scholarly journals Stigma toward people with COVID-19 among the Lebanese population: a cross-sectional study of correlates and mediating effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chadia Haddad ◽  
Sandrella Bou Malhab ◽  
Diana Malaeb ◽  
Hala Sacre ◽  
Danielle Saadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lebanese Population ◽  
Fear And Anxiety

Abstract Introduction Stigma develops during outbreaks such as the COVID-19 pandemic due to the human fear that arises from the anxiety about a disease of an unknown etiology, with the associated detrimental consequences on both the individual and society. This study was conducted to assess if knowledge about COVID-19, attitude, practice and behavior regarding preventive measures against COVID-19, fear, and anxiety towards COVID-19 will affect the level of stigma and evaluate the mediating effect of fear, anxiety, and diagnosis of COVID-19 on stigma. Methods A cross-sectional online survey conducted between December 20, 2020, and January 05, 2021, enrolled 405 participants recruited from the Lebanese population. Two scales were created and adapted to the Lebanese context to measure the current stigma (stigma discrimination scale, self-stigma scale) toward COVID-19. Results More than half of the sample had moderate to severe stigma discrimination (62%) and self-stigma (65.9%). The multivariable analysis showed that higher fear of COVID-19 scale (Beta = .143) was significantly associated with a higher stigma discrimination scale. Whereas, higher knowledge score (Beta =  −.153) was significantly associated with a lower stigma discrimination scale. Fear of COVID-19, anxiety from COVID-19, being diagnosed with COVID-19, and having a family member with COVID-19 partially mediated the association between knowledge and stigma discrimination scale. No mediation effect of fear and anxiety scale was found between the knowledge and self-stigma score. Conclusion Our main findings indicate that a considerable proportion of the Lebanese population has stigma discrimination behaviors toward COVID-19 patients and that those who were infected with the virus experienced COVID-19-related stigmatization.

scholarly journals Brand Authenticity as a Mediator of Relationship Between Self-Congruity and Consumer Loyalty

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Susilo Hidayat ◽  
Farida Agus Setiawati
Keyword(s):  
Brand Loyalty ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Consumer Loyalty ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Brand Authenticity ◽  
Effect Hypothesis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Coffee Shops

This study investigates the effect of brand authenticity as a mediator of self-congruity relationships on coffee shops consumer loyalty. Data obtained by cross-sectional method with convenience/accidental sampling through an online survey platform. Four hundred thirty responses (44.4% male) were collected from consumers of various brands of coffee shops located in DIY. The mediation effect hypothesis was tested using a bootstrapping approach and additional analysis of the causal step approach using the Sobel test. Self-congruity and brand authenticity have a positive effect on brand loyalty. There is a partial mediating effect produced by brand authenticity on the relationship between self-congruity and brand loyalty. Consumers' consideration to be loyal to the brand is not only based on the suitability of their self-concept with the brand image/brand users image (self-congruity), but also the brand's authenticity.

scholarly journals A Cross-Sectional Study of COVID-19-Related Bullying in a Sample of Lebanese Adults: Scale Validation, Correlates, and Mediating Effect of Fear and Anxiety

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chadia Haddad ◽  
Hala Sacre ◽  
Sandrella Bou Malhab ◽  
Diana Malaeb ◽  
Danielle Saadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Scale Validation ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bullying Behaviors ◽  
Fear And Anxiety

Abstract Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to prolonged exposure to stress and anxiety, raising concerns about a large spectrum of psychological side effects. The primary objective of the study was to validate the COVID-19 Bullying Scale (CBS-11). The second objective was to explore factors associated with COVID-19-related bullying and evaluate the mediating effect of fear and anxiety between knowledge and COVID-19-related bullying.Methods: A cross-sectional online survey conducted between December 20, 2020, and January 5, 2021, involved 405 Lebanese adults recruited using the snowball sampling technique. The CBS-11, an 11-item tool specially created for this study, was used to measure bullying behaviors towards COVID-19 patients.Results: All items of CBS-11 converged over a 1-factor solution with an eigenvalue over 1, accounting for a variance of 75.16%. The scale has a high Cronbach’s alpha (0.974), indicating excellent reliability. A positive correlation was found between the COVID-19 bullying scale and fear, anxiety, and stigma discrimination. The logistic regression showed that higher fear of COVID-19 (ORa=1.04), a positive attitude toward COVID-19 preventive measures and hygiene recommendations (ORa=1.18), higher stigma discrimination scores (ORa=1.09), and having a health professional family member (ORa=2.42) were significantly associated with bullying. Conclusion: Our main findings show that CBS-11 could be an efficient tool to measure bullying behaviors toward COVID-19 patients. Stigma discrimination and fear from COVID-19 were associated with higher bullying attitudes. Future prospective studies are needed to understand better the factors related to bullying among adults during a pandemic, such as COVID-19.

