scholarly journals Rosaceae, Brassicaceae and pollen beetles: exploring relationships and evolution in an anthophilous beetle lineage (Nitidulidae, Meligethes-complex of genera) using an integrative approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meike Liu ◽  
Min Huang ◽  
Andrew Richard Cline ◽  
Emiliano Mancini ◽  
Andrea Scaramuzzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Trophic Niche ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Plant Family ◽  
Mitochondrial Coi ◽  
Palearctic Species ◽  
Pollen Beetles

Abstract Background Meligethes are pollen-beetles associated with flowers of Rosaceae as larvae. This genus currently consists of 63 known species in two subgenera, Meligethes and Odonthogethes, predominantly occurring in the eastern Palaearctic. We analyzed 74 morphological and ecological characters (169 states) of all species, as well as of 11 outgroup species from 7 Meligethinae genera (including Brassicogethes), to investigate their phylogeny. We also conducted a parallel molecular analysis on 9 Meligethes, 9 Odonthogethes, 3 Brassicogethes and 2 Meligethinus species based on DNA sequence data from mitochondrial (COI, 16S) and nuclear (CAD) genes. Results Morphological phylogenetic reconstructions supported the monophyly of the whole genus and clades corresponding to purported subgenera Meligethes s.str. and Odonthogethes. Main species-groups were mostly confirmed, however some unresolved polytomies remained. Molecular data placed members of Brassicogethes (including 42 mostly W Palearctic species associated with Brassicaceae) as sister to Odonthogethes, with this clade being sister to Meligethes s.str. This phylogenetic scenario suggests that monophyletic Meligethes s.str., Odonthogethes and Brassicogethes should be regarded alternatively as three subgenera of a monophyletic Meligethes, or three genera in a monophyletic genus-complex, with mutually monophyletic Brassicogethes and Odonthogethes. Molecular analyses estimated the origin of this lineage at ca. 14–15 Mya from a common stem including Meligethinus. Conclusions We hypothesize that the ancestor of Meligethes specialized on Rosaceae in the Middle Miocene (likely in Langhian Age) and subsequently radiated during Late Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene maintaining a trophic niche on this plant family. This radiation was primarily due to geographic isolation in E Asiatic mountain systems. Combined evidence from morphology, ancestral state parsimony reconstruction of host-plant associations and molecular evidence suggested that Rosoideae (Rosa spp.) represented the ancestral hosts of Meligethes s.str., followed by an independent shift of ancestral Odonthogethes (ca. 9–15 Mya) on Rubus (Rosoideae) and members of Rosaceae Spiraeoideae. Other ancestral Odonthogethes probably shifted again on the unrelated plant family Brassicaceae (maybe 8–14 Mya in S China), allowing a rapid westward radiation of the Brassicogethes clade.

scholarly journals Rosaceae, Brassicaceae and Pollen Beetles: exploring relationships and evolution in an anthophilous beetle lineage (Nitidulidae, Meligethes-complex of genera) using an integrative approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
MEIKE LIU ◽  
MIN HUANG ◽  
ANDREW RICHARD CLINE ◽  
EMILIANO MANCINI ◽  
ANDREA SCARAMUZZI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Trophic Niche ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Plant Family ◽  
Mitochondrial Coi ◽  
Palearctic Species ◽  
Pollen Beetles

Abstract Background: Meligethes are pollen-beetles associated with flowers of Rosaceae as larvae. This genus currently consists of 63 known species in two subgenera, Meligethes and Odonthogethes, predominantly occurring in the eastern Palaearctic. We analyzed 74 morphological and ecological characters (169 states) of all species, as well as of 11 outgroup species from 7 Meligethinae genera (including Brassicogethes), to investigate their phylogeny. We also conducted a parallel molecular analysis on 9 Meligethes, 9 Odonthogethes, 3 Brassicogethes and 2 Meligethinus species based on DNA sequence data from mitochondrial (COI, 16S) and nuclear (CAD) genes.Results: Morphological phylogenetic reconstructions supported the monophyly of the whole genus and clades corresponding to purported subgenera Meligethes s.str. and Odonthogethes. Main species-groups were mostly confirmed, however some unresolved polytomies remained. Molecular data placed members of Brassicogethes (including 42 mostly W Palearctic species associated with Brassicaceae) as sister to Odonthogethes, with this clade being sister to Meligethes s.str. This phylogenetic scenario suggests that monophyletic Meligethes s.str., Odonthogethes and Brassicogethes should be regarded alternatively as three subgenera of a monophyletic Meligethes, or three genera in a monophyletic genus-complex, with mutually monophyletic Brassicogethes and Odonthogethes. Molecular analyses estimated the origin of this lineage at ca. 14-15 Mya from a common stem including Meligethinus. Conclusions: We hypothesize that the ancestor of Meligethes specialized on Rosaceae in the Middle Miocene (likely in Langhian Age) and subsequently radiated during Late Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene maintaining a trophic niche on this plant family. This radiation was primarily due to geographic isolation in E Asiatic mountain systems. Combined evidence from morphology, ancestral state parsimony reconstruction of host-plant associations and molecular evidence suggested that Rosoideae (Rosa spp.) represented the ancestral hosts of Meligethes s.str., followed by an independent shift of ancestral Odonthogethes (ca. 9-15 Mya) on Rubus (Rosoideae) and members of Rosaceae Spiraeoideae. Other ancestral Odonthogethes probably shifted again on the unrelated plant family Brassicaceae (maybe 8-14 Mya in S China), allowing a rapid westward radiation of the Brassicogethes clade.

