scholarly journals Digital research data: from analysis of existing standards to a scientific foundation for a modular metadata schema in nanosafety

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Elberskirch ◽  
Kunigunde Binder ◽  
Norbert Riefler ◽  
Adriana Sofranko ◽  
Julia Liebing ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Assessing the safety of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) is an interdisciplinary and complex process producing huge amounts of information and data. To make such data and metadata reusable for researchers, manufacturers, and regulatory authorities, there is an urgent need to record and provide this information in a structured, harmonized, and digitized way. Results This study aimed to identify appropriate description standards and quality criteria for the special use in nanosafety. There are many existing standards and guidelines designed for collecting data and metadata, ranging from regulatory guidelines to specific databases. Most of them are incomplete or not specifically designed for ENM research. However, by merging the content of several existing standards and guidelines, a basic catalogue of descriptive information and quality criteria was generated. In an iterative process, our interdisciplinary team identified deficits and added missing information into a comprehensive schema. Subsequently, this overview was externally evaluated by a panel of experts during a workshop. This whole process resulted in a minimum information table (MIT), specifying necessary minimum information to be provided along with experimental results on effects of ENMs in the biological context in a flexible and modular manner. The MIT is divided into six modules: general information, material information, biological model information, exposure information, endpoint read out information and analysis and statistics. These modules are further partitioned into module subdivisions serving to include more detailed information. A comparison with existing ontologies, which also aim to electronically collect data and metadata on nanosafety studies, showed that the newly developed MIT exhibits a higher level of detail compared to those existing schemas, making it more usable to prevent gaps in the communication of information. Conclusion Implementing the requirements of the MIT into e.g., electronic lab notebooks (ELNs) would make the collection of all necessary data and metadata a daily routine and thereby would improve the reproducibility and reusability of experiments. Furthermore, this approach is particularly beneficial regarding the rapidly expanding developments and applications of novel non-animal alternative testing methods.

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-324
Author(s):  
J. L. Berggren

The study of the transmission and transformation of ancient science ismore than a study of which texts were translated, when, and by whom. It wasa complex process, better seen as beginning rather than ending with the translationof relevant books, for the heart of the process is the assimilation ratherthan the simple reception of the material. Scientific ideas move because peoplestudy books, compute with tables, and use instruments, not simply becausethey translate books, transcribe tables, or buy pretty artifacts. It sufficesto recall that the scholars of the Byzantine Empire, despite their status as thedirect heirs of the classical Greek scientific tradition and their direct accessto whatever classical Greek manuscripts the Islamic world eventually cameto possess-indeed to more of them and from an earlier date-were largelyuninterested in this knowleldge. Hence no account of the transmission of scientificknowledge can be complete if it does not recognize that it is, at root,an account of the activities of what Dupree has called "homo sapiens in asocial context."Two CaveatsAt the outset of this paper, two points mu5t be taken into consideration.First, although we may wish to study the whole process of the Islamic acquisitionof the foreign sciences as it took place over several centuries and overan area extending from Spain to Afghanistan, it must be realized that theexamples given refer to specific events that took place at specific times andin specific places. As a result, eminent Islamic thinkers and writers are quotedwithout any accompanying claim that each one is representative of all Islamicthinkers at all times and in all places. It is sufficient that when a person suchwithout any accompanying claim that each one is representative of all Islamic ...


2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna C. Cavalcante ◽  
Ana Paula Schaan ◽  
Gleyce Fonseca Cabral ◽  
Mayara Natália Santana-da-Silva ◽  
Pablo Pinto ◽  
...  

