scholarly journals Instantaneous radiated power of brain activity: application to prepulse inhibition and facilitation for body dysmorphic disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasios E. Giannopoulos ◽  
Sotirios T. Spantideas ◽  
Christos Capsalis ◽  
Panos Papageorgiou ◽  
Nikolaos Kapsalis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prepulse Inhibition ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Radiated Power ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
Global Brain ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background Global measures of neuronal activity embrace the advantage of a univariate, holistic and unique description of brain activity, reducing the spatial dimensions of electroencephalography (EEG) analysis at the cost of lower precision in localizing effects. In this work, the instantaneous radiated power (IRP) is proposed as a new whole-brain descriptor, reflecting the cortical activity from an exclusively electromagnetic perspective. Considering that the brain consists of multiple elementary dipoles, the whole-brain IRP takes into account the radiational contribution of all cortical sources. Unlike conventional EEG analyses that evaluate a large number of scalp or source locations, IRP reflects a whole-brain, event-related measure and forces the analysis to focus on a single time-series, thus efficiently reducing the EEG spatial dimensions and multiple comparisons. Results To apply the developed methodology in real EEG data, two groups (25 controls vs 30 body dysmorphic disorder, BDD, patients) were matched for age and sex and tested in a prepulse inhibition (PPI) and facilitation (PPF) paradigm. Two global brain descriptors were extracted for between-groups and between-conditions comparison purposes, namely the global field power (GFP) and the whole-brain IRP. Results showed that IRP can replicate the expected condition differences (with PPF being greater than PPI responses), exhibiting also reduced levels in BDD compared to control group overall. There were also similar outcomes using GFP and IRP, suggesting consistency between the two measures. Finally, regression analysis showed that the PPI-related IRP (during N100 time-window) is negatively correlated with BDD psychometric scores. Conclusions Investigating the brain activity with IRP significantly reduces the data dimensionality, giving insights about global brain synchronization and strength. We conclude that IRP can replicate the existing evidence regarding sensorimotor gating effects, revealing also group electrophysiological alterations. Finally, electrophysiological IRP responses exhibited correlations with BDD psychometrics, potentially useful as supplementary tool in BDD symptomatology.

The Effect of Crystal Dependence on Brain Activity Related to the Perception of Pleasure Using fMRI

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Yoonessi ◽  
Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli ◽  
Iman Ahmadnezhad ◽  
Hamid Soltanian-zadeh
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Control Study

Background: Addiction is currently one of the problems of human society. Drug abuse is one of the most important issues in the field of addiction. Methamphetamine (crystal) is one of the drugs that has been abused in recent decades. Methods: In this case-control study, 10 individuals aged 20 to 40 years old with at least 2 years of experience of methamphetamine consumption without any history of drug use or other stimulants from clients and drug withdrawal centers in Tehran City, and 10 healthy volunteers were selected. Age, social status, and economic status of addicts were included in the fMRI apparatus, and 90 selected pleasurable, non-pleasurable, and neutral images (IAPS) were displayed by the projector through an event-related method. The playback time of each photo was 3 s, and after this process, the person outside the device, without the time limit selected the enjoyable and unpleasant images. Results: The results showed that there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of age, alcohol use, and smoking history (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in terms of the age at first use between members of the methamphetamine-dependent group. Also, the methamphetamine-dependent group showed more brain activity in their pre-center and post-center gyrus than the normal (control) group. Conclusions: According to the results obtained in this study, in general, it can be concluded that there are some areas in the brain of addicts that are activated when watching pleasant photos, while these areas are not active in the brains of normal people.

scholarly journals ERP Correlates of Word Production before and after Stroke in an Aphasic Patient

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 374-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Laganaro ◽  
Stéphanie Morand ◽  
Christoph M. Michel ◽  
Laurent Spinelli ◽  
Armin Schnider
Keyword(s):  
Picture Naming ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Aphasic Patient

Changes in brain activity characterizing impaired speech production after brain damage have usually been investigated by comparing aphasic speakers with healthy subjects because prestroke data are normally not available. However, when interpreting the results of studies of stroke patients versus healthy controls, there is an inherent difficulty in disentangling the contribution of neuropathology from other sources of between-subject variability. In the present work, we had an unusual opportunity to study an aphasic patient with severe anomia who had incidentally performed a picture naming task in an ERP study as a control subject one year before suffering a left hemisphere stroke. The fortuitous recording of this patient's brain activity before his stroke allows direct comparison of his pre- and poststroke brain activity in the same language production task. The subject did not differ from other healthy subjects before his stroke, but presented major electrophysiological differences after stroke, both in comparison to himself before stroke and to the control group. ERP changes consistently appeared after stroke in a specific time window starting about 250 msec after picture onset, characterized by a single divergent but stable topographic configuration of the scalp electric field associated with a cortical generator abnormally limited to left temporal posterior perilesional areas. The patient's pattern of anomia revealed a severe lexical–phonological impairment and his ERP responses diverged from those of healthy controls in the time window that has previously been associated with lexical–phonological processes during picture naming. Given that his prestroke ERPs were indistinguishable from those of healthy controls, it seems highly likely that the change in his poststroke ERPs is due to changes in language production processes as a consequence of stroke. The patient's neurolinguistic deficits, combined with the ERPs results, provide unique evidence for the role of left temporal cortex in lexical–phonological processing from about 250 to 450 msec during word production.

