scholarly journals Optical measurement of tissue perfusion changes as an alternative to electrocardiography for heart rate monitoring in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eirik Svendsen ◽  
Finn Økland ◽  
Martin Føre ◽  
Lise L. Randeberg ◽  
Bengt Finstad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Optical Measurement ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Tissue Perfusion ◽  
Heart Rate Monitoring ◽  
In Vivo Experiments

Abstract Background Welfare challenges in salmon farming highlights the need to improve understanding of the fish’s response to its environment and rearing operations. This can be achieved by monitoring physiological responses such as heart rate (HR) for individual fish. Existing solutions for heart rate monitoring are typically based on Electrocardiography (ECG) which is sensitive to placement and electrode orientation. These factors are difficult to control and affects the reliability of the principle, prompting the desire to find an alternative to ECG for heart rate monitoring in fish. This study was aimed at adapting an optical photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor for this purpose. An embedded sensor unit measuring both PPG and ECG was developed and tested using anesthetized Atlantic salmon in a series of in-vivo experiments. HR was derived from PPG and compared to the ECG baseline to evaluate its efficacy in estimating heart rate. Results The results show that PPG HR was estimated with an accuracy of 0.7 ± 1.0% for 660 nm and 1.1 ± 1.2% for 880 nm wavelengths, respectively, relative to the ECG HR baseline. The results also indicate that PPG should be measured in the anterior part of the peritoneal cavity in the direction of the heart. Conclusion A PPG/ECG module was successfully adapted to measure both ECG and PPG in-vivo for anesthetized Atlantic salmon. Using ECG as baseline, PPG analysis results show that that HR can be accurately estimated from PPG. Thus, PPG has the potential to become an alternative to ECG HR measurements in fish.

scholarly journals Single breath-hold saturation recovery 3D cardiac T1 mapping via compressed SENSE at 3T

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 865-876
Author(s):  
Tiago Ferreira da Silva ◽  
Carlos Galan-Arriola ◽  
Paula Montesinos ◽  
Gonzalo Javier López-Martín ◽  
Manuel Desco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Saturation Recovery ◽  
Acquisition Time ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Post Contrast ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Single Breath Hold ◽  
Phantom Experiments

Abstract Objectives To propose and validate a novel imaging sequence that uses a single breath-hold whole-heart 3D T1 saturation recovery compressed SENSE rapid acquisition (SACORA) at 3T. Methods The proposed sequence combines flexible saturation time sampling, compressed SENSE, and sharing of saturation pulses between two readouts acquired at different RR intervals. The sequence was compared with a 3D saturation recovery single-shot acquisition (SASHA) implementation with phantom and in vivo experiments (pre and post contrast; 7 pigs) and was validated against the reference inversion recovery spin echo (IR-SE) sequence in phantom experiments. Results Phantom experiments showed that the T1 maps acquired by 3D SACORA and 3D SASHA agree well with IR-SE. In vivo experiments showed that the pre-contrast and post-contrast T1 maps acquired by 3D SACORA are comparable to the corresponding 3D SASHA maps, despite the shorter acquisition time (15s vs. 188s, for a heart rate of 60 bpm). Mean septal pre-contrast T1 was 1453 ± 44 ms with 3D SACORA and 1460 ± 60 ms with 3D SASHA. Mean septal post-contrast T1 was 824 ± 66 ms and 824 ± 60 ms. Conclusion 3D SACORA acquires 3D T1 maps in 15 heart beats (heart rate, 60 bpm) at 3T. In addition to its short acquisition time, the sequence achieves good T1 estimation precision and accuracy.

Influence of Heart Rate and Epicardial Stenosis Severity on Cardiac Contractility Under Concomitant Microvascular Disease in a Porcine Model

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srikara V. Peelukhana ◽  
Kranthi K. Kolli ◽  
William Gottliebson ◽  
Massoud Leesar ◽  
Tarek Helmy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Guide Wire ◽  
Cardiac Contractility ◽  
Microvascular Disease ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Stenosis Severity ◽  
Yorkshire Pigs ◽  
Epicardial Stenosis ◽  
Dynamic Variables