Apoptosis is one of the main types of regulated cell death, a complex process that can be triggered by external or internal stimuli, which activate the extrinsic or the intrinsic pathway, respectively. Among various factors involved in apoptosis, several genes and their interactive networks are crucial regulators of the outcomes of each apoptotic phase. Furthermore, mitochondria are key players in determining the way by which cells will react to internal stress stimuli, thus being the main contributor of the intrinsic pathway, in addition to providing energy for the whole process. Other factors that have been reported as important players of this intricate molecular network are miRNAs, which regulate the genes involved in the apoptotic process. Imbalance in any of these mechanisms can lead to the development of several illnesses, hence, an overall understanding of these processes is essential for the comprehension of such situations. Although apoptosis has been widely studied, the current literature lacks an updated and more general overview on this subject. Therefore, here, we review and discuss the mechanisms of apoptosis, highlighting the roles of genes, miRNAs, and mitochondria involved in this type of cell death.


Author(s):  
Anthi Sidiropoulou

This study uses a qualitative research perspective in order to explore how young adults of the net generation get involved with ICTs and what types of meaning they attribute toICT use. Eighteen to twenty-two years old adults in Greece constitute the first generation that were born and raised in a digital environment. Our purpose is to explore how this generation express themselves and fulfil psychological needs while in cyberspace, in what ways and to what degree fulfilment is achieved, how authentic the expression of needsis, and to what type of emotional experience this whole process contributes. Are young adults able to distinguish the psychological signification of their ICTs use? We investigated these questions by asking participants to keepa diary for a period of five daysabout their patterns of ICTs use, the emotional needs covered by this use, the satisfaction they receive from it,and theirmultitasking practices, and then to reflect and report on their personal findings. Thematic analysis of the findings and self-reports indicates that young adults do not seem to receive the psychological  seek while using ICTs; this lack of fulfilment contributes in turn to extended multitasking practices, even when it comes to selected leisure activities. Τhis mediated daily routine creates new forms of anxiety toyoung adults, who report feeling trapped in a permanently escaping reality that requires constant presence and participation.


2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
J. Mark Melhorn ◽  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Charles N. Brooks ◽  
Christopher R. Brigham

Abstract Workers’ compensation and personal injury claims often become embroiled in debates about the cause of the clinical presentation. When the primary claim involves an extremity, affected individuals sometimes report subsequent symptoms in the contralateral, previously “normal” limb and often attribute its onset to overuse while favoring the initially involved extremity; such an overuse hypothesis seems plausible, and perhaps intuitively obvious, to some. The concept that favoring one upper limb can result in injury to or illness in the other is not based on scientific evidence and instead is an unsupportable myth. Determining relationships between risk factors or exposures and medical conditions is a complex process that is outlined in the Guides to the Evaluation of Disease and Injury Causation (Causation). A search on PubMed and MEDLARS using the key phrases “opposite uninjured arm” and “uninjured arm” returned only six relevant articles, and the authors report that claims of serious or persisting painful syndromes in the arm or hand opposite the injured one are seldom adequately supported by clinical evidence. Similarly, the literature does not support “favoring” as a reasonable cause for development of symptoms in the contralateral shoulder or elbow. Epidemiological studies can provide general information regarding risk; this information must be filtered by specific steps to assess causal association for a disorder and determine if the injury is work related. Findings then can be applied to the specific individual.


1940 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes. A. Nichols

1. A review of the literature shows that the destruction of living microorganisms by heat is a complex process, and that the problem is particularly difficult when it is applied to the heat resistance of spores.2. The problems involved in the method of heating and in the choice of a container for the inoculated substrate for heat-resistance tests are discussed, with special reference to the difficulties encountered at high temperatures such as are used in studies with spores of aerobic bacteria. Four different types of containers, namely, (a) glass capillary tubes, (b) glass ampoules or bulbs, (c) glass Pasteur pipettes and (d) corked test tubes, have been tested, and the latter were found to fulfil the necessary requirements.3. A trial test of the heat resistance was conducted on nearly forty strains of aerobic sporeformers isolated from canned milk products, in order to obtain general information regarding the difficulties which might be expected in later and more detailed studies. Many of the strains were found to be exceedingly heat resistant. No dormancy was apparent when the spores were heated and subsequently incubated in milk products. “Skips” were only observed to any great extent among strains ofB. licheniformis.4. Special studies of the heat resistance of three strains ofB. subtiliswhich had produced bitterness and thinning in canned cream were made. Details are given of the methods of preparing spore suspensions for these tests and of preparing the substrates for subsequent inoculation in such a way that equal concentrations of spores are present in the final subsamples.5. The effect of the reaction of the substrate on the destruction of two of these strains ofB. subtilisby heat has been examined, but over the narrow range of pH. tested the results, which have been expressed as survival percentages, lack consistency.


