scholarly journals Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides and risk-taking behaviors in early adulthood

2022 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon K. Sagiv ◽  
Stephen Rauch ◽  
Katherine R. Kogut ◽  
Carly Hyland ◽  
Robert B. Gunier ◽  
...  

Abstract Introduction Previous studies show evidence for associations of prenatal exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides with poorer childhood neurodevelopment. As children grow older, poorer cognition, executive function, and school performance can give rise to risk-taking behaviors, including substance abuse, delinquency, and violent acts. We investigated whether prenatal OP exposure was associated with these risk-taking behaviors in adolescence and young adulthood in a Mexican American cohort. Methods We measured urinary dialkyl phosphates (DAPs), non-specific metabolites of OPs, twice (13 and 26 weeks gestation) in pregnant women recruited in 1999–2000 in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) study, a birth cohort set in a primarily Latino agricultural community in the Salinas Valley, California. We followed up children throughout their childhood and adolescence; at the 18-year visit, adolescent youth (n = 315) completed a computer-based questionnaire which included questions about substance use, risky sexual activity, risky driving, and delinquency and police encounters. We used multivariable models to estimate associations of prenatal total DAPs with these risk-taking behaviors. Results The prevalence of risk-taking behaviors in CHAMACOS youth ranged from 8.9% for smoking or vaping nicotine to 70.2% for committing a delinquent act. Associations of total prenatal DAPs (geometric mean = 132.4 nmol/L) with risk-taking behavior were generally null and imprecise. Isolated findings included a higher risk for smoking or vaping nicotine within the past 30 days (relative risk [RR] per 10-fold increase in prenatal DAPs = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.00, 3.56) and driving without a license (RR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.25, 2.42). There were no consistent differences by sex or childhood adversity. Discussion We did not find clear or consistent evidence for associations of prenatal OP exposure with risk-taking behaviors in adolescence/early adulthood in the CHAMACOS population. Our small sample size may have prevented us from detecting potentially subtle associations of early life OP exposure with these risk-taking behaviors.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon K. Sagiv ◽  
Stephen Rauch ◽  
Katherine R. Kogut ◽  
Carly Hyland ◽  
Robert B. Gunier ◽  
...  

Abstract Introduction: Previous studies show evidence for associations of prenatal exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides with poorer childhood neurodevelopment. As children grow older, poorer cognition and executive function can give rise to risk-taking behaviors, including substance abuse, delinquency, and violent acts. We investigated whether prenatal OP exposure was associated with these risk-taking behaviors in adolescence and young adulthood in a Mexican American cohort. Methods: We measured urinary dialkyl phosphates (DAPs), non-specific metabolites of OPs, in pregnant women recruited in 1999-2000 in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) study, a birth cohort set in a primarily Latino community living in proximity to agricultural fields in Salinas Valley, California. We followed up children throughout their childhood and adolescence; at the 18-year visit, adolescent youth (n=315) completed a computer-based questionnaire which included questions about substance use, risky sexual activity, risky driving, and delinquency and police encounters. We used multivariable models to estimate associations of prenatal total DAPs with these risk-taking behaviors. Results: The prevalence of risk-taking behaviors in CHAMACOS youth ranged from 8.9% for smoking or vaping nicotine to 70.2% for committing a delinquent act. Associations of total prenatal DAPs (geometric mean=132.4 nmol/L) with risk-taking behavior were generally null and imprecise. Isolated findings included a higher risk for smoking or vaping nicotine within the past 30 days (relative risk [RR] per 10-fold increase in prenatal DAPs = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.00, 3.56) and driving without a license (RR=1.74, 95% CI: 1.25, 2.42). There were no consistent differences by sex or childhood adversity. Discussion: We did not find clear or consistent evidence for associations of prenatal OP exposure with risk-taking behaviors in adolescence/early adulthood in the CHAMACOS population. Our small sample size may have prevented us from detecting potentially subtle associations of OPs with these risk-taking behaviors.