scholarly journals A cross-sectional study of COVID-19-related bullying in a sample of Lebanese adults: scale validation, correlates, and mediating effect of fear and anxiety

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chadia Haddad ◽  
Hala Sacre ◽  
Sandrella Bou Malhab ◽  
Diana Malaeb ◽  
Danielle Saadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Scale Validation ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bullying Behaviors ◽  
Fear And Anxiety

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has led to prolonged exposure to stress and anxiety, raising concerns about a large spectrum of psychological side effects. The primary objective of the study was to validate the COVID-19 Bullying Scale (CBS-11). The second objective was to explore factors associated with COVID-19-related bullying and evaluate the mediating effect of fear and anxiety between knowledge and COVID-19-related bullying. Methods A cross-sectional online survey conducted between December 20, 2020, and January 5, 2021, recruited 405 Lebanese adults using a snowball sampling technique. The CBS-11, an 11-item tool specifically created for this study, was used to measure bullying behaviors towards COVID-19 patients. Results All items of the CBS-11 converged over a 1-factor solution with an eigenvalue over 1, accounting for a variance of 75.16%. The scale has a high Cronbach’s alpha (.974), indicating excellent reliability. A positive correlation was found between the COVID-19 bullying scale and fear, anxiety, and stigma discrimination. The logistic regression showed that higher fear of COVID-19 (ORa = 1.04), a positive attitude toward COVID-19 preventive measures and hygiene recommendations (ORa = 1.18), higher stigma discrimination scores (ORa = 1.09), and having a health professional family member (ORa = 2.42) were significantly associated with bullying. Conclusion Our main findings showed that the CBS-11 could be an efficient tool to measure bullying behaviors toward COVID-19 patients. Stigma discrimination and fear from COVID-19 were associated with higher bullying attitudes. Future prospective studies are needed to understand better the factors related to bullying among adults during a pandemic, such as COVID-19.

Property rights and investment: the mediating effect of contract enforcement

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-34
Author(s):  
Ziade Hailu ◽  
Isaac N. Nkote ◽  
John C. Munene
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Contract Enforcement ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically test whether enforceability mediates the relationship between property rights and investment in housing, using data from land formalization project in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Design/methodology/approach The study was cross-sectional in design; data were collected from a sample of 210 households that benefited from the recent Addis Ababa city land and buildings formalization project. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the goodness-of-fit of the latent structures underlying the constructs. Mediation was tested using the Baron and Kenny steps, combined with bootstrapping technique. Robustness of results was checked. Findings The results indicate statistically significant mediation effect of contract enforcement. However, the mediation is partial, there is still a substantial direct effect of security of property rights on investment. Practical implications Any initiative to land formalization projects needs to consider contract enforcement environment, as presence and size of property rights effects largely depend on whether those rights are properly enforced. Originality/value This is the first study that conceptualizes the mediating effect of contract enforcement on the relationship between property rights and investment from an African country perspective.

scholarly journals The effects of growth orientation and job crafting on creative behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-417
Author(s):  
Eunyoung Seo ◽  
Jinkook Tak
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Moderated Mediation ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Job Crafting ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Growth Orientation ◽  
Creative Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among growth orientation, job crafting and creative behavior. Specifically, this study examined the mediating effect of job crafting on the relationship between growth orientation and creative behavior. Also, this study was intended to examine the moderating effect of development culture on the relationship between growth orientation and job crafting. In addition, the moderated mediation effect of developmental culture was examined in relation to growth orientation and creative behavior. Data were collected among 294 employees who were working in various companies via online survey. The results showed that growth orientation was positively related to job crafting and creative behavior, and job crafting partially mediated the relationship between growth orientation and creative behavior. Also when development culture of the organization was strong, the relation of growth orientation to job crafting was stronger, confirming the moderating effect of development culture. In addition, the moderated mediation effect of developmental culture was found. Based on the results of this study, implications, l implications, limitations, and future research were discussed.

