scholarly journals Biochemical and transcriptomic analyses of the symbiotic interaction between Cremastra appendiculata and the mycorrhizal fungus Coprinellus disseminatus

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanyan Gao ◽  
Jun Ji ◽  
Yujin Zhang ◽  
Ningxian Yang ◽  
Mingsheng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Gene Annotation ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Symbiotic Interaction ◽  
Symbiotic Germination ◽  
Cremastra Appendiculata ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Β Carotene

Abstract Background Cremastra appendiculata is a rare terrestrial orchid with a high market value as an ornamental and medicinal plant. However, the species depends entirely on fungi for seed germination under natural conditions. In a previous study, we have successfully isolated and identified the mycorrhizal fungus Coprinellus disseminatus which was able to induce the germination of C. appendiculata seeds. We then speculated that C. disseminatus may do so by breaking the testa imposed dormancy of the seeds. In this study, biochemical and transcriptomic analyses were used to characterize the germination of C. appendiculata seeds, collected at different stages of germination, as affected by C. disseminatus. Results The lignocellulose in the seeds coat of C. appendiculata was degraded by the mycorrhizal fungus resulting in facilitated absorption of water. The rate of decline in lignin content was 67 and 73% at 6 and 12 days after sowing, respectively. The water content increased from 13 to 90% during symbiosis. A total of 15,382 genes showing significantly different levels of expression (log2 FPKM≥2.0, Qvalue≤0.05) were successfully identified among all libraries, where the highest number of DEGs was shared between 6 days versus 0 day after symbiotic germination. Gene annotation results suggested that 15 key genes related water-status, such as DHN gene family and Xero 1 were down-regulated. The genes zeaxanthin epoxidase ZEP, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase NCED3 and β-carotene hydroxylase involved in the biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA) were significantly down-regulated in 6 days as compared to 0 day after symbiotic germination. Conclusions This work demonstrates that mycorrhizal fungus C. disseminatus can stimulate C. appendiculata seeds germination through a mechanism of breaking the testa imposed dormancy and inducing water absorption of the embryo.

scholarly journals Functional Insights into the Roles of Hormones in the Dendrobium officinale-Tulasnella sp. Germinated Seed Symbiotic Association

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 3484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Wang ◽  
Zheng Song ◽  
Xiaojing Wang ◽  
Lijun Xu ◽  
Qiwu Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Gene Annotation ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Symbiotic Association ◽  
Endogenous Hormones ◽  
Symbiotic Interaction ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Symbiotic Germination ◽  
Aba Biosynthesis ◽  
Germinated Seeds

Dendrobium is one of the largest genera in the Orchidaceae, and D. officinale is used in traditional medicine, particularly in China. D. officinale seeds are minute and contain limited energy reserves, and colonization by a compatible fungus is essential for germination under natural conditions. When the orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) initiates symbiotic interactions with germination-driven orchid seeds, phytohormones from the orchid or the fungus play key roles, but the details of the possible biochemical pathways are still poorly understood. In the present study, we established a symbiotic system between D. officinale and Tulasnella sp. for seed germination. RNA-Seq was used to construct libraries of symbiotic-germinated seeds (DoTc), asymbiotic-germinated seeds (Do), and free-living OMF (Tc) to investigate the expression profiles of biosynthesis and metabolism pathway genes for three classes of endogenous hormones: JA (jasmonic acid), ABA (abscisic acid) and SLs (strigolactones), in D. officinale seeds and OMF under symbiotic and asymbiotic conditions. Low concentrations of endogenous JA, ABA, or SLs were detected in the D. officinale-Tulasnella symbiont compared with the asymbiotic tissues. Gene annotation results suggest that the expression of DEGs (differentially expressed genes) related to JA and ABA biosynthesis from D. officinale were down-regulated, while most of the key DEGs related to SL biosynthesis from D. officinale were up-regulated in the symbiotic germinated seeds compared with the asymbiotic germinated seeds. Moreover, in the OMF, we found a significantly up-regulated differential expression of the JA and ABA biosynthesis-related genes in the symbiotic interaction, with the opposite expression trends to those found in Dendrobium. This indicates that Dendrobium seed symbiotic germination may be stimulated by the apparent involvement of the OMF in the production of hormones, and relatively low concentrations of endogenous JA, ABA, or SLs might be maintained to promote the growth of the D. officinale-Tulasnella symbiotic protocorm-like body. These results will increase our understanding of the possible roles played by endogenous hormones in the regulation of the orchid-fungus symbiosis.