The Prognosis in Insanity

1883 ◽  
Vol 29 (126) ◽  
pp. 188-205
Author(s):  
D. G. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Complete Resolution ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Abnormal Tissue

Mental Exaltation, Mania.—The question of the Prognosis in Mental Exaltation—Mania—in its various forms, is a far more debatable and uncertain matter than in melancholia. The symptoms in melancholia being of a negative character due to a lowering or suspension of brain activity, we do not look for all those diversities, endless varieties and aspects which we may find in mania, be it simple, acute, or chronic. Generally there is an increased vitality, a state of hyperæsthesia, an increase in the activity of the brain, generally of the whole brain, and we must believe that these states will not so easily end in complete resolution as the condition of merely depressed action, or rather no action, which obtains in melancholia—I mean in melancholia generally, and not those states of acute melancholia which are supposed to be closely allied to the state which in other brains and under other subjective circumstances would give rise to mania from a pathological point of view. If this increased activity does not rapidly terminate in resolution, one of two things must occur—either exhaustion or atrophy, resulting in death or dementia, will supervene, or abnormal tissue will invade or replace healthy nerve paths or areas, and chronic aberration of mind ensue.

scholarly journals Looking for effects of qualia on event-related brain potentials of close others in search for a cause of the similarity of qualia assumed across individuals

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 316
Author(s):  
Sheila Bouten ◽  
Hugo Pantecouteau ◽  
J. Bruno Debruille
Keyword(s):  
Time Window ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Frontal Electrode ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain

Qualia, the individual instances of subjective conscious experience, are private events. However, in everyday life, we assume qualia of others and their perceptual worlds, to be similar to ours. One way this similarity is possible is if qualia of others somehow contribute to the production of qualia by our own brain and vice versa. To test this hypothesis, we focused on the mean voltages of event-related potentials (ERPs) in the time-window of the P600 component, whose amplitude correlates positively with conscious awareness. These ERPs were elicited by images of the international affective picture system in 16 pairs of friends, siblings or couples going side by side through hyperscanning without having to interact. Each of the 32 members of these 16 pairs faced one half of the screen and could not see what the other member was presented with on the other half. One stimulus occurred on each half simultaneously. The sameness of these stimulus pairs was manipulated as well as the participants’ belief in that sameness by telling subjects’ pairs that they were going to be presented with the same stimuli in two blocks and with different ones in the two others. ERPs were more positive at all electrode subsets for stimulus pairs that were inconsistent with the belief than for those that were consistent. In the N400 time window, at frontal electrode sites, ERPs were again more positive for inconsistent than for consistent stimuli. As participants had no way to see the stimulus their partner was presented with and thus no way to detect inconsistence, these data might reveal an impact of the qualia of a person on the brain activity of another. Such impact could provide a research avenue when trying to explain the similarity of qualia across individuals.

scholarly journals Cholinergic neuromodulation of inhibitory interneurons facilitates functional integration in whole-brain models

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Coronel-Oliveros ◽  
Rodrigo Cofré ◽  
Patricio Orio
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Inhibitory Circuits ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Inhibitory Feedback ◽  
Noradrenergic Modulation ◽  
The Brain

AbstractSegregation and integration are two fundamental principles of brain structural and functional organization. Neuroimaging studies have shown that the brain transits between different functionally segregated and integrated states, and neuromodulatory systems have been proposed as key to facilitate these transitions. Although computational models have reproduced the effect of neuromodulation at the whole-brain level, the role of local inhibitory circuits and their cholinergic modulation has not been studied. In this article, we consider a Jansen & Rit whole-brain model in a network interconnected using a human connectome, and study the influence of the cholinergic and noradrenergic neuromodulatory systems on the segregation/integration balance. In our model, a newly introduced local inhibitory feedback enables the integration of whole-brain activity, and its modulation interacts with the other neuromodulatory influences to facilitate the transit between different functional states. Moreover, the new proposed model is able to reproduce an inverted-U relationship between noradrenergic modulation and network integration. Our work proposes a new possible mechanism behind segregation and integration in the brain.

