scholarly journals Zoology, chemical composition, pharmacology, quality control and future perspective of Musk (Moschus): a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Liu ◽  
Long Xie ◽  
Mao Deng ◽  
Xumin Zhang ◽  
Jia Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

AbstractMusk, the dried secretion from the musk sac gland which is located between the navel and genitals of mature male musk deer, is utilized as oriental medicine in east Asia. It has been utilized to treat conditions such as stroke, coma, neurasthenia, convulsions, and heart diseases in China since ancient times. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of musk in zoology, chemical composition, pharmacology, clinical applications, and quality control according to the up-to-date literature. Studies found that musk mainly contains macrocyclic ketones, pyridine, steroids, fatty acids, amino acids, peptides, and proteins, whilst the main active ingredient is muscone. Modern pharmacological studies have proven that musk possesses potent anti-inflammatory effects, neuroprotective effects, anti-cancer effects, antioxidant effects, etc. Moreover, muscone, the main active ingredient, possesses anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antioxidant, and other pharmacological effects. In the quality control of musk, muscone is usually the main detection indicator, and the common analytical method is GC, and researchers have established novel and convenient methods such as HPLC-RI, RP-UPLC-ELSD, and Single-Sweep Polarography. In addition, quality evaluation methods based on steroids and the bioactivity of musk have been established. As for the identification of musk, due to various objective factors such as the availability of synthetic Muscone, it is not sufficient to rely on muscone alone as an identification index. To date, some novel technologies have also been introduced into the identification of musk, such as the electronic nose and DNA barcoding technology. In future research, more in vivo experiments and clinical studies are encouraged to fully explain the pharmacological effects and toxicity of musk, and more comprehensive methods are needed to evaluate and control the quality of musk.

scholarly journals Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens: A Review of Its Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Xing Li ◽  
Mingyue Ao ◽  
Chunling Zhang ◽  
Shunming Fan ◽  
Zhimin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Zingiber Officinale Roscoe ◽  
The World ◽  
Pharmacology And Toxicology ◽  
Antioxidant Effects

Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens (ZRR, the fresh rhizoma of Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It is also a traditional spice, widely used around the world. The present paper reviews advances in research relating to the botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens. In addition, this review also discusses some significant issues and the potential direction of future research on Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens. More than 100 chemical compounds have been isolated from Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens, including gingerols, essential oils, diarylheptanoids, and other compounds. Modern studies have confirmed that Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens has pharmacological effects on the nervous system and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems, as well as antiemetic, antibacterial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. However, the modern studies of Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens are still not complete and more bioactive components and potential pharmacological effects need to be explored in the future. There is no unified standard to evaluate the quality and clinical efficacy of Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens. Therefore, we should establish reasonable, accurate, and reliable quality control standards to make better use of Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Effects of Geopropolis Produced byMelipona quadrifasciata anthidioides

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cintia Miranda dos Santos ◽  
Jaqueline Ferreira Campos ◽  
Helder Freitas dos Santos ◽  
José Benedito Perrella Balestieri ◽  
Denise Brentan Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Antimicrobial Drug Resistance ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Hydroethanolic Extract

Stingless bees produce geopropolis, which is popularly described for its medicinal properties, but for which few scientific studies have demonstrated pharmacological effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of the geopropolis ofMelipona quadrifasciata anthidioidesand to evaluate its antioxidant, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. The composition of the hydroethanolic extract of geopropolis (HEG) included di- and trigalloyl and phenylpropanyl heteroside derivatives, flavanones, diterpenes, and triterpenes. HEG showed antioxidant action via the direct capture of free radicals and by inhibiting the levels of oxidative hemolysis and malondialdehyde in human erythrocytes under oxidative stress. HEG also reduced the frequency of gene conversion and the number of mutant colonies ofS. cerevisiae. The anti-inflammatory action of HEG was demonstrated by the inhibition of hyaluronidase enzyme activity. In addition, HEG induced cell death in all evaluated gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and yeasts, including clinical isolates with antimicrobial drug resistance. Collectively, these results demonstrate the potential ofM. q. anthidioidesgeopropolis for the prevention and treatment of various diseases related to oxidative stress, mutagenesis, inflammatory processes, and microbial infections.

scholarly journals Review of the Chemical Composition, Pharmacological Effects, Pharmacokinetics, and Quality Control of Boswellia carterii

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Kai Huang ◽  
Yanrong Chen ◽  
Kaiyong Liang ◽  
Xiaoyan Xu ◽  
Jing Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Boswellia Carterii ◽  
Positive Effect

Objective. This review aimed to systematically summarize studies that investigated the bioactivities of compounds and extracts from Boswellia. Methods. A literature review on the pharmacological properties and phytochemicals of B. carterii was performed. The information was retrieved from secondary databases such as PubMed, Chemical Abstracts Services (SciFinder), Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. Results. The various Boswellia extracts and compounds demonstrated pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antitumour, and antioxidant activities. B. carterii exhibited a positive effect on the treatment and prevention of many ageing diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. Conclusion. Here, we highlight the pharmacological properties and phytochemicals of B. carterii and propose further evidence-based research on plant-derived remedies and compounds.

