind in recorded history. Such events are often described as "natural disasters." This book turns that interpretation on its head, showing that the cyclone of 1876 was not simply a "natural" event, but one shaped by all-too-human patterns of exploitation and inequality — by divisions within Bengali society, and the enormous disparities of political and economic power that characterized British rule on the subcontinent. With Bangladesh facing rising sea levels and stronger, more frequent storms, there is every reason now to revisit this terrible calamity.

scholarly journals Analysis of Zika virus capsid-Aedes aegypti mosquito interactome reveals pro-viral host factors critical for establishing infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rommel J. Gestuveo ◽  
Jamie Royle ◽  
Claire L. Donald ◽  
Douglas J. Lamont ◽  
Edward C. Hutchinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Protein Protein Interactions ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Ubiquitin Protein Ligase ◽  
Mosquito Cells ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein ◽  
Arboviral Diseases

AbstractThe escalating global prevalence of arboviral diseases emphasizes the need to improve our understanding of their biology. Research in this area has been hindered by the lack of molecular tools for studying virus-mosquito interactions. Here, we develop an Aedes aegypti cell line which stably expresses Zika virus (ZIKV) capsid proteins in order to study virus-vector protein-protein interactions through quantitative label-free proteomics. We identify 157 interactors and show that eight have potentially pro-viral activity during ZIKV infection in mosquito cells. Notably, silencing of transitional endoplasmic reticulum protein TER94 prevents ZIKV capsid degradation and significantly reduces viral replication. Similar results are observed if the TER94 ortholog (VCP) functioning is blocked with inhibitors in human cells. In addition, we show that an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, UBR5, mediates the interaction between TER94 and ZIKV capsid. Our study demonstrates a pro-viral function for TER94/VCP during ZIKV infection that is conserved between human and mosquito cells.

Potential impacts of global warming on water resources in southern California

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 165-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Beuhler
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Southern California ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Scenario Planning ◽  
Potential Range ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Rising Sea Levels

Global warming will have a significant impact on water resources within the 20 to 30-year planning period of many water projects. Arid and semi-arid regions such as Southern California are especially vulnerable to anticipated negative impacts of global warming on water resources. Long-range water facility planning must consider global climate change in the recommended mix of new facilities needed to meet future water requirements. The generally accepted impacts of global warming include increased temperature, rising sea levels, more frequent and severe floods and droughts, and a shift from snowfall to rain. Precipitation changes are more difficult to predict. For Southern California, these impacts will be especially severe on surface water supplies. Additionally, rising sea levels will exacerbate salt-water intrusion into freshwater and impact the quality of surface water supplies. Integrated water resources planning is emerging as a tool to develop water supplies and demand management strategies that are less vulnerable to the impacts of global warming. These tools include water conservation, reclamation, conjunctive use of surface and groundwater and desalination of brackish water and possibly seawater. Additionally, planning for future water needs should include explicit consideration of the potential range of global warming impacts through techniques such as scenario planning.

scholarly journals Effects of climate change on spatiotemporal patterns of tropical cyclone tracks and their implications for coastal agriculture in Myanmar

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Hirano
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Spatiotemporal Patterns ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Rising Sea Levels

AbstractImportant aspects for understanding the effects of climate change on tropical cyclones (TCs) are the frequency of TCs and their tracking patterns. Coastal areas are increasingly threatened by rising sea levels and associated storm surges brought on by TCs. Rice production in Myanmar relies strongly on low-lying coastal areas. This study aims to provide insights into the effects of global warming on TCs and the implications for sustainable development in vulnerable coastal areas in Myanmar. Using TC records from the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship dataset during the 30-year period from 1983 to 2012, a hot spot analysis based on Getis-Ord (Gi*) statistics was conducted to identify the spatiotemporal patterns of TC tracks along the coast of Myanmar. The results revealed notable changes in some areas along the central to southern coasts during the study period. These included a considerable increase in TC tracks (p value < 0.01) near the Ayeyarwady Delta coast, otherwise known as “the rice bowl” of the nation. This finding aligns with trends in published studies and reinforced the observed trends with spatial statistics. With the intensification of TCs due to global warming, such a significant increase in TC experiences near the major rice-producing coastal region raises concerns about future agricultural sustainability.

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