scholarly journals Cell fusion enhances energy metabolism of mesenchymal tumor hybrid cells to sustain their proliferation and invasion

BMC Cancer ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariadna Brito ◽  
Candice Merle ◽  
Pauline Lagarde ◽  
Benjamin Faustin ◽  
Anne Devin ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Cell-to-cell fusion is emerging as a key element of the metastatic process in various cancer types. We recently showed that hybrids made from the spontaneous merging of pre-malignant (IMR90 E6E7, i.e. E6E7) and malignant (IMR90 E6E7 RST, i.e. RST) mesenchymal cells recapitulate the main features of human undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS), with a highly rearranged genome and increased spreading capacities. To better characterize the intrinsic properties of these hybrids, we investigated here their metabolic energy profile compared to their parents. Results Our results unveiled that hybrids harbored a Warburg-like metabolism, like their RST counterparts. However, hybrids displayed a much greater metabolic activity, enhancing glycolysis to proliferate. Interestingly, modifying the metabolic environmental conditions through the use of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carbox-amide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR), an activator of the 5′-adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), specifically reduced the growth of hybrids, and also abrogated the invasive capacity of hybrids displaying enhanced glycolysis. Furthermore, AICAR efficiently blocked the tumoral features related to the aggressiveness of human UPS cell lines. Conclusion Altogether, our findings strongly suggest that hybrids rely on higher energy flux to proliferate and that a drug altering this metabolic equilibrium could impair their survival and be potentially considered as a novel therapeutic strategy.

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Dashtiahangar ◽  
Leila Rahbarnia ◽  
Safar Farajnia ◽  
Arash Salmaninejad ◽  
Arezoo Gowhari Shabgah ◽  
...  

: The development of recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) as a novel therapeutic strategy has made a revolution in the treatment of cancer. RITs are resulting from the fusion of antibodies to toxin proteins for targeting and eliminating cancerous cells by inhibiting protein synthesis. Despite indisputable outcomes of RITs regarding inhibiting multiple cancer types, high immunogenicity has been known as the main obstacle in the clinical use of RITs. Various strategies have been proposed to overcome these limitations, including immunosuppressive therapy, humanization of the antibody fragment moiety, generation of immunotoxins originated from endogenous human cytotoxic enzymes, and modification of the toxin moiety to escape the immune system. This paper devoted to reviewing recent advances in the design of immunotoxins with lower immunogenicity.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2267
Author(s):  
Roni H. G. Wright ◽  
Miguel Beato

Despite global research efforts, breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. The majority of these deaths are due to metastasis occurring years after the initial treatment of the primary tumor and occurs at a higher frequency in hormone receptor-positive (Estrogen and Progesterone; HR+) breast cancers. We have previously described the role of NUDT5 (Nudix-linked to moiety X-5) in HR+ breast cancer progression, specifically with regards to the growth of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). BCSCs are known to be the initiators of epithelial-to-mesenchyme transition (EMT), metastatic colonization, and growth. Therefore, a greater understanding of the proteins and signaling pathways involved in the metastatic process may open the door for therapeutic opportunities. In this review, we discuss the role of NUDT5 and other members of the NUDT family of enzymes in breast and other cancer types. We highlight the use of global omics data based on our recent phosphoproteomic analysis of progestin signaling pathways in breast cancer cells and how this experimental approach provides insight into novel crosstalk mechanisms for stratification and drug discovery projects aiming to treat patients with aggressive cancer.


Cancers ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 383
Author(s):  
Jianlin Zhu ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
Fan Liu ◽  
Jinghua Pan ◽  
Zhimeng Yao ◽  
...  

Abnormal angiogenesis is one of the important hallmarks of colorectal cancer as well as other solid tumors. Optimally, anti-angiogenesis therapy could restrain malignant angiogenesis to control tumor expansion. PELP1 is as a scaffolding oncogenic protein in a variety of cancer types, but its involvement in angiogenesis is unknown. In this study, PELP1 was found to be abnormally upregulated and highly coincidental with increased MVD in CRC. Further, treatment with conditioned medium (CM) from PELP1 knockdown CRC cells remarkably arrested the function of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) compared to those treated with CM from wildtype cells. Mechanistically, the STAT3/VEGFA axis was found to mediate PELP1-induced angiogenetic phenotypes of HUVECs. Moreover, suppression of PELP1 reduced tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo accompanied by inactivation of STAT3/VEGFA pathway. Notably, in vivo, PELP1 suppression could enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy, which is caused by the normalization of vessels. Collectively, our findings provide a preclinical proof of concept that targeting PELP1 to decrease STAT3/VEGFA-mediated angiogenesis and improve responses to chemotherapy due to normalization of vessels. Given the newly defined contribution to angiogenesis of PELP1, targeting PELP1 may be a potentially ideal therapeutic strategy for CRC as well as other solid tumors.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Liu Dong ◽  
Yan-Hui Wang ◽  
Jing Xu ◽  
Nan Zhang

