scholarly journals Normalization and outlier removal in class center-based firefly algorithm for missing value imputation

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heru Nugroho ◽  
Nugraha Priya Utama ◽  
Kridanto Surendro
Keyword(s):  
Incomplete Data ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Firefly Algorithm ◽  
Missing Values ◽  
Outlier Removal ◽  
Processing Stage ◽  
Missing Value ◽  
Missing Value Imputation ◽  
Almost All ◽  
True Values

AbstractA missing value is one of the factors that often cause incomplete data in almost all studies, even those that are well-designed and controlled. It can also decrease a study’s statistical power or result in inaccurate estimations and conclusions. Hence, data normalization and missing value handling are considered the major problems in the data pre-processing stage, while classification algorithms are adopted to handle numerical features. In cases where the observed data contained outliers, the missing value estimated results are sometimes unreliable or even differ greatly from the true values. Therefore, this study aims to propose the combination of normalization and outlier removals before imputing missing values on the class center-based firefly algorithm method (ON  +  C3FA). Moreover, some standard imputation techniques like mean, a random value, regression, as well as multiple imputation, KNN imputation, and decision tree (DT)-based missing value imputation were utilized as a comparison of the proposed method. Experimental results on the sonar dataset showed normalization and outlier removals effect in the methods. According to the proposed method (ON  +  C3FA), AUC, accuracy, F1-Score, Precision, Recall, and AUC-PR had 0.972, 0.906, 0.906, 0.908, 0.906, 0.61 respectively. The result showed combining normalization and outlier removals in C3-FA (ON  +  C3FA) was an efficient technique for obtaining actual data in handling missing values, and it also outperformed the previous studies methods with r and RMSE values of 0.935 and 0.02. Meanwhile, the Dks value obtained from this technique was 0.04, which indicated that it could maintain the values or distribution accuracy.

Normalization and Outlier Removal in Class Center-Based Firefly Algorithm for Missing Value Imputation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heru Nugroho ◽  
Nugraha Priya Utama ◽  
Kridanto Surendro
Keyword(s):  
Incomplete Data ◽  
Missing Values ◽  
Classification Algorithms ◽  
Data Normalization ◽  
Outlier Removal ◽  
Processing Stage ◽  
Missing Value ◽  
Imputation Methods ◽  
Knn Classifier ◽  
True Values

Abstract Missing data is one of the factors often causing incomplete data in research. Data normalization and missing value handling were considered major problems in the data pre-processing stage, while classification algorithms were adopted to handle numerical features. Furthermore, in cases where the observed data contains outliers, the missing values’ estimated results are sometimes unreliable, or even differ greatly from the true values. This study aims to proposed combination of normalization and outlier removal’s before imputing missing values using several methods, mean, random value, regression, multiple imputation, KNN, and C3-FA. Experimental results on the sonar dataset show normalization and outlier removal’s effect in these imputation methods. In the proposed C3-FA method, this produced accuracy, F1-Score, Precision, and Recall values of 0.906, 0.906, 0.908, and 0.906, respectively. Based on the KNN classifier evaluation results, this value outperformed the other five (5) methods. Meanwhile, the results for RMSE, Dks, and r obtained from combining normalization and outlier removal’s in the C3-FA method were 0.02, 0.04, and 0.935, respectively. This shows that the proposed method is able to reproduce the real values ​​of the data or the prediction accuracy and maintain the distribution of the values ​​or the distribution accuracy.

scholarly journals Automatic missing value imputation for cleaning phase of diabetic’s readmission prediction model

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 2001
Author(s):  
Jesmeen Mohd Zebaral Hoque ◽  
Jakir Hossen ◽  
Shohel Sayeed ◽  
Chy. Mohammed Tawsif K. ◽  
Jaya Ganesan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incomplete Data ◽  
Missing Values ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Data Sampling ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Missing Value ◽  
Missing Value Imputation ◽  
Proper Analysis

