How is the way we spend our time related to psychological wellbeing? A cross-sectional analysis of time-use patterns in the general population and their associations with wellbeing and life satisfaction

Abstract Background Time-use surveys can closely monitor daily activities, times of stress and relaxation, and examine predictors and trajectories with regard to health. However, previous studies have often neglected the complex interaction of daily activities when looking at health outcomes. Methods Using latent profile analysis, this study examined patterns of self-reported daily time use (0–12h hours) for nine types of behaviour (work, errands, housework, childcare, care of persons in need, education, repairs and gardening, physical activity, and hobbies/leisure-time activities) in the 2018 wave of the German Socio-Economic Panel (N = 30,152; 51.9% female; M = 46.87 years). Sociodemographic variables, affective wellbeing, general and domain-specific life satisfaction, and self-rated health were inspected as predictors via multinomial logistic regression models. Results Six latent profiles emerged: full-time work (47.2%), leisure (33.8%), childcare (8.9%), education (7.0%), part-time work & care (2.6%), and care (0.5%). Overall, the care and part-time work & care profiles showed the lowest wellbeing scores, lower subjective health, and life satisfaction. Women were more likely to be members of the care and childcare profiles. Men were more likely to belong to the full-time work profile, and they reported significantly higher wellbeing than women. Conclusions The analysis revealed distinct patterns of time use and a burden on women, given their investment in care and childcare. Part-time work, and care seemed particularly demanding, and thus, are important areas for prevention, for instance, regarding mental health problems. However, time use was assessed via self-reports, therefore future studies could implement objective measures like digital trackers to validate findings.

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The Politics of Part-Time Work: Gender, Employment Status, and Preferences for Redistribution

Politics & Gender ◽

10.1017/s1743923x20000653 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-38

Author(s):

David S. Pedulla ◽

Michael J. Donnelly

Keyword(s):

Employment Status ◽

General Social Survey ◽

The United States ◽

Limited Attention ◽

Full Time ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Preferences For Redistribution ◽

Time Work ◽

Part Time ◽

Part Time Work

Abstract The social and economic forces that shape attitudes toward the welfare state are of central concern to social scientists. Scholarship in this area has paid limited attention to how working part-time, the employment status of nearly 20% of the U.S. workforce, affects redistribution preferences. In this article, we theoretically develop and empirically test an argument about the ways that part-time work, and its relationship to gender, shape redistribution preferences. We articulate two gender-differentiated pathways—one material and one about threats to social status—through which part-time work and gender may jointly shape individuals’ preferences for redistribution. We test our argument using cross-sectional and panel data from the General Social Survey in the United States. We find that the positive relationship between part-time employment, compared to full-time employment, and redistribution preferences is stronger for men than for women. Indeed, we do not detect a relationship between part-time work and redistribution preferences among women. Our results provide support for a gendered relationship between part-time employment and redistribution preferences and demonstrate that both material and status-based mechanisms shape this association.

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The Effects of Part-Time Work on Women's Occupational Mobility in Britain: Evidence from the 1958 Birth Cohort Study

National Institute Economic Review ◽

10.1177/002795011222200103 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 222 ◽

pp. R20-R37 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Shirley Dex ◽

Erzsébet Bukodi

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Large Scale ◽

Occupational Mobility ◽

Birth Cohort Study ◽

Full Time ◽

Downward Mobility ◽

Time Work ◽

Part Time ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Part Time Work

The effects of working part time on job downgrading and upgrading are examined over the life course of British women born in 1958. We use longitudinal data with complete work histories from a large-scale nationally representative cohort study. Occupations were ranked by their hourly average earnings. Analyses show a strong link between full-time/part-time transitions and downward and upward occupational mobility over the course of up to thirty years of employment. Probabilities of occupational mobility were affected by women's personal traits, occupational characteristics and demand-side factors. Downward mobility on moving from full-time to part-time work was more likely for women at the top levels of the occupational hierarchy working in male-dominated or mixed occupations and less likely in higher occupations with more part-time jobs available.

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How part-time work intensity relates to drug use, problem behavior, time use, and satisfaction among high school seniors: Are these consequences or merely correlates?

Developmental Psychology ◽

10.1037/0012-1649.29.2.220 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 220-235 ◽

Cited By ~ 162

Author(s):

Jerald G. Bachman ◽

John Schulenberg

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Drug Use ◽

Problem Behavior ◽

Time Use ◽

High School Seniors ◽

Work Intensity ◽

Time Work ◽

Part Time ◽

Part Time Work

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Gender Roles and Employment Pathways of Older Women and Men in England

SAGE Open ◽

10.1177/2158244017742690 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 215824401774269 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Mariska van der Horst ◽

David Lain ◽

Sarah Vickerstaff ◽

Charlotte Clark ◽

Ben Baumberg Geiger

Keyword(s):

Gender Roles ◽

Marital Status ◽

Older Women ◽

Older Age ◽

Full Time ◽

Men And Women ◽

Male Breadwinner ◽

Time Work ◽

Part Time ◽

Part Time Work

In the context of population aging, the U.K. government is encouraging people to work longer and delay retirement, and it is claimed that many people now make “gradual” transitions from full-time to part-time work to retirement. Part-time employment in older age may, however, be largely due to women working part-time before older age, as per a U.K. “modified male breadwinner” model. This article therefore separately examines the extent to which men and women make transitions into part-time work in older age, and whether such transitions are influenced by marital status. Following older men and women over a 10-year period using the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, this article presents sequence, cluster, and multinomial logistic regression analyses. Little evidence is found for people moving into part-time work in older age. Typically, women did not work at all or they worked part-time (with some remaining in part-time work and some retiring/exiting from this activity). Consistent with a “modified male breadwinner” logic, marriage was positively related to the likelihood of women belonging to typically “female employment pathway clusters,” which mostly consist of part-time work or not being employed. Men were mostly working full-time regardless of marital status. Attempts to extend working lives among older women are therefore likely to be complicated by the influence of traditional gender roles on employment.