scholarly journals Lagerstroemia indica l. high potential medicinal plant in introduction conditions of kashkadarya

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31
Author(s):  
Sharonova Mohidil Amanovna ◽  
Rashit Rakhimovich Rakhmonov ◽  
Zulfikarov Abdurayim Naimovich
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
High Potential ◽  
Phenolic Glycosides ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

 LAGERSTROEMIA INDICA L. has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, Alzheimer's, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and antithrombin effects. 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene, n-Undekan, Pelargonaldehyde, n-Dodekan, 1,1-Dibutoxibutane, Triacetylglycerin, 4,4,7a-trimethyl-5,6,7,7a-tetrahydrobenzofuran-2 (4H) –on, tsis-Pinan, neophytadiene, chlorpyrifos, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, sterols, triterpenes, anthraquinones, reducing compounds, flavonoids (flavanones / dihydroflavonols and chalcones) and phenolic glycosides. This article discusses the chemical composition, components, and pharmacological effects of Indian lagerstroemia indica L

Study of Physico-chemical Characteristics and Pharmacological Effects of 1-Ethyl-Salicyldene-bis-Ethylene-Diamine and Its Complex with Mn(II)

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 2534-2537
Author(s):  
Gladiola Tantaru ◽  
Mihai Apostu ◽  
Antonia Poiata ◽  
Mihai Nichifor ◽  
Nela Bibire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Schiff Base ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Ethylene Diamine ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

The paper presents the synthesis of a new complex combination of a Bis-Schiff base with Mn(II) ions with great potential for antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. A new complex of the Salen-type ligand, 1-ethyl-salicylidene-bis-ethylene diamine was synthetized using Mn(II) ions. The chemical structure was confirmed through 1H-NMR and IR spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activities of the Bis-Schiff base and its complex were tested in comparison with Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Ofloxacin and Nystatin. Those compounds were found to be active against Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria, and had an anti-inflammatory effect comparable to that of Indomethacin.

Comparative Analysis of In-Vitro Biological Activities of Methyl Eugenol Rich Cymbopogon khasianus Hack., Leaf Essential Oil with Pure Methyl Eugenol Compound

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 927-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roktim Gogoi ◽  
Rikraj Loying ◽  
Neelav Sarma ◽  
Twahira Begum ◽  
Sudin K. Pandey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Methyl Eugenol ◽  
Dpph Assay ◽  
Pure Compound ◽  
Allium Cepa Assay ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Lemongrass Essential Oil

Background: The essential oil of methyl eugenol rich Cymbopogon khasianus Hack. was evaluated and its bioactivities were compared with pure methyl eugenol. So far, methyl eugenol rich essential oil of lemongrass was not studied for any biological activities; hence, the present study was conducted. Objective: This study examined the chemical composition of essential oil of methyl eugenol rich Cymbopogon khasianus Hack., and evaluated its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and herbicidal properties and genotoxicity, which were compared with pure compound, methyl eugenol. Material and Methods: Methyl eugenol rich variety of Cymbopogon khasianus Hack., with registration no. INGR18037 (c.v. Jor Lab L-9) was collected from experimental farm CSIR-NEIST, Jorhat, Assam (26.7378°N, 94.1570°E). The essential oil wasobtained by hydro-distillation using a Clevenger apparatus. The chemical composition of the essential oil was evaluated using GC/MS analysis and its antioxidant (DPPH assay, reducing power assay), anti-inflammatory (Egg albumin denaturation assay), and antimicrobial (Disc diffusion assay, MIC) properties, seed germination effect and genotoxicity (Allium cepa assay) were studied and compared with pure Methyl Eugenol compound (ME). Results: Major components detected in the Essential Oil (EO) through Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis were methyl eugenol (73.17%) and β-myrcene (8.58%). A total of 35components were detected with a total identified area percentage of 98.34%. DPPH assay revealed considerable antioxidant activity of methyl eugenol rich lemongrass essential oil (IC50= 2.263 μg/mL), which is lower than standard ascorbic acid (IC50 2.58 μg/mL), and higher than standard Methyl Eugenol (ME) (IC50 2.253 μg/mL). Methyl eugenol rich lemongrass EO showed IC50 38.00 μg/mL, ME 36.44 μg/mL, and sodium diclofenac 22.76 μg/mL, in in-vitro anti-inflammatory test. Moderate antimicrobial activity towards the 8 tested microbes was shown by methyl eugenol rich lemongrass essential oil whose effectiveness against the microbes was less as compared to pure ME standard. Seed germination assay further revealed the herbicidal properties of methyl eugenol rich essential oil. Moreover, Allium cepa assay revealed moderate genotoxicity of the essential oil. Conclusion: This paper compared the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, genotoxicity and herbicidal activities of methyl eugenol rich lemongrass with pure methyl eugenol. This methyl eugenol rich lemongrass variety can be used as an alternative of methyl eugenol pure compound. Hence, the essential oil of this variety has the potential of developing cost-effective, easily available antioxidative/ antimicrobial drugs but its use should be under the safety range of methyl eugenol and needs further clinical trials.