scholarly journals Knowledge of dental academics about the COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-country online survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nour Ammar ◽  
Nourhan M. Aly ◽  
Morenike O. Folayan ◽  
Simin Z. Mohebbi ◽  
Sameh Attia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Global Pandemic

Abstract Background COVID-19 is a global pandemic affecting all aspects of life in all countries. We assessed COVID-19 knowledge and associated factors among dental academics in 26 countries. Methods We invited dental academics to participate in a cross-sectional, multi-country, online survey from March to April 2020. The survey collected data on knowledge of COVID-19 regarding the mode of transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, protection, and dental treatment precautions as well as participants’ background variables. Multilevel linear models were used to assess the association between dental academics’ knowledge of COVID-19 and individual level (personal and professional) and country-level (number of COVID-19 cases/ million population) factors accounting for random variation among countries. Results Two thousand forty-five academics participated in the survey (response rate 14.3%, with 54.7% female and 67% younger than 46 years of age). The mean (SD) knowledge percent score was 73.2 (11.2) %, and the score of knowledge of symptoms was significantly lower than the score of knowledge of diagnostic methods (53.1 and 85.4%, P <  0.0001). Knowledge score was significantly higher among those living with a partner/spouse than among those living alone (regression coefficient (B) = 0.48); higher among those with PhD degrees than among those with Bachelor of Dental Science degrees (B = 0.48); higher among those seeing 21 to 30 patients daily than among those seeing no patients (B = 0.65); and higher among those from countries with a higher number of COVID-19 cases/million population (B = 0.0007). Conclusions Dental academics had poorer knowledge of COVID-19 symptoms than of COVID-19 diagnostic methods. Living arrangements, academic degrees, patient load, and magnitude of the epidemic in the country were associated with COVD-19 knowledge among dental academics. Training of dental academics on COVID-19 can be designed using these findings to recruit those with the greatest need.

scholarly journals Bursting the filter bubble: the mediating effect of discussion frequency on network heterogeneity

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1161-1181
Author(s):  
Nadine Strauß ◽  
Laura Alonso-Muñoz ◽  
Homero Gil de Zúñiga
Keyword(s):  
News Media ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Network Heterogeneity ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Filter Bubbles

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to identify the structural processes that lead citizens to escape their common social circles when talking about politics and public affairs (e.g. “filter bubbles”). To do so, this study tests to what extent political attitudes, political behavior, news media consumption and discussion frequency affect discussion network heterogeneity among US citizens.Design/methodology/approachSupported by the polling group Nielsen, this study uses a two-wave panel online survey to study the antecedents and mechanisms of discussion network heterogeneity among US citizens. To test the hypotheses and answer the research questions, ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions (cross-sectional, lagged and autoregressive) and mediation analyses were conducted.FindingsThe findings imply that political discussion frequency functions as the key element in explaining the mechanism that leads politically interested and participatory citizens (online) as well as news consumers of traditional and online media to seek a more heterogeneous discussion network, disrupting the so-called “filter bubbles.” However, mediation analyses also showed that discussion frequency can lead to more homogenous discussion networks if people score high on political knowledge, possibly reflecting the formation of a close network of political-savvy individuals.Originality/valueThe survey data give important insights into the 2016 pre-election situation, trying to explain why US citizens were more likely to remain in homogenous discussion networks when talking about politics and public affairs. By using two-wave panel data, the analyses allow to draw tentative conclusions about the influential and inhibiting factors and mechanisms that lead individuals to seek/avoid a more heterogeneous discussion network.