Recently, the industry of healthcare started generating a large volume of datasets. If hospitals can employ the data, they could easily predict the outcomes and provide better treatments at early stages with low cost. Here, data analytics (DA) was used to make correct decisions through proper analysis and prediction. However, inappropriate data may lead to flawed analysis and thus yield unacceptable conclusions. Hence, transforming the improper data from the entire data set into useful data is essential. Machine learning (ML) technique was used to overcome the issues due to incomplete data. A new architecture, automatic missing value imputation (AMVI) was developed to predict missing values in the dataset, including data sampling and feature selection. Four prediction models (i.e., logistic regression, support vector machine (SVM), AdaBoost, and random forest algorithms) were selected from the well-known classification. The complete AMVI architecture performance was evaluated using a structured data set obtained from the UCI repository. Accuracy of around 90% was achieved. It was also confirmed from cross-validation that the trained ML model is suitable and not over-fitted. This trained model is developed based on the dataset, which is not dependent on a specific environment. It will train and obtain the outperformed model depending on the data available.

scholarly journals A data-driven missing value imputation approach for longitudinal datasets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caio Ribeiro ◽  
Alex A. Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Missing Data ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Missing Values ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Imputation Method ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Missing Value ◽  
Missing Value Imputation ◽  
Human Ageing ◽  
Imputation Approach

AbstractLongitudinal datasets of human ageing studies usually have a high volume of missing data, and one way to handle missing values in a dataset is to replace them with estimations. However, there are many methods to estimate missing values, and no single method is the best for all datasets. In this article, we propose a data-driven missing value imputation approach that performs a feature-wise selection of the best imputation method, using known information in the dataset to rank the five methods we selected, based on their estimation error rates. We evaluated the proposed approach in two sets of experiments: a classifier-independent scenario, where we compared the applicabilities and error rates of each imputation method; and a classifier-dependent scenario, where we compared the predictive accuracy of Random Forest classifiers generated with datasets prepared using each imputation method and a baseline approach of doing no imputation (letting the classification algorithm handle the missing values internally). Based on our results from both sets of experiments, we concluded that the proposed data-driven missing value imputation approach generally resulted in models with more accurate estimations for missing data and better performing classifiers, in longitudinal datasets of human ageing. We also observed that imputation methods devised specifically for longitudinal data had very accurate estimations. This reinforces the idea that using the temporal information intrinsic to longitudinal data is a worthwhile endeavour for machine learning applications, and that can be achieved through the proposed data-driven approach.

scholarly journals Outlier Removal in Model-Based Missing Value Imputation for Medical Datasets

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Wei Huang ◽  
Wei-Chao Lin ◽  
Chih-Fong Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Missing Values ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Data Type ◽  
Mixed Data ◽  
Instance Selection ◽  
Missing Value ◽  
Missing Value Imputation ◽  
Noisy Information ◽  
Selection Algorithms

Many real-world medical datasets contain some proportion of missing (attribute) values. In general, missing value imputation can be performed to solve this problem, which is to provide estimations for the missing values by a reasoning process based on the (complete) observed data. However, if the observed data contain some noisy information or outliers, the estimations of the missing values may not be reliable or may even be quite different from the real values. The aim of this paper is to examine whether a combination of instance selection from the observed data and missing value imputation offers better performance than performing missing value imputation alone. In particular, three instance selection algorithms, DROP3, GA, and IB3, and three imputation algorithms, KNNI, MLP, and SVM, are used in order to find out the best combination. The experimental results show that that performing instance selection can have a positive impact on missing value imputation over the numerical data type of medical datasets, and specific combinations of instance selection and imputation methods can improve the imputation results over the mixed data type of medical datasets. However, instance selection does not have a definitely positive impact on the imputation result for categorical medical datasets.