Invasive guide wire methods to assess functional severity of coronary stenosis are affected by dynamic variables like heart rate (HR), contractility, epicardial stenosis (AS) and blood pressure. The interdependence of these factors is also influenced by the presence of concomitant microvascular disease (CMVD). The purpose of this study is to assess the variation in contractility under varying HR and AS in the presence of CMVD. In vivo experiments were performed on seven Yorkshire pigs. It was found that, in the presence of concomitant microvascular disease (CMVD), for lower AS (<50%) contractility increases for HR<120 bpm while it marginally decreases for HR>120 bpm. However, for higher AS (>50%), contractility decreases for both HR<120 bpm and HR>120 bpm.

scholarly journals Oogenesis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) occurs by zonagenesis preceding vitellogenesis in vivo and in vitro

1998 ◽  
Vol 158 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Celius ◽  
BT Walther
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Polyclonal Antiserum ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Zona Radiata ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Molecular Components ◽  
Hepatic Synthesis

Fish oogenesis represents pleiotropic cytodifferentiative programs including hepatic synthesis of the molecular components for both the eggshell and the oocytic energy deposits. Both hepatic processes are directly controlled by plasma levels of estradiol (E2), and injected E2 induces both biogenetic processes in prepubertal fish of both sexes. This work compares the temporal pattern of E2-induced biosynthesis of zona radiata proteins (zr-proteins) and vitellogenin in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in vivo and in vitro. We monitored the presence of plasma zr-proteins and vitellogenin, using homologous polyclonal antiserum to zr-proteins and a monoclonal antibody to vitellogenin. Zr-proteins were induced by all E2 concentrations (0.001-1.1 mg/kg body weight (bw)) within one week of exposure while vitellogenin was not induced until two weeks post-injection and then only in plasma from fish injected with high E2 concentrations (0.4 mg or 1.1 mg/kg bw). After E2 treatment, hepatocytes isolated from male fish synthesized zr-proteins and vitellogenin in vitro. However, zr-proteins were secreted into the medium two days before vitellogenin, as measured by ELISA. The data indicate a preferential induction of zr-proteins compared with vitellogenin, both with regard to E2 sensitivity and response time to E2 treatment. These findings suggest an obligate sequence in salmon oogenesis. During sexual maturation low E2 levels at first induce only zonagenesis, while increasing levels of E2 subsequently induce both zonagenesis and vitellogenesis. In nature, the interval between zonagenesis and vitellogenesis may, therefore, be considerable. The data suggest new control mechanisms in fish oogenesis.

Increase of heart rate without elevation of cardiac output in adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to acidic water and aluminium

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie C Brodeur ◽  
Trine Ytrestøyl ◽  
Bengt Finstad ◽  
R Scott McKinley
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
River Water ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Concomitant Reduction ◽  
Ventral Aorta

Adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were exposed for 48 h to water from acidified (pH 5.2) Fossbekk River (Norway), with and without 94 µg aluminium (Al)/L added as AlCl3, and to water from circumneutral (pH 6.7) Ims River (Norway) (controls). Cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume were monitored throughout the exposure period with Doppler flow probes placed around the ventral aorta of the fish. Fish exposed to Fossbekk River water without added Al showed few physiological disturbances. When 94 µg Al/L was added to Fossbekk River water, most of the fish died before the end of the 48-h exposure period, and a large elevation in heart rate was observed together with a decrease in plasma chloride concentrations and an increase in haematocrit, plasma glucose and plasma cortisol levels. Cardiac output was maintained at basal levels during the first 24 h of exposure because the tachycardia was accompanied by a concomitant reduction of stroke volume. Signs of arrhythmia appeared after 32 h of exposure and were associated with a further decrease in stroke volume that caused cardiac output to decrease below basal levels. The incapacity of the tachycardia to elevate cardiac output and the subsequent death of the fish suggest that this response to low pH and Al is more of a maladaptation reaction than a compensatory or adaptative reaction.

scholarly journals Molecular and physiological responses to long-term sublethal ammonia exposure in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

2012 ◽  
Vol 124-125 ◽  
pp. 48-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Kolarevic ◽  
Harald Takle ◽  
Olga Felip ◽  
Elisabeth Ytteborg ◽  
Roger Selset ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Ammonia Exposure

scholarly journals Heart rate and swimming activity as stress indicators for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Aquaculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 531 ◽  
pp. 735804 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Svendsen ◽  
M. Føre ◽  
F. Økland ◽  
A. Gräns ◽  
R.D. Hedger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Swimming Activity ◽  
Stress Indicators ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
As Stress
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