Financial service outreach correlates

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Korutaro Nkundabanyanga ◽  
Julius Opiso ◽  
Waswa Balunywa ◽  
Isaac Nabeeta Nkote
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Financial Service ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Managerial Competence ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish the relationship between managerial competence, managerial risk-taking behaviour and financial service outreach of microfinance institutions (MFIs). Design/methodology/approach – In this cross-sectional and correlational study, the authors surveyed 52 branches of MFIs from a population of 60 branches of 20 MFIs in eastern Uganda. Two respondents, a branch manager and a senior loan officer, were the units of enquiry for each branch. The authors put forward and tested four hypotheses relating to the significance of the relationship between perceived managerial competence, risk-taking behaviour and financial service outreach using SPSS version 20. The authors established the hypothesized relationships using Pearson correlation coefficients and obtain a mediating effect of risk-taking behaviour using partial corrections and regression analysis. Findings – The results suggest positive and significant relationships between perceived managerial competence, risk-taking behaviour and financial service outreach. However, while the direct relationship between managerial competence and financial service outreach without the mediation effect of risk-taking behaviour of managers was found to be significant, its magnitude reduces when mediation of risk-taking behaviour is allowed. Thus the entire effect does not only go through managerial competence but majorly also, through risk-taking behaviour of managers. Research limitations/implications – This study did not control for environmental factors such as laws and regulations. As such the model may have been under fitted. Nevertheless, the study has introduced a clearer understanding that outreach performance in MFIs rests with competent managers in strategic positions operating in synergy with their risk-taking behaviour. The study informs policy makers that outreach performance of the MFIs depends on the quality of the competence managers have in addition to their risk-taking propensities. Practical implications – Efforts by the stakeholders to improve financial service outreach must be matched with appropriate competences and risk-taking behaviour of managers. Originality/value – The results contribute to extant literature by investigating two explanatory variables for financial service outreach and provide initial evidence of the mediating effect of intrinsic high risk-taking behaviour of managers. Results add to the conceptual improvement in risk-taking behaviour and lend considerable support for the behavioural perspective in the study of financial service outreach of MFIs.

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 pandemic among residents of Jharkhand state, India: An online survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arpita Rai ◽  
Nishant Nishant ◽  
D Singh ◽  
Nitin Kulkarni ◽  
Shailesh Chaurasia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Radio Channel ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Knowledge Attitudes And Practices

Abstract Background: People's adherence to control measures is imperative in the fight against COVID-19. The present study was done to evaluate knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among residents of Jharkhand and to assist government in deciding further course of action during the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: This study was an online cross sectional survey. The link to the questionnaire was displayed on the official website of Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Government of Jharkhand, National Health Mission, Jharkhand, official website of all districts under Jharkhand state administration, Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme and Information & Public Relations department. Participation of residents in the survey was also extensively propagated using mass media mainly local television networks, radio channel and newspapers. Results: A total of 4683 responses were received from all districts of Jharkhand. Majority of the participants were young adults (47.5%) and number of male participants was more than the females (81.4%). Mean correct knowledge score for participants of this study was 10.73+2.2 (maximum attainable score was 14) while mean practice score for the participants was 4.5+0.69 (maximum attainable score was 5). Knowledge score of the participants was significantly associated with their age, education status and economic class (p<0.05). The participants largely held an optimistic attitude and healthy practices towards COVID-19. Conclusions: Participants had positive attitude but were also logically worried and uncertain about near future. Adequate knowledge of participants was visible in the practices of residents. There was however a gap across age groups, gender, literacy and income levels which should be addressed in future campaigns.

scholarly journals Cross-Sectional Survey Of Fertility Knowledge In Obstetrics And Gynecology Residents

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah May Roberts ◽  
Rashmi Kudesia ◽  
Huaqing Zhao ◽  
Shaliz Dolan ◽  
Marisa Rose
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Obstetrics And Gynecology ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Level Of Training

Abstract PURPOSE: To evaluate fertility knowledge among current Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB-GYN) residents using a recently published validated instrument, the Fertility and Infertility Treatment Knowledge Score (FIT-KS).METHODS: OB-GYN residents in the United States were recruited through an email to all residency coordinators nationwide. They were asked to voluntarily respond to a short questionnaire including demographic information and the FIT-KS instrument, through an online survey platform.RESULTS: The sample was 91% female, with 69% between the ages of 26 and 30. Participants evenly represented all four years of training. Mean FIT-KS score was 21.2 (73% correct). No statistically significant differences were noted across the level of training. Several knowledge gaps were noted. Residents could define the common assisted reproductive technologies; however overestimated their success rates per cycle. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial gaps exist in fertility knowledge among OB-GYN residents, with understanding of male fertility and success rates of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) being particularly limited. Knowledge of fertility does not change throughout residency training, demonstrating consistent gaps in fertility knowledge. Knowledge during post graduate year (PGY)-1 year is consistent with mean scores found in prior research in Internal Medicine residents (65%), as well as a cohort of female medical students and obstetrics and gynecology residents and fellows (64.9%)(1, 2).

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