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Inclusion and Exclusion in Hiring

Making the Cut ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691175102.003.0004 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 67-85

Author(s):

David S. Pedulla

Keyword(s):

Full Time ◽

Employment History ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Employment Skills ◽

Time Work ◽

Part Time ◽

Employment Experience ◽

And Gender ◽

Time Standard ◽

Part Time Work

This chapter delves into the effects of each type of employment experience—part-time work, temporary agency employment, skills underutilization, and long-term unemployment. These are compared to full-time, standard employment on applicants' likelihood of receiving a callback for a job. As the chapter shows, the effects are largely contingent. First, they are contingent on the type of employment history. Each type of employment experience—part-time work versus temporary agency employment, for instance—does not result in the same treatment from hiring professionals. Second, the consequences of a particular employment experience are contingent on the race and gender of the worker. Indeed, it is difficult to isolate the effect of a given employment history from the way it is refracted through a worker's social group membership.

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Dualisation or normalisation of part-time work in the Nordic countries: work insecurity and mobility over time

Dualisation of Part-Time Work ◽

10.1332/policypress/9781447348603.003.0009 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 217-242

Author(s):

Jouko Nätti ◽

Kristine Nergaard

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

High Stability ◽

Labour Markets ◽

Full Time ◽

Time Work ◽

Part Time ◽

Service Sectors ◽

Work Insecurity ◽

Part Time Work ◽

Over Time

In this chapter we discuss the development of part-time work in Finland and Norway and ask if there is a trend towards more marginalised part-time work also in the well-regulated Nordic labour markets. Furthermore, we investigate if there are differences between Norway, with its long tradition for normalised part-time jobs among women, and Finland, where full-time work has been the normal choice for women. Part-time jobs are more common among young persons, women, and in the service sectors. In both countries, part-time jobs are more insecure than full-time jobs. However, there is no strong tendency towards more insecure part-time jobs over time. We also examine mobility from part-time jobs to other positions in the labour market. In both countries, part-time work is characterised by high stability. Hence, the results do not give support for increased polarisation in terms of increased work insecurity among part-time employees. in terms of increased work insecurity among part-time employees.

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Stepping in, stepping out or staying put? Part-time work and immigrant integration in Norway

Dualisation of Part-Time Work ◽

10.1332/policypress/9781447348603.003.0007 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 159-186 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hanne Cecilie Kavli ◽

Roy A. Nielsen

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Working Hours ◽

Immigrant Integration ◽

Full Time ◽

Strong Focus ◽

Time Work ◽

Risk Event ◽

Part Time ◽

Stable Part ◽

Part Time Work

Migrants are often at a disadvantage in the labour market. Increased migration has therefore led to a strong focus in receiving countries on policy that can facilitate employment. Less attention is paid to working hours, contracts or type of work. The workplace is viewed as an arena where immigrants can improve language skills and establish contacts through which they can achieve upwards mobility in the labour market. We investigate transfers out of part-time work among immigrants and natives in Norway. By means of competing risk event history analyses, we compare transitions from part-time work to either full-time positions or exits from the labour market over five years among Norwegians and different groups of immigrants. Stable part-time is less common among immigrants than among natives, as immigrants have higher transfers to both full-time work and unemployment. Immigrants - men and women - have the same or higher likelihood of transitioning from part-time to full-time compared to natives. This suggest that immigrants are more often involuntarily in part-time and that they benefit from the opportunity to demonstrate their skills to employers. However, immigrants also have higher exit risk and this risk increases with short working hours, indicating a higher level of precariousness.

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Understanding self-efficacy and the dynamics of part-time work and career aspiration

Higher Education Skills and Work-based Learning ◽

10.1108/heswbl-08-2018-0082 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 468-484

Author(s):

Gbolahan Gbadamosi ◽

Carl Evans ◽

Mark Richardson ◽

Yos Chanthana

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Curriculum Design ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Career Aspirations ◽

East Asian Country ◽

Full Time ◽

Content Type ◽

Time Work ◽

Part Time ◽

Part Time Work

PurposeBuilding on the self-efficacy theory and self-theories, the purpose of this paper is to investigate students working part-time whilst pursuing full-time higher education in Cambodia. It explores individuals’ part-time working activities, career aspirations and self-efficacy.Design/methodology/approachData were collected in a cross-sectional survey of 850 business and social sciences degree students, with 199 (23.4 per cent) usable responses, of which 129 (65.2 per cent of the sample) indicated they currently have a job.FindingsMultiple regression analysis confirmed part-time work as a significant predictor of self-efficacy. There was a positive recognition of the value of part-time work, particularly in informing career aspirations. Female students were significantly more positive about part-time work, demonstrating significantly higher career aspirations than males. Results also suggest that students recognise the value that work experience hold in identifying future career directions and securing the first graduate position.Practical implicationsThere are potential implications for approaches to curriculum design and learning, teaching and assessment for universities. There are also clear opportunities to integrate work-based and work-related learning experience into the curriculum and facilitate greater collaboration between higher education institutions and employers in Cambodia.Social implicationsThere are implications for recruitment practices amongst organisations seeking to maximise the benefits derived from an increasingly highly educated workforce, including skills acquisition and development, and self-efficacy.Originality/valueIt investigates the importance of income derived from part-time working to full-time university students in a developing South-East Asian country (Cambodia), where poverty levels and the need to contribute to family income potentially predominate the decision to work while studying.

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