scholarly journals Atypical and dual biotypes variant of virulent SA-NAG-Vibrio cholerae: an evidence of emerging/evolving patho-significant strain in municipal domestic water sources

2022 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bright E. Igere ◽  
Anthony I. Okoh ◽  
Uchechukwu U. Nwodo
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Protease Production ◽  
Eastern Cape Province ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Public Health Systems ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
El Tor

Abstract Introduction and purpose The recent cholera spread, new cases, and fatality continue to arouse concern in public health systems; however, interventions on control is at its peak yet statistics show continuous report. This study characterized atypical and patho-significant environmental Vibrio cholerae retrieved from ground/surface/domestic water in rural-urban-sub-urban locations of Amathole District municipality and Chris Hani District municipality, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Methods Domestic/surface water was sampled and 759 presumptive V. cholerae isolates were retrieved using standard microbiological methods. Virulence phenotypic test: toxin co-regulated pili (tcp), choleragen red, protease production, lecithinase production, and lipase test were conducted. Serotyping using polyvalent antisera (Bengal and Ogawa/Inaba/Hikojima) and molecular typing: 16SrRNA, OmpW, serogroup (Vc-O1/O139), biotype (tcpAClas/El Tor, HlyAClas/El Tor, rstRClas/El Tor, RS1, rtxA, rtxC), and virulence (ctxA, ctxB, zot, ace, cep, prt, toxR, hlyA) genes were targeted. Result Result of 16SrRNA typing confirmed 508 (66.9%) while OmpW detected/confirmed 61 (12.01%) V. cholerae strains. Phenotypic-biotyping scheme showed positive test to polymyxin B (68.9%), Voges proskauer (6.6%), and Bengal serology (11.5%). Whereas Vc-O1/O139 was negative, yet two of the isolates harbored the cholera toxin with a gene-type ctxB and hlyAClas: 2/61, revealing atypical/unusual/dual biotype phenotypic/genotypic features. Other potential atypical genotypes detected include rstR: 7/61, Cep: 15/61, ace: 20/61, hlyAElTor: 53/61, rtxA: 30/61, rtxC: 11/61, and prtV: 15/61 respectively. Conclusion Although additional patho-significant/virulent genotypes associated with epidemic/sporadic cholera cases were detected, an advanced, bioinformatics, and post-molecular evaluation is necessary. Such stride possesses potential to adequately minimize future cholera cases associated with dynamic/atypical environmental V. cholerae strains.

scholarly journals Polymyxin B Resistance in El Tor Vibrio cholerae Requires Lipid Acylation Catalyzed by MsbB

2010 ◽  
Vol 192 (8) ◽  
pp. 2044-2052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyl S. Matson ◽  
Hyun Ju Yoo ◽  
Kristina Hakansson ◽  
Victor J. DiRita
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Peptide Antibiotic ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptide Resistance ◽  
El Tor

ABSTRACTAntimicrobial peptides are critical for innate antibacterial defense. Both Gram-negative and Gram-positive microbes have mechanisms to alter their surfaces and resist killing by antimicrobial peptides. InVibrio cholerae, two natural epidemic biotypes, classical and El Tor, exhibit distinct phenotypes with respect to sensitivity to the peptide antibiotic polymyxin B: classical strains are sensitive and El Tor strains are relatively resistant. We carried out mutant screens of both biotypes, aiming to identify classicalV. choleraemutants resistant to polymyxin B and El TorV. choleraemutants sensitive to polymyxin B. Insertions in a gene annotatedmsbB(encoding a predicted lipid A secondary acyltransferase) answered both screens, implicating its activity in antimicrobial peptide resistance ofV. cholerae. Analysis of a defined mutation in the El Tor biotype demonstrated thatmsbBis required for resistance to all antimicrobial peptides tested. Mutation ofmsbBin a classical strain resulted in reduced resistance to several antimicrobial peptides but in no significant change in resistance to polymyxin B.msbBmutants of both biotypes showed decreased colonization of infant mice, with a more pronounced defect observed for the El Tor mutant. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that lipid A of themsbBmutant for both biotypes was underacylated compared to lipid A of the wild-type isolates, confirming that MsbB is a functional acyltransferase inV. cholerae.

scholarly journals Vibrio cholerae O1 clinical strains isolated in 1992 in Kolkata with progenitor traits of the 2004 Mozambique variant

2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Souvik Chatterjee ◽  
Tapas Patra ◽  
Kausik Ghosh ◽  
Amit Raychoudhuri ◽  
Gururaja P. Pazhani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Small Chromosome ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Clinical Strains ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae O1 ◽  
Ctx Prophage ◽  
El Tor ◽  
Clinical Cases

