scholarly journals Novel cattail fiber composites: converting waste biomass into reinforcement for composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Shadhin ◽  
Mashiur Rahman ◽  
Raghavan Jayaraman ◽  
Danny Mann
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Volume Fraction ◽  
Polyester Resin ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Areal Density ◽  
Fiber Composites ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Resin Impregnation ◽  
Out Of Plane

AbstractVacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM), used in manufacturing medium to large-sized composites for transportation industries, requires non-woven mats. While non-woven glass mats used in these applications are optimized for resin impregnation and properties, such optimized mats for natural fibers are not available. In the current research, cattail fibers were extracted from plants (18–30% yield) using alkali retting and non-woven cattail fiber mat was manufactured. The extracted fibers exhibited a normal distribution in diameter (davg. = 32.1 µm); the modulus and strength varied inversely with diameter, and their average values were 19.1 GPa and 172.3 MPa, respectively. The cattail fiber composites were manufactured using non-woven mats, Stypol polyester resin, VARTM pressure (101 kPa) and compression molding pressures (260 and 560 kPa) and tested. Out-of-plane permeability changed with the fiber volume fraction (Vf) of the mats, which was influenced by areal density, thickness, and fiber packing in the mat. The cattail fibers reinforced the Stypol resin significantly. The modulus and the strength increased with consolidation pressures due to the increase in Vf, with maximum values of 7.4 GPa and 48 MPa, respectively, demonstrating the utility of cattail fibers from waste biomass as reinforcements.

scholarly journals Novel Cattail Fiber Composites - Converting Waste Biomass into Reinforcement for Composites

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Shadhin ◽  
Mashiur Rahman ◽  
Raghavan Jayaraman ◽  
Danny Mann
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Volume Fraction ◽  
Polyester Resin ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Areal Density ◽  
Fiber Composites ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Resin Impregnation ◽  
Out Of Plane

Abstract Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM), used to manufacture medium to large sized composites for transportation industries, require non-woven mats. While non-woven glass mats used in these applications are optimized for resin impregnation and properties, such optimized mats for natural fibers are not available. In the current research, cattail fibers were extracted from plants (18–30% yield) using alkali retting and nonwoven cattail fiber mat was manufactured. The extracted fibers exhibited a normal distribution in diameter (davg. = 32.1 µm) and the modulus and strength decreased with increase in diameter with average values of 19.1 GPa and 172.3 MPa, respectively. The cattail fiber composites were manufactured using non-woven mats, Stypol polyester resin, and VARTM (101 kPa) and compression molding pressures (260 and 560 kPa) and tested. Out-of-plane permeability changed with Vf of mats, which was influenced by areal density, thickness, and fiber packing in the mat. The cattail fibers reinforced the stypol resin significantly. The modulus and the strength increased with consolidation pressures due to increase in fiber volume fraction (Vf), with maximum values of 7.4 GPa and 48 MPa, demonstrating the utility of Cattail fibers from waste biomass as reinforcements.

Effect of Fiber Content on Void Morphology in Resin Transfer Molded E-Glass/Epoxy Composites

2009 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Youssef K. Hamidi ◽  
Sudha Dharmavaram ◽  
Levent Aktas ◽  
M. Cengiz Altan
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Volume Fraction ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Void Formation ◽  
Areal Density ◽  
Fiber Content ◽  
Epoxy Composites ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Liquid Composite Molding ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Composite Molding

Effect of fiber volume fraction on occurrence, morphology, and spatial distribution of microvoids in resin transfer molded E-glass/epoxy composites is investigated. Three disk-shaped center-gated composite parts containing 8, 12, and 16 layers of randomly-oriented, E-glass fiber perform are molded, yielding 13.5%, 20.5%, and 27.5% fiber volume fractions. Voids are evaluated by microscopic image analysis of the samples obtained along the radius of these disk-shaped composites. The number of voids is found to decrease moderately with increasing fiber content. Void areal density decreased from 10.5 voids/mm2 to 9.5 voids/mm2 as fiber content is increased from 13.5% to 27.5%. Similarly, void volume fraction decreased from 3.1% to 2.5%. Increasing fiber volume fraction from 13.5% to 27.5% is found to lower the contribution of irregularly-shaped voids from 40% of total voids down to 22.4%. Along the radial direction, combined effects of void formation by mechanical entrapment and void mobility are shown to yield a spatially complex void distribution. However, increasing fiber content is observed to affect the void formation mechanisms as more voids are able to move toward the exit vents during molding. These findings are believed to be applicable not only to resin transfer molding but generally to liquid composite molding processes.

scholarly journals Peningkatan Sifat Mekanik Komposit Serat Alam Limbah Sabut Kelapa (Cocofiber) yang Biodegradable

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
Sri Hastuti ◽  
Herru Santosa Budiono ◽  
Diki Ilham Ivadiyanto ◽  
Muhammad Nurdin Nahar
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fiber Volume Fraction ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Fiber Composites ◽  
Coconut Fiber ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Coconut Coir ◽  
The Impact