AbstractRolipram specifically inhibits phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4, thereby preventing inactivation of the intracellular second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Rolipram has been shown to play a neuroprotective role in some central nervous system (CNS) diseases. However, the role of PDE4 and the potential protective effect of rolipram on the pathophysiological process of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) are still not entirely clear. In this study, a mouse model of ICH was established by the collagenase method. Rolipram reduced brain oedema, blood–brain barrier (BBB) leakage, neuronal apoptosis and inflammatory cytokine release and improved neurological function in our mouse model of ICH. Moreover, rolipram increased the levels of cAMP and silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) and upregulated the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Furthermore, these effects of rolipram could be reversed by the SIRT1 inhibitor sirtinol. In conclusion, rolipram can play a neuroprotective role in the pathological process of ICH by activating the cAMP/AMPK/SIRT1 pathway.


2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ολυμπία Πικίου

Η μετφορμίνη, ένα παράγωγο της διγουανίδης, χρησιμοποιείται ως θεραπεία του σακχαρώδη διαβήτη τύπου 2 και στη θεραπεία του PCOS. Οι κύριες δράσεις της μετφορμίνης είναι η αναστολή της παραγωγής γλυκόζης από το ήπαρ και η μείωση της αντίστασης στην ινσουλίνη από περιφερικούς ιστούς, οδηγώντας σε αυξημένη πρόσληψη και χρήση της γλυκόζης από τους σκελετικούς μυς. Ο κύριος διαμεσολαβητής της δράσης της μετφορμίνης είναι η AMPK [AMP-activated protein kinase: πρωτεϊνική κινάση που ενεργοποιείται από την AMP (μονοφωσφορική αδενοσίνη)]. Η AMPK είναι ο κεντρικός αισθητήρας των επιπέδων ενέργειας στο κύτταρο, ο οποίος ανταποκρίνεται στην αύξηση του λόγου AMP/ATP (adenosine monophosphate/adenosine triphosphate: μονοφωσφορική/τριφωσφορική αδενοσίνη). Μελέτες σε ωοκύτταρα βοοειδών έχουν δείξει ότι η ενεργοποίηση της AMPK από τη μετφορμίνη σε υψηλές συγκεντρώσεις της τάξεως των mM ελέγχει την πυρηνική ωρίμανση. Το TSC2 (tuberous sclerosis complex 2: σύμπλεγμα οζώδους σκλήρυνσης 2) έχει αναγνωριστεί ως ο κατωφερής στόχος της AMPK. Σκοπός της παρούσης μελέτης ήταν η διερεύνηση της επίδρασης χαμηλών συγκεντρώσεων μετφορμίνης (1nM-10μΜ) (i) στη δημιουργία εμβρύων βοοειδών από συμπλέγματα ωοκυττάρου-ωοφόρου δίσκου, (ii) το ρυθμό διαίρεσης των εμβρύων και, (iii) την πιθανή ενεργοποίηση του TSC2 μέσω της AMPK. Τα συμπλέγματα ωοκυττάρου-ωοφόρου δίσκου ωρίμαζαν in vitro, γονιμοποιούνταν με αναβιωμένα σπερματοζωάρια ταύρου και τα ζυγωτά καλλιεργούνταν συνολικά για 72 ώρες μετά τη σπερματέγχυση. Η μετφορμίνη χορηγήθηκε σε όλα τα στάδια της παραγωγής των εμβρύων ή μόνο κατά το στάδιο της γονιμοποίησης. Προκειμένου να διερευνηθεί η παρουσία της TSC2 κατά τα πρώτα στάδια ανάπτυξης των εμβρύων και η πιθανή ενεργοποίηση του μορίου αυτού μέσω της AMPK πραγματοποιήθηκαν πειράματα ανοσοφθορισμού. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα μας, η χορήγηση της μετφορμίνης είχε δοσο-εξαρτώμενη επίδραση στο ρυθμό διαίρεσης των εμβρύων. Συγκεκριμένα, παρουσία μετφορμίνης σε όλα τα στάδια της in vitro παραγωγής εμβρύων σε συγκέντρωση 1μΜ και 10μΜ ή μόνο στο στάδιο της in vitro γονιμοποίησης σε συγκέντρωση 0,1μΜ και 10μΜ, το ποσοστό των εμβρύων που έφτασαν στο στάδιο των ≥8-κυττάρων παρουσίασε στατιστικώς σημαντική μείωση, σε σχέση με αυτό της ομάδας ελέγχου. Η μείωση αυτή στο ποσοστό των εμβρύων ≥8-κυττάρων συνοδεύτηκε από αύξηση του ποσοστού των εμβρύων 2-κυττάρων. Η μετφορμίνη δεν είχε καμία επίδραση στο ποσοστό των ωοκυττάρων που εξελίχθηκαν σε έμβρυα. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα μας, το TSC2 εκφράζεται κατά τα πρώτα στάδια ανάπτυξης των εμβρύων βοοειδών. Επιπλέον διαπιστώθηκε ότι, η χορήγηση 10μΜ μετφορμίνης είτε σε όλα τα στάδια της in vitro παραγωγής εμβρύων ή μόνο κατά το στάδιο της in vitro γονιμοποίησης είχε ως αποτέλεσμα την ενεργοποίηση του TSC2 μέσω της AMPK. Συγκεκριμένα διαπιστώθηκε ότι, τα επίπεδα του φωσφορυλιωμένου TSC2, μετά τη χορήγηση μετφορμίνης, αντιστοιχούν στην ολική ποσότητα TSC2 πρωτεΐνης στα κύτταρα γεγονός που προκύπτει τόσο από την αύξηση της PhosphoS1387-TSC2-ανοσοδραστικότητας όσο και από την αύξηση του λόγου PhosphoS1387-TSC2 : ολική TSC2 η οποία παρατηρήθηκε. Τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσης διατριβής υποδεικνύουν για πρώτη φορά ότι, η μετφορμίνη δεν έχει καμία επίδραση στο ποσοστό των ωοκυττάρων που εξελίσσονται σε έμβρυα και κατά συνέπεια δεν επηρεάζει την ωρίμανση των ωοκυττάρων όταν χορηγείται σε συγκεντρώσεις της τάξεως των μM. Εντούτοις, η μετφορμίνη σε αυτές τις συγκεντρώσεις έχει αρνητική δοσο-εξαρτώμενη επίδραση στο ρυθμό διαίρεσης των εμβρύων βοοειδών. Η δράση αυτή της μετφορμίνης στο ρυθμό διαίρεσης των εμβρύων είναι η ίδια είτε το φάρμακο χορηγείται καθ' όλη τη διάρκεια της in vitro παραγωγής των εμβρύων είτε μόνο κατά το στάδιο της in vitro γονιμοποίησης. Επιπλέον, δεδομένου ότι η μετφορμίνη είναι ενεργοποιητής της ΑΜΡΚ, τα αποτελέσματα μας σηματοδοτούν τη σπουδαιότητα της ρύθμισης της δραστηριότητας της ΑΜΡΚ κατά τα πρώτα στάδια ανάπτυξης των εμβρύων και δείχνουν ότι κάθε μεταβολή των επιπέδων δραστηριότητας του ενζύμου αυτού μπορεί να έχει αρνητική επίδραση στην ανάπτυξη των εμβρύων. Τέλος, από τα αποτελέσματα μας μπορεί να συναχθεί ότι το μοριακό μονοπάτι το οποίο εμπλέκεται στη μείωση του ρυθμού διαίρεσης των εμβρύων από τη μετφορμίνη περιλαμβάνει την ενεργοποίηση του TSC2 από την ΑΜΡΚ.