scholarly journals Rosaceae, Brassicaceae and Pollen Beetles: exploring relationships and evolution in an anthophilous beetle lineage (Nitidulidae, Meligethes-complex of genera) using an integrative approach 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
MEIKE LIU ◽  
MIN HUANG ◽  
ANDREW RICHARD CLINE ◽  
EMILIANO MANCINI ◽  
ANDREA SCARAMUZZI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Trophic Niche ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Plant Family ◽  
Mitochondrial Coi ◽  
Palearctic Species ◽  
Pollen Beetles

Abstract Meligethes are pollen-beetles associated with flowers of Rosaceae as larvae. This genus, in its present-day concept, consists of 63 known species in two subgenera, Meligethes and Odonthogethes, predominantly occurring in the eastern Palaearctic. We analyzed 74 morphological and ecological characters (169 states) of all species, as well as of 11 outgroup species from 7 Meligethinae genera (including the believed sister-genus Brassicogethes), to investigate their phylogeny. A parallel molecular analysis was carried out on 9 Meligethes, 9 Odonthogethes, 3 Brassicogethes and 2 Meligethinus species, based on DNA sequence data from mitochondrial (COI, 16S) and nuclear (CAD) genes, to obtain additional phylogenetic information on the group. Results: Morphological phylogenetic reconstructions supported the monophyly of the genus, and clades corresponding to purported subgenera Meligethes s.str. and Odonthogethes. Main species-groups were mostly confirmed, however some unresolved polytomies remained. Molecular data placed members of Brassicogethes (including 42 mostly W Palearctic species associated with Brassicaceae) as sister to Odonthogethes, with this clade being sister to Meligethes s.str. This phylogenetic scenario suggests that monophyletic Meligethes s.str., Odonthogethes and Brassicogethes should be regarded alternatively as three subgenera of a monophyletic Meligethes, or three genera in a monophyletic genus-complex, with mutually monophyletic Brassicogethes and Odonthogethes. Molecular analyses estimated the origin of this lineage at ca. 14-15 Mya from a common stem including Meligethinus. Conclusions: We hypothesize that the ancestor of Meligethes specialized on Rosaceae in the Middle Miocene (likely in Langhian Age) and subsequently radiated during Late Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene maintaining a trophic niche on this plant family. This radiation was primarily due to geographic isolation in E Asiatic mountain systems. Combined evidence from morphology, ancestral state parsimony reconstruction of host-plant associations and molecular evidence suggested that Rosoideae (Rosa spp.) represented the ancestral hosts of Meligethes s.str., followed by an independent shift of ancestral Odonthogethes (ca. 9-15 Mya) on Rubus (Rosoideae) and members of Rosaceae Spiraeoideae. Other ancestral Odonthogethes probably shifted again on the unrelated plant family Brassicaceae (maybe 8-14 Mya in S China), allowing a rapid westward radiation of the Brassicogethes clade.

scholarly journals Rosaceae, Brassicaceae and Pollen Beetles: exploring relationships and evolution in an anthophilous beetle lineage (Nitidulidae, Meligethes-complex of genera) using an integrative approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
MEIKE LIU ◽  
MIN HUANG ◽  
ANDREW RICHARD CLINE ◽  
EMILIANO MANCINI ◽  
ANDREA SCARAMUZZI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Mitochondrial Coi ◽  
Host Plant Specialization ◽  
Larval Host ◽  
Pollen Beetles