2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Débora Dias da Silva ◽  
Camila da Silva Gonçalo ◽  
Maria da Luz Rosário de Sousa ◽  
Ronaldo Seichi Wada

Dental plaque removal is an important issue in health promotion. Toothbrushing is one of the main methods employed for such purpose, since it can prevent dental caries by means of the fluoride present in the dentifrice. Dentifrices might contain plaque disclosing agents and thus allow dental plaque observation. The aim of this study was to assess whether utilization of a plaque disclosing agent interfered with plaque removal among adolescents, as well as the difference between utilization of erythrosine tablets and dentifrices containing plaque disclosing agent. The sample was composed of 62 students from Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, aged 12 to 14 years old, divided into 3 groups: G1 or control group (toothbrushing without plaque disclosure); G2 (plaque disclosing with an erythrosine tablet and toothbrushing) and G3 (toothbrushing with dentifrice containing plaque disclosing agent). After toothbrushing, disclosure of the remaining dental plaque was performed in all groups with a fuchsin tablet and measured through the Simplified Oral Health Assessment Index (OHI-S), in two stages with a 2-month interval between them. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there was no difference in the OHI-S index between the groups (p>0.05), however the G3 displayed a higher proportion of students with plaque reduction (23%) than G2 (21%), besides the smallest difference in the mean remaining dental plaque. There was no difference between groups; however, it was suggested that the dentifrice with plaque disclosing agent had positive results in relation to the erythrosine tablet, even though the small sample size may have interfered with the results, indicating the need of complementary studies.


2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 586-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Amyx ◽  
Shahid N. Bhuian ◽  
G. David Shows

Purpose – Based on customer value-based and social exchange theories, the purpose of this paper is to hypothesize and examine the relationships between salespeople entrepreneurial behaviors (innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk taking) and customer trust in, satisfaction with and commitment to the salespeople. Design/methodology/approach – The influences of salespeople’s entrepreneurial behaviors on customer trust in, satisfaction with, and commitment to salespeople were examined utilizing a structural equations model with a sample drawn from the newspaper industry. Findings – As predicted salespeople entrepreneurial behaviors (treated as a higher order factor) significantly and positively influence customer trust in, satisfaction with, and commitment to the salespeople. Research limitations/implications – This study confirms innovative, proactive, and risk-taking practices are useful in fostering customer trust, satisfaction, and commitment in the domain of personal selling. The key limitations are the small sample size, the use of a single company, and the omission of other potential outcomes. Practical implications – Entrepreneurial behaviors/activities such as, innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk taking are worthy undertakings for salespeople. Considering these traits in salespeople hiring and/or fostering them in salespeople training should be worth pursuing. Social implications – By improving the quality of exchanges through salespeople’s entrepreneurial behaviors and customer-salespeople relationship quality, social exchanges, and in turn social welfare are promoted. Originality/value – As per the literature search, this is the first study linking salespeople’s entrepreneurial behaviors and customer-salespeople relationship quality represented by trust in, satisfaction with, and commitment to salespeople drawing insights from customer value-based and social exchange theories.


2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S58-S59
Author(s):  
Jenny Dave ◽  
Karan Chawla ◽  
Francis Carro-Cruz ◽  
Vinay Rao ◽  
Jessica Gibilisco ◽  
...  