The potential digestibility of cellulose in grasses and its relationship with chemical and anatomical parameters

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Cellulose Digestibility ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Anatomical Parameters

SUMMARYPotential cellulose digestibility, measured by incubation in vitrofor 6 days, decreased during floral development in perennial ryegrass, Wimmera ryegrass, cocksfoot, oat and tall fescue. The rate of decline was slower than for cellulose digestibility measured after incubation in vitro for 2 days only. Morphological fractions ranked in order of descending potential cellulose digestibility – leaf blade, inflorescence, leaf sheath and stem.Lignin content was determined chemically by the method of Van Soest (1963) and lignified tissue was assessed by staining transverse sections of leaf blades and leaf sheaths with safranin and fast green. Both lignin and lignified tissue increased with maturity. Lignified tissue increased mainly through increase in the number of scleren-chyma cells, but was also affected by the formation of lacunae or cavities between the vascular bundles in leaf blades of cocksfoot and in leaf sheaths of all species studied. For 19 samples of leaf blades and leaf sheaths, potential cellulose digestibility had significant negative correlations with both lignin content (r = -0·862) and lignified tissue (r = -0·905). Limitations to the techniques used to assess lignification and further factors which may affect the relationship between lignification and potential cellulose digestibility are discussed.

scholarly journals Silicon and the Association with an Arbuscular-Mycorrhizal Fungus (Rhizophagus clarus) Mitigate the Adverse Effects of Drought Stress on Strawberry

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narges Moradtalab ◽  
Roghieh Hajiboland ◽  
Nasser Aliasgharzad ◽  
Tobias E. Hartmann ◽  
Günter Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Leaf Water Content ◽  
Rhizophagus Clarus ◽  
Effects Of Drought

Silicon (Si) is a beneficial element that alleviates the effects of stress factors including drought (D). Strawberry is a Si-accumulator species sensitive to D; however, the function of Si in this species is obscure. This study was conducted to examine the effect of Si and inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) on physiological and biochemical responses of strawberry plants under D. Plants were grown for six weeks in perlite and irrigated with a nutrient solution. The effect of Si (3 mmol L‒1), AMF (Rhizophagus clarus) and D (mild and severe D) was studied on growth, water relations, mycorrhization, antioxidative defense, osmolytes concentration, and micronutrients status. Si and AMF significantly enhanced plant biomass production by increasing photosynthesis rate, water content and use efficiency, antioxidant enzyme defense, and the nutritional status of particularly Zn. In contrast to the roots, osmotic adjustment did not contribute to the increase of leaf water content suggesting a different strategy of both Si and AMF for improving water status in the leaves and roots. Our results demonstrated a synergistic effect of AMF and Si on improving the growth of strawberry not only under D but also under control conditions.

The influence of β-carotene supplementation on β-carotene concentration in the corpus luteum and on hormone concentration in the plasma of heifers

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-362
Author(s):  
G. Flachowsky ◽  
M. Schlenzig ◽  
Brigitta Kirsche ◽  
P. Lebzien
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Hormone Concentration ◽  
High Vitamin ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Average Body Weight