Abstract Background: Meligethes are pollen-beetles associated with flowers of Rosaceae as larvae. This genus, in its present-day concept, consists of 63 known species in two subgenera, Meligethes and Odonthogethes, predominantly occurring in the eastern Palaearctic. We analyzed 61 morphological and ecological characters (128 states) of all species, as well as of 7 outgroup species from 7 Meligethinae genera (including the believed sister-genus Brassicogethes), to investigate their phylogeny. A parallel molecular analysis was carried out on 9 Meligethes, 9 Odonthogethes, 3 Brassicogethes and 2 Meligethinus species, based on DNA sequence data from mitochondrial (COI, 16S) and nuclear (CAD) genes, to obtain additional phylogenetic information on the group. Results: Morphological phylogenetic reconstructions supported the monophyly of the genus, and clades corresponding to purported subgenera Meligethes and Odonthogethes. Main species-groups were mostly recovered intact, however some unresolved polytomies remained. Molecular data suggested a different scenario, placing members of Brassicogethes (including 42 mostly W Palearctic species associated with Brassicaceae) as sister to Odonthogethes, with this clade being sister to Meligethes s.str. This alternative phylogenetic assessment suggests that the monophyletic clades Meligethes s.str., Odonthogethes and Brassicogethes should be regarded alternatively as three subgenera of a monophyletic Meligethes, or three genera in a monophyletic genus-complex, with mutually monophyletic Brassicogethes and Odonthogethes. Molecular analyses estimated the origin of this lineage at ca. 14-15 Mya from a common stem including Meligethinus. Conclusions: We hypothesize in the Middle Miocene (likely in Langhian Age), the first Meligethes specialized on Rosaceae, on which they subsequently radiated during Late Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene. This radiation was enforced by geographic isolation in E Asiatic mountain systems, and by larval host-plant specialization. Combined evidence from morphology, ancestral state parsimony reconstruction of host-plant associations, and molecular evidence, suggested that for Meligethes s.str., Rosoideae (Rosa spp.) represented the ancestral hosts, followed by an independent shift of ancestral Odonthogethes (ca. 9-15 Mya) on Rubus (Rosoideae) and members of Rosaceae Spiraeoideae. Other ancestral Odonthogethes probably shifted again on the unrelated plant family Brassicaceae (maybe 8-14 Mya in S China), allowing a rapid westward radiation of the Brassicogethes clade.

Xanthagaricus siamensis sp. nov. (Agaricaceae), a new species with dull green lamellae from northern Thailand

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 437 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-22
Author(s):  
YUAN S. LIU ◽  
JIAN-KUI (JACK) LIU ◽  
PHONGEUN SYSOUPHANTHONG ◽  
KEVIN D. HYDE ◽  
SAISAMORN LUMYONG
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Northern Thailand ◽  
A New Species

Xanthagaricus siamensis, a new species in the family Agaricaceae, was discovered in northern Thailand and is here introduced based on its morphological features and molecular data. It is characterized by small to medium-sized basidiomata, a convex to plano-convex with depressed center pileus when mature, the presence of greyish orange to violet-brown fibrillose squamules on the pileus, lamellae that start out white, change to pinkish white when damaged, then change to dull green with age. Additionally, the annulus is fugacious, and the pileipellis is recognized as a cutis which morphologically distinguishes it from all other known Xanthagaricus. Phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and the large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrLSU) sequence data indicated that the three specimens of X. siamensis form a distinct lineage within Xanthagaricus, and they formed a well-supported clade representing the genus Xanthagaricus. Detailed illustrations of macro- and micro-morphological characteristics and descriptions are provided, as well as other relevant molecular evidence.

scholarly journals A duplicate gene rooting of seed plants and the phylogenetic position of flowering plants

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1539) ◽  
pp. 383-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Mathews ◽  
Mark D. Clements ◽  
Mark A. Beilstein
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Duplicate Gene ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Statistical Support ◽  
Origin Of Angiosperms