Abstract Background The risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is 1.5–3 fold higher in individuals with IBD compared to the general population. In addition, combination hormonal oral contraceptives (OCPs) are associated with a 3–5 fold increase in VTE. However, there is limited data regarding VTE risk in women with IBD who are on OCPs. It is speculated that women with IBD who may be at increased risk for VTE occurrence are not consistently counselled about VTE risks. This study evaluated the rate of VTE counselling in reproductive aged women and those on oral contraceptives. Methods A retrospective medical record review of all IBD women seen at a university gastroenterology practice during a 5 year period was performed. Patients’ age, disease type, OCP use and VTE risk counseling were obtained. A database was created maintaining patient confidentiality. Analysis was conducted using Fisher’s Exact Test with significance set at p< 0.05. The study was approved by the university IRB. Results There were 209 female IBD patients with a mean age of 44 years (range 23–82). 153 had ulcerative colitis, 53 had Crohn’s disease and 3 had indeterminate IBD. Self-reported ethnicity included 93 White, 67 Black/African-American, 7 Asian, 1 Hawaiian, 19 other and 22 declined reporting their ethnicity. There were 146 women of reproductive age (<50 years) and 63 women >50 years. 7 women, all age <50, were counselled about potential VTE risk. There was no significant difference (p=0.105) in the rate of VTE counselling in women based upon age. In the 24 women of reproductive age who were on OCPs, one patient was counselled about increased VTE risk. There was no significant difference (p=1.00) in the rate at which women of reproductive age on OCPs (1 in 24, 4.2%) were counselled compared to women of reproductive age who were not on OCPs (6 in 122; 4.9%). Discussion Venous thromboembolism can result in significant morbidity and mortality. Individuals with IBD are at increased risk for VTEs. Women with IBD on oral contraceptives may be at greater risk for VTEs than other IBD patients. This study revealed that IBD women infrequently receive education about VTE risk. There was no significant difference in the rate of counselling in women based upon age. There was also no significant difference in the VTE counselling in women of reproductive age who were on OCPs compared to those who were not on OCPs. Whle this study is limited based upon single institutional design, retrospective evaluation and small sample size, it offers important information for further study and educational initiatives. Enhanced efforts to educate individuals about the risk for VTEs can improve IBD management and outcomes.


2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 387-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben W.R. Balzer ◽  
Svetlana Cherepanoff ◽  
Anthony M. Joshua ◽  
Michael Giblin ◽  
Robert Max Conway ◽  
...  

Background: Conjunctival melanoma is rare in adults and rarer in children. We systematically reviewed the presentation, diagnostic and management strategies as well as outcomes for conjunctival melanoma in children and adolescents. Methods: The following databases were searched: Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus for cases of conjunctival melanoma occurring in children and adolescents < 18 years of age. Results: Seventeen studies with 32 patients (18 males) were identified. The median age at presentation was 11 years (range 4–18 years). Most patients were white. Most patients presented with a conjunctival mass or naevus with a recent history of growth or change. Excision biopsy provided diagnosis and management for all cases. Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy were also used. One patient had metastatic disease at diagnosis and 3 developed metastatic disease (range 1–10 months). Two patients died from disease and one was alive with metastatic disease. Two patients had disease recurrence. Outcomes were observed to be better where diagnosis was made earlier and “no-touch” excision biopsy was performed in an appropriate specialist setting. Conclusions: Conjunctival melanoma occurs rarely in children and adolescents. Surgery is the mainstay of management. The prognosis is guarded in metastatic disease due to the small sample size and limited follow-up.


2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Boluwaji Ogunyemi

Methods: We reviewed retrospectively the charts of psoriatic arthritis patients who died from 1995-2010.We included 13 deceased patients with a psoriatic arthritis di-agnosis and compared them with 140 patients living with psoriatic arthritis that at-tend the same clinic. The population was derived from a single academic rheumatol-ogist’s practice in St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada. Patients are seen at six-month intervals with a history and physical exam performed at each visit. Laboratory data was collected at each visit. Diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis is based on the CASPAR Classifcation and Diagnostic Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis. Results: The mean age of the 13 deceased patients was 62.9 years. Of these, 38.5% were female and 85.7% had an erythrocyte sedimentation rate greater than 15 mm/hour vs. 36.4% of patients living with psoriatic arthritis. Of deceased patients, 16%had dystrophic nail changes of vs. 59.6% of living patients. Health Assessment Questionnaire was found to show a signifcantly greater loss in function in deceasedpatients. (1.39 vs. 0.70, p= 0.002). Almost half of the deceased patients had used Prednisone (46.2%) as opposed to 11.2% of living patients. Conclusions: We realize that this study employs a small sample size. Increased ESR and Health Assessment Questionnaire score were found to be associated with mor-tality in psoriatic arthritis patients. Dystrophic nail changes were found to be pro-tective for psoriatic arthritis patients.


1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (04) ◽  
pp. 623-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Meilahn ◽  
Robert Ferrell ◽  
Joseph Kiss ◽  
Anne Temple ◽  
Fiona Green ◽  
...  