Inovasi baru serat dari sabut kelapa dimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan nilai ekonomis dari serat sabut kelapa, oleh karena itu dirancanglah pendayagunaan serat dari sabut kelapa untuk penguat komposit dengan material serat alam yang biodegradable. Hal ini untuk mendukung penggunaan komposit yang ramah terhadap lingkungan dan mengurangi penggunaan material komposit serat sintetis yang polutan. Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis sifat mekanik pada komposit serat alam bermaterial serat dari sabut kelapa yang ramah lingkungan. Metode penelitian pembuatan komposit berpenguat serat dari sabut kelapa dilakukan treatment NaOH 15% selama 5 jam dan fraksi volume serat 10 %, 15 %, dan 20 %. Komposit  serat dari sabut kelapa dengan matriks UPRs 157 BQTN dengan hardener MEXPO. Pengujian mekanik dilakukan uji bending menggunakan standar ASTM D790 dan uji impak  menggunakan standar ASTM D5941.  Pengujian impak komposit serat alam menunjukkan ketangguhan impak komposit pada fraksi volume serat 20% dengan nilai 0.017588J/mm2. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan peningkatan fraksi volume serta berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan kekuatan bending komposit serat dari sabut kelapa  dengan kekuatan optimum bending pada fraksi volume serat 10% dengan nilai 44,33N/mm2. Hal ini menunjukkan peningkatan fraksi volume serat dengan perendaman NaOH 15% akan meningkatkan sifat mekanik bending dan impak komposit. Perendaman NaOH memberikan pengaruh daya serap sabut kelapa terhadap matrik Unsaturated Polyester yang dapat meningkatkan daya rekat antara penguat serat dengan matrik sehingga meningkatkan sifat mekanik bending dan impak komposit. ABSTRACT The innovation of coco fiber is used to increase the economic value of coconut coir, therefore the utilization of coconut fiber for reinforcing composites with biodegradable natural fiber material is designed. This is to support the use of composites that are friendly to the environment and reduce the use of pollutant synthetic fiber composite materials. The research objective was to analyze the mechanical properties of natural fiber composites with environmentally friendly coconut fiber as material. The research method of making fiber-reinforced composites from coconut coir was carried out by 15% NaOH treatment for 5 hours and a fiber volume fraction of 10%, 15%, and 20%. Composite fiber from coconut coir with UPRs 157 BQTN matrix with MEXPO hardener. Mechanical testing is carried out using the ASTM D790 standard and the impact test using the ASTM D5941 standard. The impact test of natural fiber composites showed the impact toughness of the composite at a fiber volume fraction of 20% with a value of 0.017588 J/ mm2. The test results showed an increase in volume fraction and an effect on the increase in the bending strength of coconut fiber composites with the optimum bending strength at a fiber volume fraction of 10% with a value of 44.33N /mm2. This shows that the increase in fiber volume fraction by immersion in 15% NaOH will increase the bending mechanical properties and the impact of the composite. Soaking NaOH has an effect on the absorption power of coconut coir on the Unsaturated Polyester matrix which can increase the adhesion between the fiber reinforcement and the matrix thereby increasing the bending mechanical properties and impact of the composite.

Automated RVE computations for evaluation of microdamage initiation in structural stitched non-crimp fabric composites

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (30) ◽  
pp. 4751-4771
Author(s):  
Gerrit Pierreux ◽  
Danny Van Hemelrijck ◽  
Thierry J Massart
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Fiber Volume Fraction ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Fiber Direction ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Damage Initiation ◽  
Processing Step ◽  
Fabric Composites ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Generate Unit

This contribution presents an approach to generate unit-cell models of structural stitched non-crimp fabric composites. Resin-rich regions and out-of-plane undulations caused by the stitching yarn are represented by initially straight discretised lines, while the stitching yarn is represented initially by a single discretised line which can be transformed into a multi-line configuration to model stitch cross-section variations. The discretised lines are shaped by geometrical operations with a contact treatment and boundary conditions being used to account, respectively, for line interactions and to control the shape of the bottom and top surfaces of each lamina respectively. A fiber-reinforced distorted zone with local variations in fiber volume fraction and fiber direction is modelled in cross-sections of the lamina in a post-processing step. Models for different stacking sequences and stitching parameters are then automatically generated and subsequently being in the stiffness calculation and damage initiation assessment using finite element based mechanical simulations.

Effects of Fiber Contents on Wear Resistance of Salacca zalacca Frond Fiber Reinforced Phenolic

2019 ◽  
Vol 948 ◽  
pp. 181-185
Author(s):  
Heru Santoso Budi Rochardjo ◽  
Muhammad Ridlo
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Volume Fraction ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Specific Strength ◽  
Main Factor

In the last decades, natural fiber composites have received much attention as important structural materials for lightweight components in automotive, and space industries because of low density, high specific strength, and environment-friendly materials. Some natural fibers, however, still not applied in more useful structure, one of which is the frond fiber of snake fruit (salacca zalacca). This fiber is usually just burned or fired as the agricultural waste. The present paper presents the result of the development of frond salacca fiber as the wear component of natural fiber reinforced phenolic. In this composite, the fiber and the phenolic are in the form of powder. The variation of fiber volume fraction was used as the main factor in the tribology characteristics of the composite. The specific wear and also the hardness is then compared to that of the existed commercially available motorbike brake pad as a comparison.