Flowering plants represent the most significant branch in the tree of land plants, with respect to the number of extant species, their impact on the shaping of modern ecosystems and their economic importance. However, unlike so many persistent phylogenetic problems that have yielded to insights from DNA sequence data, the mystery surrounding the origin of angiosperms has deepened with the advent and advance of molecular systematics. Strong statistical support for competing hypotheses and recent novel trees from molecular data suggest that the accuracy of current molecular trees requires further testing. Analyses of phytochrome amino acids using a duplicate gene-rooting approach yield trees that unite cycads and angiosperms in a clade that is sister to a clade in which Gingko and Cupressophyta are successive sister taxa to gnetophytes plus Pinaceae. Application of a cycads + angiosperms backbone constraint in analyses of a morphological dataset yields better resolved trees than do analyses in which extant gymnosperms are forced to be monophyletic. The results have implications both for our assessment of uncertainty in trees from sequence data and for our use of molecular constraints as a way to integrate insights from morphological and molecular evidence.

scholarly journals Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per G.P Ericson ◽  
Cajsa L Anderson ◽  
Tom Britton ◽  
Andrzej Elzanowski ◽  
Ulf S Johansson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Divergence Time ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Molecular Sequence Data ◽  
Molecular Sequence ◽  
Divergence Time Estimates ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Early Tertiary

Patterns of diversification and timing of evolution within Neoaves, which includes almost 95% of all bird species, are virtually unknown. On the other hand, molecular data consistently indicate a Cretaceous origin of many neoavian lineages and the fossil record seems to support an Early Tertiary diversification. Here, we present the first well-resolved molecular phylogeny for Neoaves, together with divergence time estimates calibrated with a large number of stratigraphically and phylogenetically well-documented fossils. Our study defines several well-supported clades within Neoaves. The calibration results suggest that Neoaves, after an initial split from Galloanseres in Mid-Cretaceous, diversified around or soon after the K/T boundary. Our results thus do not contradict palaeontological data and show that there is no solid molecular evidence for an extensive pre-Tertiary radiation of Neoaves.

scholarly journals Just a Fragment of Undescribed Diversity: Twenty New Oriental and Palearctic Species of Sciaroidea (Diptera), including DNA Sequence Data and Two New Fossil Genera

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Jan Ševčík ◽  
Heikki Hippa ◽  
Nikola Burdíková
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
First Record ◽  
New Genera ◽  
Burmese Amber ◽  
Mitochondrial Coi ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
The Family ◽  
Palearctic Species

The following 17 extant new species of Sciaroidea (Diptera: Bibionomorpha) are described: Bolitophila nikolae Ševčík sp. nov. (Bolitophilidae, Taiwan), Catocha jingfui sp. nov. (Cecidomyiidae, Taiwan), Catocha manmiaoe sp. nov. (Cecidomyiidae, Taiwan), Catocha shengfengi sp. nov. (Cecidomyiidae, Taiwan), Planetella taiwanensis sp. nov. (Cecidomyiidae, Taiwan), Diadocidia pseudospinusola sp. nov. (Diadocidiidae, Taiwan), Asioditomyia bruneicola sp. nov. (Ditomyiidae, Brunei), Asioditomyia lacii sp. nov. (Ditomyiidae, Taiwan), Ditomyia asiatica sp. nov. (Ditomyiidae, Thailand), Chetoneura davidi sp. nov. (Keroplatidae, Brunei), Euceroplatus mantici sp. nov. (Keroplatidae, Thailand), Setostylus fangshuoi sp. nov. (Keroplatidae, Taiwan), Platyceridion yunfui sp. nov. (Keroplatidae, Hainan), Terocelion adami sp. nov. (Keroplatidae, Taiwan), Hadroneura martini sp. nov. (Mycetophilidae, Taiwan), Paratinia furcata sp. nov. (Mycetophilidae, Czech Republic, Slovakia), and Nepaletricha sikorai sp. nov. (Sciaroidea incertae sedis, Thailand). Two new genera are described from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber, Burmasymmerus gen. nov. (Ditomyiidae, type species Burmasymmerus korneliae sp. nov., including also B. wieslawi sp. nov.), representing the first record of the family Ditomyiidae from the Mesozoic, and Burmatricha gen. nov. (Sciaroidea incertae sedis, type species Burmatricha mesozoica sp. nov.). Molecular phylogeny of Ditomyiidae, based on two DNA markers (28S, COI), as well as that of Catocha Haliday, 1833, based on the mitochondrial COI and 16S fragments, are also presented.

scholarly journals Tackling the Taxonomic Challenges in the Family Scoliidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera) Using an Integrative Approach: A Case Study from Southern China

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 892
Author(s):  
Zhen Liu ◽  
Sheng-Jie Yang ◽  
Yu-Yuan Wang ◽  
Yan-Qiong Peng ◽  
Hua-Yan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
The Family ◽  
Coi Sequences ◽  
Taxonomic Approach

