scholarly journals Low-level blast exposure induces chronic vascular remodeling, perivascular astrocytic degeneration and vascular-associated neuroinflammation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel A. Gama Sosa ◽  
Rita De Gasperi ◽  
Dylan Pryor ◽  
Georgina S. Perez Garcia ◽  
Gissel M. Perez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Vascular Remodeling ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Neurovascular Unit ◽  
Microcomputed Tomography ◽  
Collagen Type Iv ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Cerebral Vascular

AbstractCerebral vascular injury as a consequence of blast-induced traumatic brain injury is primarily the result of blast wave-induced mechanical disruptions within the neurovascular unit. In rodent models of blast-induced traumatic brain injury, chronic vascular degenerative processes are associated with the development of an age-dependent post-traumatic stress disorder-like phenotype. To investigate the evolution of blast-induced chronic vascular degenerative changes, Long-Evans rats were blast-exposed (3 × 74.5 kPa) and their brains analyzed at different times post-exposure by X-ray microcomputed tomography, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. On microcomputed tomography scans, regional cerebral vascular attenuation or occlusion was observed as early as 48 h post-blast, and cerebral vascular disorganization was visible at 6 weeks and more accentuated at 13 months post-blast. Progression of the late-onset pathology was characterized by detachment of the endothelial and smooth muscle cellular elements from the neuropil due to degeneration and loss of arteriolar perivascular astrocytes. Development of this pathology was associated with vascular remodeling and neuroinflammation as increased levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), collagen type IV loss, and microglial activation were observed in the affected vasculature. Blast-induced chronic alterations within the neurovascular unit should affect cerebral blood circulation, glymphatic flow and intramural periarterial drainage, all of which may contribute to development of the blast-induced behavioral phenotype. Our results also identify astrocytic degeneration as a potential target for the development of therapies to treat blast-induced brain injury.

scholarly journals The Adverse Pial Arteriolar and Axonal Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury Complicated by Hypoxia and Their Therapeutic Modulation with Hypothermia in Rat

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 628-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoyi Gao ◽  
Yasutaka Oda ◽  
Enoch P Wei ◽  
John T Povlishock
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Amyloid Precursor Protein ◽  
Vascular Reactivity ◽  
Axonal Damage ◽  
Precursor Protein ◽  
Moderate Hypothermia ◽  
Vascular Protection ◽  
Impact Acceleration ◽  
Cerebral Vascular

This study examined the effect of posttraumatic hypoxia on cerebral vascular responsivity and axonal damage, while also exploring hypothermia's potential to attenuate these responses. Rats were subjected to impact acceleration injury (IAI) and equipped with cranial windows to assess vascular reactivity to topical acetylcholine, with postmortem analyses using antibodies to amyloid precursor protein to assess axonal damage. Animals were subjected to hypoxia alone, IAI and hypoxia, IAI and hypoxia before induction of moderate hypothermia (33°C), IAI and hypoxia induced during hypothermic intervention, and IAI and hypoxia initiated after hypothermia. Hypoxia alone had no impact on vascular reactivity or axonal damage. Acceleration injury and posttraumatic hypoxia resulted in dramatic axonal damage and altered vascular reactivity. When IAI and hypoxia were followed by hypothermic intervention, no axonal or vascular protection ensued. However, when IAI was followed by hypoxia induced during hypothermia, axonal and vascular protection followed. When this same hypoxic insult followed the use of hypothermia, no benefit ensued. These studies show that early hypoxia and delayed hypoxia exert damaging axonal and vascular consequences. Although this damage is attenuated by hypothermia, this follows only when hypoxia occurs during hypothermia, with no benefit found if the hypoxic insult proceeds or follows hypothermia.

scholarly journals Magnetoencephalography in the Detection and Characterization of Brain Abnormalities Associated with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Comprehensive Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Geoffrey W. Peitz ◽  
Elisabeth A. Wilde ◽  
Ramesh Grandhi
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Original Research ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Clinical Role

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a functional brain imaging technique with high temporal resolution compared with techniques that rely on metabolic coupling. MEG has an important role in traumatic brain injury (TBI) research, especially in mild TBI, which may not have detectable features in conventional, anatomical imaging techniques. This review addresses the original research articles to date that have reported on the use of MEG in TBI. Specifically, the included studies have demonstrated the utility of MEG in the detection of TBI, characterization of brain connectivity abnormalities associated with TBI, correlation of brain signals with post-concussive symptoms, differentiation of TBI from post-traumatic stress disorder, and monitoring the response to TBI treatments. Although presently the utility of MEG is mostly limited to research in TBI, a clinical role for MEG in TBI may become evident with further investigation.

scholarly journals Psychiatric effects of traumatic brain injury events in Cambodian survivors of mass violence

2002 ◽  
Vol 181 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Mollica ◽  
David C. Henderson ◽  
Svang Tor
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Mass Violence ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
New Public Health ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Time Periods

BackgroundThe prevalence of brain injury and its effects in populations exposed to war violence has not been studied in recent years.AimsTo examine the association between traumatic brain injury events and psychiatric symptoms of major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Cambodian survivors of mass violence.MethodThe population comprised a multi-stage random sample of Cambodian refugees livingin a Thai refugee camp. The main results analysed the relationship between six categories of trauma events and psychiatric symptoms of depression and PTSD during two time periods.ResultsAlmost 15 000 trauma events were reported (n=13481, Pol Pot period; n=1249, past year). Traumatic brain injury was most common in the highly educated and in individuals with the highest levels of cumulative trauma. Of all trauma categories, traumatic brain injury revealed the strongest association with symptoms of depression, and a weaker association with PTSD. Brain injury represented 4% of the total number of traumatic events for both time periods, contributing 20% of the total symptom score for depression and 8% of that for PTSD.ConclusionsClinical identification and treatment of traumatic brain injuries in highly traumatised populations must be maintained in order to develop a new public health model for their treatment.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Traumatic Brain Injury in Early Versus Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 985-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario F. Mendez ◽  
Pongsatorn Paholpak ◽  
Andrew Lin ◽  
Jeannie Y. Zhang ◽  
Edmond Teng
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Late Onset
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