2018 ◽  
Vol 122 ◽  
pp. 49-62
Author(s):  
Michał Kozłowski ◽  
Anna Kruk ◽  
Anna Stelmach

Ground handling is a complex process that is regulated by national and international law, and involves a number of safety risks. Basing on the ISO 31010 study, the HACCP risk analysis method is adequate for identifying and analyzing critical control points in the process. It enables the analysis of hazards and the indication of critical points of ground handling, where hazards affecting the safety of air may occur. For the purposes of this article, B737 has been selected for the study, the aircraft type that is commonly used by many air carriers. Defining measurable safety objectives and punctuality of the process allows defining the structure of critical ground handling control points and mutual relations between these points, so that the risk analysis is subject to the whole process rather than its results. The use of the HACCP method has allowed us to determine the assumptions of corrective actions and criteria for verifying the correctness of the operation of the ground handling process.


Author(s):  
JAVIER DIAZ ◽  
SANDRA SANDRI ◽  
MARIA RIFQI ◽  
BERNADETTE BOUCHON-MEUNIER

We propose the use of a knowledge based framework for diagnosis in which the knowledge base consists of particular instances of general hierarchical disorder models. We study how to select which manifestation (symptom, malfunction) to query in order to reduce a set of competing diagnosis hypotheses (disorders), none of them completely satisfying, considering only the observed manifestations. We propose to use general information about the order in which competing disorder models should be probed first to guide us on the task of selecting which particular disorder instances to try to confirm first. We propose to then order which manifestation instances to probe, the presence or absence of which will help us to either confirm or eliminate that hypothesis, according to the principle that "(manifestation) instances that share some characteristics with the instance of manifestation that generated the whole process, but which completely disagree in relation to other characteristics" should be probed first.


Author(s):  
Peter Havaj

Main purpose of this paper is to point out the problems considering the modern scientific usage of methods, ways and approaches, including the crime investigation of traffic accidents-collisions. We want to show the basic need of experienced traffic crime detective, his/her deep knowledge of the whole issue - the process of the traffic accident perpetrating as a complex process with the direct impact on the traffic crime detective work, which could be used in the process of the clearance the case, the video-record output created by program PC CRASH as the virtual element of legal evidence, enabling deeper knowledge of the whole process.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadiia Buniak

The article examines the features of a network organization of innovative activity. A definite trend of development of a knowledge economy is the shift towards partnerships in the innovation sphere. In the work it is determined that many problems associated with creating an enabling environment for activating innovative processes on the basis of network interaction are still poorly studied. It makes appropriate to carry out further research in this sphere. The network form of interaction bases on the principles of equal partnership, agreed in time and space of behavior of participants. It brings together the whole process of developing, producing and disseminating innovations. A typical network structure is an open system that consists of a set of interconnected elements (participants). They interact and exchange information to create and enhance competitive advantage, have roughly equal access to core resources, and have equal direct relations with other participants. They all get benefit from network interaction, regardless of their size and type of activity. The formation of innovation networks is a complex process that involves the selection and voluntary integration of stakeholders into a single network. Modern innovation networks are based on the concept of open innovation, which involves the use of external ideas and technologies while allowing other stakeholders to use their own ideas. The process of formation of innovation networks involves the emergence of the initiator bringing together a number of enterprises in the efficient production of innovation. The network structure is a modern model for the redistribution of tangible and intangible assets, allowing its participants to reduce time and material costs to adapt to market conditions. The presence of horizontal links and the sharing of available resources significantly accelerates the process of transforming scientific knowledge into innovation and its commercialization. Increasing the interaction between participants leads to the accumulation of innovation potential and the activation of innovative processes.


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