SummaryA recent study (1) reported variation among men in clotting factor Vile levels is associated with a genetic polymorphism detected by the restriction enzyme Msp I. The present study determined the Msp I genotype (Arg353, Gln353 alleles) for 189 women (mean age 53) who were subjects in the Healthy Women Study, a population study of CHD risk factor change at menopause. Women with the Arg/Arg genotype (n = 147) had an 16% higher (geometric) mean FVIIc level than those with the Arg/Gln (n = 41) genotype (1.21 vs 1.04 U/ml, p<0.01), while the one subject with the Gln/Gln genotype had an FVIIc level of 1.00 U/ml. These results are consistent with those previously found in healthy men (1). In addition, women carrying the Gin allele did not exhibit the elevation in FVIIc with menopause and use of hormone therapy found among those with the Arg allele, suggesting that genotype may modify the observed rise in factor Vile at menopause. Possibly because of the small sample size this interaction did not reach conventional levels of statistical significance. Results of multiple linear regression analyses controlling for age, hormone use, obesity, (In) triglyceride levels, and family history of CHD found FVIIc levels to be significantly (p<0.001) related to genotype. Thus, genotype appears to be a major determinant of FVIIc levels among women.


Author(s):  
Pranita D Tamma ◽  
Stephan Beisken ◽  
Yehudit Bergman ◽  
Andreas E Posch ◽  
Edina Avdic ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Ceftolozane-tazobactam (TOL-TAZ) affords broad coverage against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Regrettably, TOL-TAZ resistance has been reported. We sought to identify modifiable risk factors that may reduce the emergence of TOL-TAZ resistance. Methods Twenty-eight consecutive patients infected with carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates susceptible to TOL-TAZ, treated with ≥72 hours of TOL-TAZ , and with P. aeruginosa isolates available both before and after TOL-TAZ exposure between January 2018 and December 2019 in Baltimore, Maryland, were included. Cases were defined as patients with at least a 4-fold increase in P. aeruginosa TOL-TAZ MICs after exposure to TOL-TAZ. Independent risk factors for the emergence of TOL-TAZ resistance comparing cases and controls were investigated using logistic regression. Whole genome sequencing of paired isolates was used to identify mechanisms of resistance that emerged during TOL-TAZ therapy. Results Fourteen patients (50%) had P. aeruginosa isolates which developed at least a 4-fold increase in TOL-TAZ MICs(ie, cases). Cases were more likely to have inadequate source control (29% vs 0%, P = .04) and were less likely to receive TOL-TAZ as an extended 3-hour infusion (0% vs 29%; P = .04). Eighty-six percent of index isolates susceptible to ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ-AVI) had subsequent P. aeruginosa isolates with high-level resistance to CAZ-AVI, after TOL-TAZ exposure and without any CAZ-AVI exposure. Common mutations identified in TOL-TAZ resistant isolates involved AmpC, a known binding site for both ceftolozane and ceftazidime, and DNA polymerase. Conclusions Due to our small sample size, our results remain exploratory but forewarn of the potential emergence of TOL-TAZ resistance during therapy and suggest extending TOL-TAZ infusions may be protective. Larger studies are needed to investigate this association.


2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason A. Freeman

AbstractThe present study explores whether genetic factors explain variation in the levels of apostasy — defined as a disengagement from religious belief, identity and/or practice — in a US-based sample during the transition from adolescence to early adulthood. I posit that genetic factors at least partially explain the variance of three measures of apostasy: disengagement from religious institutions, cessation of prayer and religious disaffiliation. I argue that genetic factors associated with risk-taking behaviors, externalizing behaviors and/or correlates of apostasy may all influence the likelihood of becoming an apostate during the transition from adolescence to early adulthood in the USA. Results reveal that genetic factors explain approximately 34% of the variance in cessation of prayer and 75% of the variance in religious disaffiliation. However, genetic factors do not influence disengagement from religious institutions. This study advances our knowledge of the etiology of apostasy and highlights the need to incorporate genetic data into social scientific research.


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