2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob G Scott ◽  
Prakash Chinnaiyan ◽  
Alexander ARA Anderson ◽  
Anita Hjelmeland ◽  
David Basanta

Since the discovery of tumour initiating cells (TICs) in solid tumours, studies focussing on their role in cancer initiation and progression have abounded. The biological interrogation of these cells continues to yield volumes of information on their pro-tumourigenic behaviour, but actionable generalised conclusions have been scarce. Further, new information suggesting a dependence of tumour composition and growth on the microenvironment has yet to be studied theoretically. To address this point, we created a hybrid, discrete/continuous computational cellular automaton model of a generalised stem-cell driven tissue with a simple microenvironment. Using the model we explored the phenotypic traits inherent to the tumour initiating cells and the effect of the microenvironment on tissue growth. We identify the regions in phenotype parameter space where TICs are able to cause a disruption in homeostasis, leading to tissue overgrowth and tumour maintenance. As our parameters and model are non- specific, they could apply to any tissue TIC and do not assume specific genetic mutations. Targeting these phenotypic traits could represent a generalizable therapeutic strategy across cancer types. Further, we find that the microenvironmental variable does not strongly effect the outcomes, suggesting a need for direct feedback from the microenvironment onto stem-cell behaviour in future modelling endeavours.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (61) ◽  
pp. eaba9010
Author(s):  
Christelle Harly ◽  
Stephen Paul Joyce ◽  
Charlotte Domblides ◽  
Thomas Bachelet ◽  
Vincent Pitard ◽  
...  