scholarly journals Fluctuations in Global Brain Activity Are Associated With Changes in Whole-Brain Connectivity of Functional Networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 2540-2549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dustin Scheinost ◽  
Fuyuze Tokoglu ◽  
Xilin Shen ◽  
Emily S. Finn ◽  
Stephanie Noble ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Functional Networks ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Global Brain

scholarly journals Whole-brain studies of spontaneous behavior in head-fixed rats enabled by zero echo time MB-SWIFT fMRI

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaakko Paasonen ◽  
Petteri Stenroos ◽  
Hanne Laakso ◽  
Tiina Pirttimaki ◽  
Ekaterina Paasonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Large Bandwidth ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Spontaneous Behavior ◽  
Echo Time ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
The Brain

Understanding the link between the brain activity and behavior is a key challenge in modern neuroscience. Behavioral neuroscience, however, lacks tools to record whole-brain activity in complex behavioral settings. Here we demonstrate that a novel Multi-Band SWeep Imaging with Fourier Transformation (MB-SWIFT) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) approach enables whole-brain studies in spontaneously behaving head-fixed rats. First, we show anatomically relevant functional parcellation. Second, we show sensory, motor, exploration, and stress-related brain activity in relevant networks during corresponding spontaneous behavior. Third, we show odor-induced activation of olfactory system with high correlation between the fMRI and behavioral responses. We conclude that the applied methodology enables novel behavioral study designs in rodents focusing on tasks, cognition, emotions, physical exercise, and social interaction. Importantly, novel zero echo time and large bandwidth approaches, such as MB-SWIFT, can be applied for human behavioral studies, allowing more freedom as body movement is dramatically less restricting factor.

scholarly journals Quantitative Electroencephalogaphy (QEEG) and Neurofeedback Training (NFT) for Elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.22) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Nur Hartini Mardan ◽  
Norsiah Fauzan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Neurofeedback Training ◽  
Absolute Power ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Experimental Group

Neurofeedback training (NFT) has been widely used to alter the brain activity to enhance the brain function. This study aimed to apply neurofeedback to enhance the cognitive performance in elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) by focusing on alpha wave in the neurofeedback training as it is positively associated with cognitive decline in elderly. 10 subjects who passed the criteria were assigned to experimental and control group. With 15 sessions of alpha neurofeedback, increase in alpha absolute power was rewarded while simultaneous suppression of theta and beta2 were done in experimental group. Results showed that after completion of neurofeedback, all subjects in experimental group learn to increase their alpha absolute power while mixed result was recorded for suppression of theta and high beta either at individual, inter and intra group level. Cognitive results in individual level revealed that pattern of increase and decrease of score was regular in experimental group and at grouped level, significant increment observed in Digit Span and Symbol Search in experimental group only. These results suggest that MCI elderly could learn to increase specific components of EEG activity that such enhanced activity may facilitate in working memory and processing speed enhancement.  

scholarly journals A METHOD FOR INTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL BRAIN DYNAMICS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robyn L. Miller ◽  
Victor M Vergara ◽  
Vince Calhoun
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
High Dimensional ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Brain Dynamics ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Localized Patterns ◽  
Global Brain ◽  
The Brain

The most common pipelines for studying time-varying network connectivity in resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) operate at the whole brain level, capturing a small discrete set of 'states' that best represent time-resolved joint measures of connectivity over all network pairs in the brain. This whole-brain hidden Markov model (HMM) approach 'uniformizes' the dynamics over what is typically more than 1000 pairs of networks, forcing each time-resolved high-dimensional observation into its best-matched high-dimensional state. While straightforward and convenient, this HMM simplification obscures functional and temporal nonstationarities that could reveal systematic, informative features of resting state brain dynamics at a more granular scale. We introduce a framework for studying functionally localized dynamics that intrinsically embeds them within a whole-brain HMM frame of reference. The approach is validated in a large rs-fMRI schizophrenia study where it identifies group differences in localized patterns of entropy and dynamics that help explain consistently observed differences between schizophrenia patients and controls in occupancy of whole-brain dFNC states more mechanistically.

scholarly journals Experimental studies on linguistic processing: a review of different experiences and their contributions

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Camila Stecher
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Research ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Linguistic Processing ◽  
Neural Organization ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
The Brain

This conference gathered three dissertations that had in common the performance of experimental research that provided substantial evidence to understand the processes and the representations that lie behind different linguistic domains and abilities, as well as the brain activity that sustains them. Dr. Adolfo García presented original experimental research about the neural organization of the semantic knowledge, performed mainly with electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography. Dr. María Elina Sánchez presented a study developed with Dr. Virginia Jaichenco in which they analyzed, through behavioral and eye tracking methods, the sentence reading performance in people with acquired dyslexia and a control group of people with no linguistic disorders. Dr. Yamila Sevilla presented a work in which she analyzed the asymmetry that emerges in the comprehension of subject and object relative clauses with psychological predicates, using behavioral and pupillometry methods.

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