Species of the family Scoliidae are larval parasitoids of scarabaeoid beetles and pollinators of various plants. Despite their great importance in pest biological control and plant pollination, the taxonomy and systematics of these parasitoids are far from clear. Some species of the family are extremely morphologically similar and difficult to identify, especially in males. In this study, an integrative taxonomic approach, combining morphology and molecular data, was used to discriminate the species of Scoliidae from southern China. In total, 52 COI sequences belonging to 22 morphospecies of 9 genera in two tribes were obtained. The COI sequences worked well for the identification of all the studied species, with intraspecific genetic distances generally less than 2%, while interspecific distances ranged between 5.3% and 20.8%. The delimitations of the problematic species and subspecies of Scolia and Megacampsomeris are well solved by COI sequences, suggesting that DNA barcoding could be a useful identification tool for Scoliidae. Based on both morphological and molecular evidence, we discovered one undescribed cryptic species of the polytypic species Solia (Discolia) superciliaris Saussure, 1864, five newly recorded species, i.e., Scolia (Discolia) sikkimensis Bingham, 1896, Sericocampsomeris flavomaculata Gupta and Jonathan, 1989, Megacampsomeris asiatica (Saussure, 1858), Megacampsomeris pulchrivestita (Cameron, 1902) and Megacampsomeris shillongensis (Betrem, 1928) and one pending subspecies of Scolia (Discolia) watanabei (Matsumura, 1912) from China. Our study indicates that such an integrative approach, combing both molecular and morphological evidence, is a potent tool to tackle the taxonomic challenges in the family Scoliidae, or even, in other diverse groups of Aculeata, of which sexual dimorphism and cryptic species are common.

Integrative taxonomic revision of the polymorphic flat-millipede genera Oncocladosoma and Somethus in South Australia (Diplopoda : Polydesmida : Paradoxosomatidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Decker
Keyword(s):  
New Records ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
The South ◽  
Coi Barcoding ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic

The South Australian members of the flat-millipede genera Oncocladosoma Jeekel, 1985 and Somethus Chamberlin, 1920 are revised using an integrative approach incorporating sequence data and morphology. The partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcoding gene and partial nuclear ribosomal 28S rRNA were amplified and sequenced for 15 Oncocladosoma specimens and 10 Somethus specimens and the datasets were used for molecular phylogenetic analysis and genetic distance determination. Both morphology and molecular data indicate that all species of Oncocladosoma fall within Somethus, and therefore, Oncocladosoma is synonymised with Somethus. Within those species supported by molecular data, features of the solenomere tip are relatively stable and useful for species identification. 28S rRNA has proven to provide sufficient nucleotide variation to provisionally discriminate species. Oncocladosoma castaneum ingens Jeekel, 1985, O. clavigerum Jeekel, 1985 and O. conigerum Jeekel, 1985 are junior synonyms of Somethus castaneus, comb. nov., and Somethus modicus Jeekel, 2002 is a synonym of S. scopiferus Jeekel, 2002. New records and electron scanning micrographs of gonopods are provided for S. castaneus, comb. nov., S. inflatus (Jeekel, 2002), comb. nov., S. lancearius Jeekel, 2002, S. scopiferus Jeekel, 2002, and Somethus grossi Jeekel, 1985, together with a key to the South Australian species of Somethus.

Bridging the Mozambique Channel: first record of Dombeya rosacea (Dombeyoideae, Malvaceae) for Mayotte (Comoros Archipelago, Indian Ocean)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 460 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-88
Author(s):  
TIMOTHÉE LE PÉCHON ◽  
SEBASTIEN TRACLET ◽  
FABIEN BARTHELAT ◽  
ABASSI DIMASSI ◽  
LUC D. B. GIGORD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
First Record ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Ecological Preferences ◽  
Mozambique Channel ◽  
Area Of Occupancy ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

In this study, we used an integrative approach combining morphological and molecular data with ecology, in order to clarify the identity of a Dombeya newly recorded as occurring in Mayotte. Morphological and molecular evidence are in agreement and convincingly show that specimens of this newly recorded species can be confidently assigned to D. rosacea, previously known only from four herbarium sheets from Madagascar. The new populations of this species in the Comoros significantly expand the extant area of occupancy of D. rosacea. Ecological preferences are also discussed, as populations of D. rosacea were found in greatly contrasting sub-humid habitats. This newly reported geographical disjunction between the Comoros and Madagascar strengthens the evidence for a biogeographic connection between the floras of these two regions.

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