Human γδ T cells contribute to tissue homeostasis and participate in epithelial stress surveillance through mechanisms that are not well understood. Here, we identified ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2) as a stress antigen recognized by a human Vγ9Vδ1 TCR. EphA2 is recognized coordinately by ephrin A to enable γδ TCR activation. We identified a putative TCR binding site on the ligand-binding domain of EphA2 that was distinct from the ephrin A binding site. Expression of EphA2 was up-regulated upon AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)–dependent metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells, and coexpression of EphA2 and active AMPK in tumors was associated with higher CD3 T cell infiltration in human colorectal cancer tissue. These results highlight the potential of the human γδ TCR to cooperate with a co-receptor to recognize non–MHC-encoded proteins as signals of cellular dysregulation, potentially allowing γδ T cells to sense metabolic energy changes associated with either viral infection or cancer.


2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen-chen Cai ◽  
Jiang-hu Zhu ◽  
Li-xia Ye ◽  
Yuan-yuan Dai ◽  
Ming-chu Fang ◽  
...  

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is detrimental to newborns and is associated with high mortality and poor prognosis. Thus, the primary aim of the present study was to determine whether glycine could (1) attenuate HIE injury in rats and hypoxic stress in PC12 cells and (2) downregulate mitochondria-mediated autophagy dependent on the adenosine monophosphate- (AMP-) activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. Experiments conducted using an in vivo HIE animal model and in vitro hypoxic stress to PC12 cells revealed that intense autophagy associated with mitochondrial function occurred during in vivo HIE injury and in vitro hypoxic stress. However, glycine treatment effectively attenuated mitochondria-mediated autophagy. Additionally, after identifying alterations in proteins within the AMPK pathway in rats and PC12 cells following glycine treatment, cyclosporin A (CsA) and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-b-4-ribofuranoside (AICAR) were administered in these models and indicated that glycine protected against HIE and CoCl2 injury by downregulating mitochondria-mediated autophagy that was dependent on the AMPK pathway. Overall, glycine attenuated hypoxic-ischemic injury in neurons via reductions in mitochondria-mediated autophagy through the AMPK pathway both in vitro and in vivo.


Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2746
Author(s):  
Hwa-Yong Lee ◽  
In-Sun Hong

The first report of cancer stem cell (CSC) from Bruce et al. has demonstrated the relatively rare population of stem-like cells in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The discovery of leukemic CSCs prompted further identification of CSCs in multiple types of solid tumor. Recently, extensive research has attempted to identity CSCs in multiple types of solid tumors in the brain, colon, head and neck, liver, and lung. Based on these studies, we hypothesize that the initiation and progression of most malignant tumors rely largely on the CSC population. Recent studies indicated that stem cell-related markers or signaling pathways, such as aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), CD133, epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and Notch signaling, contribute to the initiation and progression of various liver cancer types. Importantly, CSCs are markedly resistant to conventional therapeutic approaches and current targeted therapeutics. Therefore, it is believed that selectively targeting specific markers and/or signaling pathways of hepatic CSCs is an effective therapeutic strategy for treating chemotherapy-resistant liver cancer. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the hepatic CSC hypothesis and discuss the specific surface markers and critical signaling pathways involved in the development and maintenance of hepatic CSC subpopulations.


Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siwen Long ◽  
Yanrong Zhou ◽  
Dongcheng Bai ◽  
Wanjun Hao ◽  
Bohan Zheng ◽  
...  

Lipids play a crucial role in the replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a porcine virus that is endemic throughout the world. However, little is known about the effect of fatty acids (FAs), a type of vital lipid, on PRRSV infection. In this study, we found that treatment with a FA biosynthetic inhibitor significantly inhibited PRRSV propagation, indicating the necessity of FAs for optimal replication of PRRSV. Further study revealed that 5′-adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a key kinase antagonizing FA biosynthesis, was strongly activated by PRRSV and the pharmacological activator of AMPK exhibited anti-PRRSV activity. Additionally, we found that acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), the first rate-limiting enzyme in the FA biosynthesis pathway, was phosphorylated (inactive form) by PRRSV-activated AMPK, and active ACC1 was required for PRRSV proliferation, suggesting that the PRRSV infection induced the activation of the AMPK–ACC1 pathway, which was not conducive to PRRSV replication. This work provides new evidence about the mechanisms involved in host lipid metabolism during PRRSV infection and identifies novel potential antiviral targets for PRRSV.


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