scholarly journals Comparison of Algorithms for Clustering Incomplete Data

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Matyja ◽  
Krzysztof Siminski
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Incomplete Data ◽  
Missing Values ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Complete Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Missing Value ◽  
Comparison Of Algorithms ◽  
New Algorithms

Abstract The missing values are not uncommon in real data sets. The algorithms and methods used for the data analysis of complete data sets cannot always be applied to missing value data. In order to use the existing methods for complete data, the missing value data sets are preprocessed. The other solution to this problem is creation of new algorithms dedicated to missing value data sets. The objective of our research is to compare the preprocessing techniques and specialised algorithms and to find their most advantageous usage.

scholarly journals Missing Value Imputation Approach for Mass Spectrometry-based Metabolomics Data

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Runmin Wei ◽  
Jingye Wang ◽  
Mingming Su ◽  
Erik Jia ◽  
Tianlu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Missing Values ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Imputation Accuracy ◽  
Metabolomics Data ◽  
Missing Value ◽  
Sample Distribution ◽  
Imputation Methods ◽  
Missing Value Imputation ◽  
Squared Error

AbstractIntroductionMissing values exist widely in mass-spectrometry (MS) based metabolomics data. Various methods have been applied for handling missing values, but the selection of methods can significantly affect following data analyses and interpretations. According to the definition, there are three types of missing values, missing completely at random (MCAR), missing at random (MAR), and missing not at random (MNAR).ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to comprehensively compare common imputation methods for different types of missing values using two separate metabolomics data sets (977 and 198 serum samples respectively) to propose a strategy to deal with missing values in metabolomics studies.MethodsImputation methods included zero, half minimum (HM), mean, median, random forest (RF), singular value decomposition (SVD), k-nearest neighbors (kNN), and quantile regression imputation of left-censored data (QRILC). Normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) and NRMSE-based sum of ranks (SOR) were applied to evaluate the imputation accuracy for MCAR/MAR and MNAR correspondingly. Principal component analysis (PCA)/partial least squares (PLS)-Procrustes sum of squared error were used to evaluate the overall sample distribution. Student’s t-test followed by Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of imputation on univariate statistical analysis.ResultsOur findings demonstrated that RF imputation performed the best for MCAR/MAR and QRILC was the favored one for MNAR.ConclusionCombining with “modified 80% rule”, we proposed a comprehensive strategy and developed a public-accessible web-tool for missing value imputation in metabolomics data.

Handling incomplete data classification using imputed feature selected bagging (IFBag) method

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 825-846
Author(s):  
Ahmad Jaffar Khan ◽  
Basit Raza ◽  
Ahmad Raza Shahid ◽  
Yogan Jaya Kumar ◽  
Muhammad Faheem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Imputation ◽  
Ensemble Learning ◽  
Incomplete Data ◽  
Missing Values ◽  
Learning Approach ◽  
Imputation Methods ◽  
Real World Datasets ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Bagging Ensemble

Almost all real-world datasets contain missing values. Classification of data with missing values can adversely affect the performance of a classifier if not handled correctly. A common approach used for classification with incomplete data is imputation. Imputation transforms incomplete data with missing values to complete data. Single imputation methods are mostly less accurate than multiple imputation methods which are often computationally much more expensive. This study proposes an imputed feature selected bagging (IFBag) method which uses multiple imputation, feature selection and bagging ensemble learning approach to construct a number of base classifiers to classify new incomplete instances without any need for imputation in testing phase. In bagging ensemble learning approach, data is resampled multiple times with substitution, which can lead to diversity in data thus resulting in more accurate classifiers. The experimental results show the proposed IFBag method is considerably fast and gives 97.26% accuracy for classification with incomplete data as compared to common methods used.