AbstractThe objective of the study was to investigate the influence of different levels of β-carotene supplements on the β-carotene concentration in the corpus luteum and on hormone concentrations in the plasma of heifers. 32 heifers (average body weight: 371 kg) were fed a low carotene diet (< 1 mg per kg DM) for 120 days. The heifers were divided into four groups according to body weight and age and supplied with 0, 100, 200 or 300 mg β-carotene per animal and day. Heifers were artifically inseminated after day 60 of the experiment and were slaughtered after day 120 of the experiment. Carotene concentration in the corpus luteum (2.3, 27, 50 and 81 μg/g for 0, 100, 200 and 300 mg β-carotene per animal per day), in plasma and in ovary was significantly influenced with increased carotene supplements. LH-concentration of plasma decreased and β-oestradiol-concentration increased with carotene supplementation. High concentrations of β-carotene in the corpus luteum and ovaries of cattle seem to act as a depot which is available when high vitamin A requirements during ovulation have to be met.

CELL-WALL LIGNIN CONTENT RELATED TO TRACHEID DIMENSIONS IN DROUGHT-SENSITIVE AUSTRIAN PINE (PINUS NIGRA)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Gindl
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Lignin Concentration ◽  
Wall Area ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Cell Dimensions ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Annual Distribution

The intra-annual distribution of cell-wall lignin concentration was determined in Austrian pine tree rings and compared with tracheid diameter, lumen width, cell wall thickness and proportion of cell wall area. Lignin concentration was highly correlated with all tracheid dimensions, but only the proportion of cell wall area exhibited a direct statistically significant relationship. Since cell dimensions in Austrian pine are subjected to the indirect and direct influences of the water status of trees, the negative correlation between cellular lignin content and the proportion of cell wall area is attributed to an indirect effect of water stress on lignification in pine tracheids.

Effectiveness and persistence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the physiology, nutrient uptake and yield of Crimson seedless grapevine

2014 ◽  
Vol 153 (6) ◽  
pp. 1084-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. NICOLÁS ◽  
J. F. MAESTRE-VALERO ◽  
J. J. ALARCÓN ◽  
F. PEDRERO ◽  
J. VICENTE-SÁNCHEZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Periodic Monitoring ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Second Year

SUMMARYIn the present study, carried out in South-eastern Spain, a commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF;Glomus iranicumvar.tenuihypharumsp.nova) was introduced through drip irrigation to inoculate Crimson grapevines. Their effects on the physiological and nutritional activity were evaluated for 2 years (2011–12). Additionally, during the second year of experimentation, the persistence of mycorrhizae on the grapevine and their effects were innovatively analysed.The AMF satisfactorily colonized the Crimson grapevine roots, improved the plants water status, induced an improvement in the photosynthetic performance that increased the water use efficiency, promoted the uptake of phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) and led to a mobilization of starch reserves in the apex in winter, which was possibly responsible for enhancing root development. Moreover, inoculated plants had significantly increased yield and improved quality of grapes, which led to early grape maturation. Overall, the persistent effect of AMF during the second year produced similar positive effects, although to a lesser extent, to those obtained in the inoculated treatment.The results found in the present study show that this AMF application technique can be recommended for sustainable agriculture in arid and semi-arid areas. Moreover, as a result of the competition with the native mycorrhizae, periodic monitoring of the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization and re-inoculation in order to obtain all the positive effects evidenced in the inoculated treatment is recommended.

Drought-induced leaf abscission and whole-plant drought tolerance of seedlings of seven black walnut families

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 818-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Parker ◽  
Stephen G. Pallardy
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Leaf Abscission ◽  
Pressure Potential ◽  
Xylem Pressure ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Geographic Origins ◽  
Xylem Pressure Potential ◽  
Different Levels