Retrospective analysis led to the detection of two Vibrio cholerae variant O1 strains (VC51 and VC53), which were isolated in 1992 in Kolkata from clinical cases, with identical traits to 2004 Mozambique variant O1 strains. The Mozambique O1 strains that caused a huge outbreak in 2004 have been shown to have phenotypic traits of both classical and El Tor biotypes, and thereby have been reported as variant. Our study demonstrated that two O1 strains isolated in Kolkata during 1992 were of the El Tor background as evidenced by polymyxin B (50 U ml−1) resistance, positivity in Voges–Proskauer reactions and sensitivity to biotype-specific vibrio phages. With the features of classical CTX prophage, localization in the small chromosome, and an absence of RS1 and pTLC, both Mozambique and Kolkata strains appeared to be identical. Furthermore, two Kolkata strains exhibited an identical ribotype to that of the Mozambique variant, displaying ribotype pattern RI that had been assigned to Kolkata V. cholerae O1 strains isolated on or before 1992. NotI pulsotype analysis indicated that these 1992 Kolkata strains along with the Mozambique variant O1 belonged to very closely related clones. Considering the chronological events, and the typical identity at the phenotypic and the genotypic level between the two O1 strains isolated during 1992 from Kolkata and during 2004 from Mozambique, we propose that some of the 1992 Kolkata O1 strains might have acted as progenitors for Mozambique variant O1 strains.

scholarly journals Dissemination of Polymyxin B Sensitivity in El Tor Vibrio cholerae O1 Strains in Odisha, India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bibhuti Bhusan Pal ◽  
Dipti Ranjan Behera ◽  
Smruti Ranjan Nayak ◽  
Ashish Kumar Nayak ◽  
Bhagyalaxmi Biswal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
El Tor

scholarly journals Petrographical and geophysical investigation of the Ecca Group between Fort Beaufort and Grahamstown, in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 313-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Baiyegunhi ◽  
Zusakhe Nxantsiya ◽  
Kinshasa Pharoe ◽  
Temitope L. Baiyegunhi ◽  
Seyi Mepaiyeda
Keyword(s):  
Shale Gas ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Heavy Minerals ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Eastern Cape Province ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Geophysical Investigation ◽  
Average Porosity ◽  
Petrographic Study

Abstract The outcrop of the Ecca Group in the Eastern Cape Province was investigated in order to reveal petrographic and geophysical characteristics of the formations that make up the group which are vital information when considering fracking of the Karoo for shale gas. The petrographic study reveals that the rocks of the Ecca Group are both argillaceous and arenaceous rock with quartz, feldspar, micas and lithics as the framework minerals. The sandstones are graywackes, immature and poorly sorted, thus giving an indication that the source area is near. The observed heavy minerals aswell as the lithic grains signify that the minerals are of granitic, volcanic and metamorphic origin. The porosity result shows that of all the formations that make up the Ecca Group, the Whitehill Formation is the most porous with an average porosity of about 2.1% and also least dense with an average dry density of about 2.5 g/cm3. The least porous unit is the Ripon Formation with porosity of about 0.8% but has the highest dry density of approximately 2.8 g/cm3. The magnetic map shows some ring-like structures which coincide with dolerites that were mapped in the field. As revealed by the depth slices result, dolerite intrusions are pervasive in the northern part of the study area, extending to a depth of about 6000 m below the ground surface. The appearance of dolerite intrusions at the targeted depth (3000 - 5000 m) for gas exploration could pose a serious threat to fracking of the Karoo for shale gas.

scholarly journals Identification of Vibrio cholerae O1 strains of the El Tor biovar sensitive to polymyxin B and their molecular genetic analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 538-547
Author(s):  
S. P. Zadnova ◽  
Ya. M. Krasnov ◽  
N. A. Plekhanov ◽  
A. A. Kritskiy ◽  
V. V. Kutyrev
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Molecular Genetic Analysis ◽  
Photometric Method ◽  
Snp Analysis ◽  
Parsimony Method ◽  
Cholera Vibrio ◽  
El Tor

The aim of the work was the identification and genetic characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 strains of the El Tor biovar sensitive to polymyxin B among isolates imported to Russia.Materials and methods. We used 56 toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of V. cholerae isolated from patients and from the environmental samples on the territory of Russia in 1970-2020. Resistance to polymyxin B was determined according to MR4.2.2218-07. The ability of strains to form a biofilm on the abiotic surface was assessed by a photometric method. Nucleotide sequences of genes were determined using UGENE 1.32 and MEGA X software. Phylogenetic analysis and tree construction were performed using "maximum parsimony" method in MEGA X software.Results and discussion. Two genetically modified strains of V. cholerae O1 biovar El Tor, M1509 and 3265/80, which were imported to Russia from India in 2012 and 2014, respectively, were identified. The analysis of 12 genes responsible for the resistance of V. cholerae O1 biovar El Tor strains to polymyxin B demonstrated that these strains contain the allele of the carRS gene, which is typical for all strains of cholera vibrio sensitive to polymyxin B. Study of V. cholerae M1509 and 3265/80 phylogeny based on SNP analysis showed that they fall into the same cluster with isolates containing the carRS allele isolated in India (2015) and Bangladesh (2018). V. cholerae M1509 and 3256/8 strains had the ability to form a biofilm similar to those observed in other genetically modified strains of cholera vibrio included into analysis.Conclusion. Highly virulent strains of the cholera agent with altered diagnostically significant features are imported into Russia, which should be taken into account when identifying V. cholerae O1 biovar El Tor strains isolated from patients and environmental samples during monitoring studies.