Data cleaning issues in class imbalanced datasets: instance selection and missing values imputation for one-class classifiers

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenyuan Wang ◽  
Chih-Fong Tsai ◽  
Wei-Chao Lin
Keyword(s):  
Missing Values ◽  
Data Cleaning ◽  
Instance Selection ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Training Set ◽  
Imbalanced Datasets ◽  
Missing Value ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Missing Value Imputation

PurposeClass imbalance learning, which exists in many domain problem datasets, is an important research topic in data mining and machine learning. One-class classification techniques, which aim to identify anomalies as the minority class from the normal data as the majority class, are one representative solution for class imbalanced datasets. Since one-class classifiers are trained using only normal data to create a decision boundary for later anomaly detection, the quality of the training set, i.e. the majority class, is one key factor that affects the performance of one-class classifiers.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, we focus on two data cleaning or preprocessing methods to address class imbalanced datasets. The first method examines whether performing instance selection to remove some noisy data from the majority class can improve the performance of one-class classifiers. The second method combines instance selection and missing value imputation, where the latter is used to handle incomplete datasets that contain missing values.FindingsThe experimental results are based on 44 class imbalanced datasets; three instance selection algorithms, including IB3, DROP3 and the GA, the CART decision tree for missing value imputation, and three one-class classifiers, which include OCSVM, IFOREST and LOF, show that if the instance selection algorithm is carefully chosen, performing this step could improve the quality of the training data, which makes one-class classifiers outperform the baselines without instance selection. Moreover, when class imbalanced datasets contain some missing values, combining missing value imputation and instance selection, regardless of which step is first performed, can maintain similar data quality as datasets without missing values.Originality/valueThe novelty of this paper is to investigate the effect of performing instance selection on the performance of one-class classifiers, which has never been done before. Moreover, this study is the first attempt to consider the scenario of missing values that exist in the training set for training one-class classifiers. In this case, performing missing value imputation and instance selection with different orders are compared.

scholarly journals GSimp: A Gibbs sampler based left-censored missing value imputation approach for metabolomics studies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Runmin Wei ◽  
Jingye Wang ◽  
Erik Jia ◽  
Tianlu Chen ◽  
Yan Ni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gibbs Sampler ◽  
Real World ◽  
Missing Values ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Targeted Metabolomics ◽  
Missing Not At Random ◽  
Missing Value ◽  
Imputation Methods ◽  
Missing Value Imputation ◽  
Imputation Approach

AbstractLeft-censored missing values commonly exist in targeted metabolomics datasets and can be considered as missing not at random (MNAR). Improper data processing procedures for missing values will cause adverse impacts on subsequent statistical analyses. However, few imputation methods have been developed and applied to the situation of MNAR in the field of metabolomics. Thus, a practical left-censored missing value imputation method is urgently needed. We have developed an iterative Gibbs sampler based left-censored missing value imputation approach (GSimp). We compared GSimp with other three imputation methods on two real-world targeted metabolomics datasets and one simulation dataset using our imputation evaluation pipeline. The results show that GSimp outperforms other imputation methods in terms of imputation accuracy, observation distribution, univariate and multivariate analyses, and statistical sensitivity. The R code for GSimp, evaluation pipeline, vignette, real-world and simulated targeted metabolomics datasets are available at: https://github.com/WandeRum/GSimp.Author summaryMissing values caused by the limit of detection/quantification (LOD/LOQ) were widely observed in mass spectrometry (MS)-based targeted metabolomics studies and could be recognized as missing not at random (MNAR). MNAR leads to biased parameter estimations and jeopardizes following statistical analyses in different aspects, such as distorting sample distribution, impairing statistical power, etc. Although a wide range of missing value imputation methods was developed for –omics studies, a limited number of methods was designed appropriately for the situation of MNAR currently. To alleviate problems caused by MNAR and facilitate targeted metabolomics studies, we developed a Gibbs sampler based missing value imputation approach, called GSimp, which is public-accessible on GitHub. And we compared our method with existing approaches using an imputation evaluation pipeline on real-world and simulated metabolomics datasets to demonstrate the superiority of our method from different perspectives.

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