Whole-plant drought tolerance and leaf abscission in response to drought of 5-month-old, half-sib black walnut (Juglansnigra L.) seedlings representing seven geographic origins were examined. Seedlings were subjected to six different levels of drought stress and then reirrigated. Mortality, leaf abscission, and refoliation responses were measured. Only one of 404 seedlings actually died. Survival of stem cambial tissues at predawn leaf xylem pressure potential values as low as −4.0 MPa was associated with the capacity for drought-induced leaf abscission. The percentage of seedlings exhibiting at least 80% leaf abscission increased linearly as predawn leaf xylem pressure potential decreased from −1.5 to −3.5 MPa. Although substantial differences in leaf abscission among families were observed, these differences were not statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). Eighteen percent of all seedlings exhibited some degree of refoliation upon recovery of plant water status. However, the cumulative area of regrowth foliage was insignificant in terms of its adaptive value for resumption of photosynthetic activity following stress relief.

scholarly journals Impact of dissolved lignin in oxygen delignification and chlorine dioxide stages

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Wilke ◽  
Niclas Andersson ◽  
Rick Van Fleet ◽  
Akhlesh Mathur ◽  
Ulf Germgard
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Feedforward Control ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Oxygen Delignification ◽  
Disturbance Factor ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Different Levels

While carryover of dissolved lignin between stages in the pulp mill fiber line is a well-known problem, it is still typically seen only as a minor disturbance factor or bias in the control of oxygen (O2) delignification and bleaching stages. The present study, however, reveals that it plays a larger role than anticipated, and that it should be properly analyzed in order to correctly control the process stages. This is especially important for the O2 and D0 stages as the lignin content is still high in these positions. The results of the study show that dissolved lignin carried over between stages may have a significant impact on the bleaching chemical consumption and, indirectly, on the pulp quality. Mill investigations have shown very large variations in the dissolved lignin content in the pulp before the oxygen delignification stage and before the D0 stage that have significantly influenced the bleaching chemical demand and, subsequently, the degree of delignification. In order to develop a better understanding of the mechanisms of the dissolved lignin’s reactions, laboratory O2 and D0 experiments with controlled levels of dissolved lignin were conducted. It was anticipated that a better feedforward control could be achieved using an online dissolved lignin measurement, and results from mill trials are presented. Chlorine dioxide laboratory experiments using different levels of carryover (i.e., different dissolved lignin contents) were conducted. It was concluded that the filtrate kappa number provides a relevant measure of the bleach demand due to the dissolved lignin and that, subsequently, the combined fiber and filtrate kappa number provides an appropriate measure for optimum feedforward control of the stages. Mill results support these findings, which show that the chemical consumption is reduced significantly using the total kappa number. The post-D or post-DE kappa number feedback control can most probably be eliminated by using this technology.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Mutagens on Some Mineral, Phytochemical and Proximate Composition of Two Red Pepper Varieties

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
N. E. Abu ◽  
J. O. Omeke ◽  
E. O. Ojua
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Botanic Garden ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
The University ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Β Carotene

Aim: This research was designed to evaluate the effects of different levels of three mutagens on two pepper varieties with a vision of choosing mutants with high values in biochemical contents that may possibly be valuable in breeding improved varieties of the plant. Methods: Seeds of pepper were exposed to varying doses of gamma rays 60Co (50, 100, 150, and 200Gy), X-ray doses (40, 60, 80, and 100KV) and sodium azide (0.01, 0.02, 0.03 and 0.04%). The treated seeds and the controls were grown in the Botanic Garden of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka using a Completely Randomized Design. Results: The result showed that vitamin C and β-carotene ranged from 5.89 – 26.88 and 2.62 – 11.35 mg/100 g, Fe and Ca (14.70 and 13.78 mg/100 g) were highest in Shombo at 100Gy. Values ranging from 0.36-2.00 and 3.96 – 18.82 mg/100 g were recorded for flavonoid and alkaloid content across all treatment combinations. The result also revealed that at 100Kv and 150Gy, ash content increased in both varieties. The highest protein concentration of 9.57% was recorded at 100Kv of X-ray in Shombo and 6.96% at 150Gy of gamma irradiation in Tatase variety. Principal component analysis explained extracted five principal axis which accounted for the variability of 72.54%. Conclusion: This study reveals that biochemical content in pepper could be improved with exposure to mutagens especially gamma irradiation.

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