scholarly journals Enhanced Bilosomal Properties Resulted in Optimum Pharmacological Effects by Increased Acidification Pathways

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1184
Author(s):  
Armin Mooranian ◽  
Thomas Foster ◽  
Corina M Ionescu ◽  
Daniel Walker ◽  
Melissa Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acids ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Cellular Respiration ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Introduction: Recent studies in our laboratory have shown that some bile acids, such as chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), can exert cellular protective effects when encapsulated with viable β-cells via anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress mechanisms. However, to explore their full potential, formulating such bile acids (that are intrinsically lipophilic) can be challenging, particularly if larger doses are required for optimal pharmacological effects. One promising approach is the development of nano gels. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine biological effects of various concentrations of CDCA using various solubilising nano gel systems on encapsulated β-cells. Methods: Using our established cellular encapsulation system, the Ionic Gelation Vibrational Jet Flow technology, a wide range of CDCA β-cell capsules were produced and examined for morphological, biological, and inflammatory profiles. Results and Conclusion: Capsules’ morphology and topographic characteristics remained similar, regardless of CDCA or nano gel concentrations. The best pharmacological, anti-inflammatory, and cellular respiration, metabolism, and energy production effects were observed at high CDCA and nano gel concentrations, suggesting dose-dependent cellular protective and positive effects of CDCA when incorporated with high loading nano gel.

scholarly journals Protein recovery as a resource from waste specifically via membrane technology—from waste to wonder

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 10262-10282
Author(s):  
Kanwal Shahid ◽  
Varsha Srivastava ◽  
Mika Sillanpää
Keyword(s):  
Short Communication ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Membrane Technology ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Protein Recovery ◽  
World Population ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
Efficient Extraction

AbstractEconomic growth and the rapid increase in the world population has led to a greater need for natural resources, which in turn, has put pressure on said resources along with the environment. Water, food, and energy, among other resources, pose a huge challenge. Numerous essential resources, including organic substances and valuable nutrients, can be found in wastewater, and these could be recovered with efficient technologies. Protein recovery from waste streams can provide an alternative resource that could be utilized as animal feed. Membrane separation, adsorption, and microbe-assisted protein recovery have been proposed as technologies that could be used for the aforementioned protein recovery. This present study focuses on the applicability of different technologies for protein recovery from different wastewaters. Membrane technology has been proven to be efficient for the effective concentration of proteins from waste sources. The main emphasis of the present short communication is to explore the possible strategies that could be utilized to recover or restore proteins from different wastewater sources. The presented study emphasizes the applicability of the recovery of proteins from various waste sources using membranes and the combination of the membrane process. Future research should focus on novel technologies that can help in the efficient extraction of these high-value compounds from wastes. Lastly, this short communication will evaluate the possibility of integrating membrane technology. This study will discuss the important proteins present in different industrial waste streams, such as those of potatoes, poultry, dairy, seafood and alfalfa, and the possible state of the art technologies for the recovery of these valuable proteins from the wastewater. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Ketamine’s effect on inflammation and kynurenine pathway in depression: A systematic review

2021 ◽  
pp. 026988112110264
Author(s):  
Emma Kopra ◽  
Valeria Mondelli ◽  
Carmine Pariante ◽  
Naghmeh Nikkheslat
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Bipolar Depression ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Kynurenine Pathway ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Downstream Effects ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Background: Ketamine is a novel rapid-acting antidepressant with high efficacy in treatment-resistant patients. Its exact therapeutic mechanisms of action are unclear; however, in recent years its anti-inflammatory properties and subsequent downstream effects on tryptophan (TRP) metabolism have sparked research interest. Aim: This systematic review examined the effect of ketamine on inflammatory markers and TRP–kynurenine (KYN) pathway metabolites in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression and in animal models of depression. Methods: MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO databases were searched on October 2020 (1806 to 2020). Results: Out of 807 initial results, nine human studies and 22 animal studies on rodents met the inclusion criteria. Rodent studies provided strong support for ketamine-induced decreases in pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely in interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and indicated anti-inflammatory effects on TRP metabolism, including decreases in the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Clinical evidence was less robust with high heterogeneity between sample characteristics, but most experiments demonstrated decreases in peripheral inflammation including in IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Preliminary support was also found for reduced activation of the neurotoxic arm of the KYN pathway. Conclusion: Ketamine appears to induce anti-inflammatory effects in at least a proportion of depressed patients. Suggestions for future research include investigation of markers in the central nervous system and examination of clinical relevance of inflammatory changes.

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