scholarly journals A Point Mutation in carR Is Involved in the Emergence of Polymyxin B-Sensitive Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor Biotype by Influencing Gene Transcription

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prosenjit Samanta ◽  
Rahul Shubhra Mandal ◽  
Rudra Narayan Saha ◽  
Sreeja Shaw ◽  
Priyanka Ghosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Sensitive Strain ◽  
Two Component System ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae O1 ◽  
Binding Cleft ◽  
Culturing Conditions ◽  
El Tor

ABSTRACT Antimicrobial peptides play an important role in host defense against Vibrio cholerae. Generally, the V. cholerae O1 classical biotype is polymyxin B (PB) sensitive and El Tor is relatively resistant. Detection of classical biotype traits like the production of classical cholera toxin and PB sensitivity in El Tor strains has been reported in recent years, including in the devastating Yemen cholera outbreak during 2016-2018. To investigate the factor(s) responsible for the shift in the trend of sensitivity to PB, we studied the two-component system encoded by carRS, regulating the lipid A modification of El Tor vibrios, and found that only carR contains a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in recently emerged PB-sensitive strains. We designated the two alleles present in PB-resistant and -sensitive strains carRr and carRs alleles, respectively, and replaced the carRs allele of a sensitive strain with the carRr allele, using an allelic-exchange approach. The sensitive strain then became resistant. The PB-resistant strain N16961 was made susceptible to PB in a similar fashion. Our in silico CarR protein models suggested that the D89N substitution in the more stable CarRs protein brings the two structural domains of CarR closer, constricting the DNA binding cleft. This probably reduces the expression of the carR-regulated almEFG operon, inducing PB susceptibility. Expression of almEFG in PB-sensitive strains was found to be downregulated under natural culturing conditions. In addition, the expression of carR and almEG decreased in all strains with increased concentrations of extracellular Ca2+ but increased with a rise in pH. The downregulation of almEFG in CarRs strains confirmed that the G265A mutation is responsible for the emergence of PB-sensitive El Tor strains.

Characterization of a clinicalVibrio choleraeO139 isolate from Mexico

2003 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salina Parveen ◽  
Samuel R Farrah ◽  
Celia Gonzalez-Bonilla ◽  
Altagracia V Zamudio ◽  
Mark L Tamplin
Keyword(s):  
Cholera Toxin ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Phenotypic Characteristics ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae O139 ◽  
A Subunit ◽  
El Tor

Pathogenic strains of Vibrio cholerae O139 possess the cholera toxin A subunit (ctxA) gene as well as the gene for toxin co-regulated pili (tcpA). We report the isolation of a ctxA-negative, tcpA-negative V. cholerae O139 strain (INDRE1) from a patient in Mexico diagnosed with gastrointestinal illness. Certain phenotypic characteristics of this strain were identical to those of V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor. Unlike ctxA-positive V. cholerae O139 strains, this strain was sensitive to a wide panel of antibiotics, including ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, furazolidone, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and streptomycin, but was resistant to polymyxin B. Ribotype and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles of INDRE1 differed from those of ctxA-positive V. cholerae O139 and other V. cholerae strains. Phenotypic characteristics of the Mexico strain were similar to those reported for V. cholerae O139 isolates from Argentina and Sri Lanka.Key words: Vibrio cholerae O139, cholera toxin, ctxA, tcpA.

Haemagglutinin/protease expression and mucin gel penetration in El Tor biotype Vibrio cholerae

Microbiology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 149 (7) ◽  
pp. 1883-1891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anisia J. Silva ◽  
Kim Pham ◽  
Jorge A. Benitez
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Promoter Activity ◽  
Protease Production ◽  
Independent Mechanism ◽  
A Cell ◽  
El Tor ◽  
Protease Expression

Vibrio cholerae of both biotypes produce a soluble Zn2+-dependent metalloprotease: haemagglutinin/protease (Hap), encoded by hapA. Hap has been shown to have mucinolytic and cytotoxic activity. These activities are likely to play an important role in the pathogenesis of cholera and the reactogenicity of attenuated vaccine strains. Production of Hap requires transcriptional activation by the HapR regulator and is repressed by glucose. The present study shows that mucin purified from two sources, bile salts, and growth at 37 °C enhanced Hap protease production. Analysis of hapA and hapR promoter fusions with the lacZ gene showed both promoters to be activated in a cell-density-dependent pattern. Glucose repressed and mucin induced the hapA promoter by a HapR-independent mechanism. Bile had no effect on either hapR or hapA promoter activity. Expression of hapA was required for vibrios to translocate through a mucin-containing gel. These results suggest Hap to play an important role in cholera pathogenesis by promoting mucin gel penetration, detachment and spreading of infection along the gastrointestinal tract.

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