A New Theory for the Debonding of Discontinuous Fibers in an Elastic Matrix

1989 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher K. Y. Leung ◽  
Victor C. Li
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Length ◽  
Fiber Volume Fraction ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Interfacial Strength ◽  
Fiber Composites ◽  
Short Fiber ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Physical Reason ◽  
Pull Out

AbstractThe mechanical properties of fiber composites are strongly influenced by the debonding of fibers. When an embedded fiber is loaded from one end, debonding can occur at both the loaded end and the embedded end. Existing theories neglect the possibility of debonding from the embedded end and are thus limited in applications to cases with low fiber volume fraction, low fiber modulus, high interfacial strength/interfacial friction ratio or short fiber length. A new twoway fiber debonding theory, which can extend the validity of one-way debonding theories to all general cases, has recently been developed. In this paper, the physical reason for the occurrence of two-way debonding is discussed. The limit of validity for one-way debonding theories is considered. One-way and two-way debonding theories are then compared with respect to the prediction of composite behaviour. The determination of interfacial parameters from the fiber pull-out test will also be described.

Mechanical Properties of Aerogel-Ceramic Fiber Composites

2010 ◽  
Vol 105-106 ◽  
pp. 94-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Fu Gao ◽  
Jian Feng ◽  
Chang Rui Zhang ◽  
Jun Zong Feng ◽  
Wei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Mechanical Property ◽  
Silica Aerogel ◽  
Fiber Volume Fraction ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Fiber Composites ◽  
Ceramic Fiber ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Supercritical Fluid Drying

Aerogel composites were prepared by immersing ceramic fiber into silica aerogel precursor via supercritical fluid drying. The mechanical behavior of silica aerogel composites was investigated with shrinkage, tension, bending and compression. The influences of fiber volume fraction, aerogel density and heat treatment were examined. After reinforced by ceramic fiber, the shrinkage of aerogel and aerogel-fiber composites was retarded obviously. The mechanical property of aerogel-fiber composites increased first and then decreased with increasing fiber volume fraction from 5.8% to 11.5%. For a given fiber volume fraction, the mechanical strength enhanced with increasing aerogel density. In addition, the mechanical property of aerogel composites did not decrease but increased after heat treatment at 600°C.

Strength and Fracture of Unidirectional Green Composites Reinforced by Hemp Fiber

2009 ◽  
Vol 417-418 ◽  
pp. 89-92
Author(s):  
Hitoshi Takagi ◽  
Koujirou Itotani
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fracture Behavior ◽  
Fiber Volume Fraction ◽  
Polyester Resin ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Stress Transfer ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Hemp Fiber ◽  
Thermoset Composites

In this paper, unidirectional Manila hemp fiber-reinforced thermoset composites were fabricated and their mechanical properties and fracture behavior were also investigated. Both unsaturated polyester resin and epoxy resin were used as matrix polymer. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the epoxy-based composites reached the maximum of 520 MPa and 17 GPa at the fiber volume fraction of 72%, respectively. Such excellent mechanical properties are seemed to be derived both from a good permeability of resin into hemp fiber bundles and from enough stress transfer between fiber and matrix.

Compression molding of algae fiber and epoxy composites: Modeling of elastic modulus

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (19) ◽  
pp. 1202-1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Constante ◽  
Selvum Pillay
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Volume Fraction ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Compaction Pressure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fiber Composites ◽  
Epoxy Composites ◽  
Natural Fiber Composites ◽  
Fiber Volume

The demand for natural fiber composites in the automotive industry in both Europe and the United States has been forecasted to increase in the coming years. The natural fiber composites based on highly commercialized fibers such as flax, hemp, and sisal has grown to become an important sector of polymeric composites. However, little attention has been addressed to expanding natural fiber composites to include new sources of emerging natural reinforcements, such as reclaimed algae fibers, that have a multiple environmental benefits. Not only are extracted algae fibers biodegradable, the reclamation process has the added benefit of restoring health of waterways choked with algae. This study focuses on the processability of algae fiber–epoxy composites. Short fibers, chemically extracted from raw reclaimed algae, were prepared for natural fiber composite products in two ways. First, randomly oriented mats were produced using the wet-laid process to create layered, compression-molded laminates. Second, loose fibers were dispersed directly into the thermoset matrix to produce a bulk molding compound that was further compression molded into composite lamina. The effect of processing variables such as compaction pressure, temperature, and time were addressed. Moreover, the effect of fiber volume fraction ( υf) and fiber form were considered. Enhanced mechanical properties were found when 56% υf algae fiber was used for the compression-molded laminates composite. This variant exhibited an improvement on the flexural and tensile modulus of 70% and 86% when compared to the neat epoxy. However, the volume of porosity on the same variant was 11% due to lack of compression in some of the fibers. The effect of porosity on the theoretical stiffness was estimated by using the Cox–Krenchel model. Furthermore, an empirical exponential model was formulated to characterize the multi-scale effect of compaction pressure on the overall fiber volume fraction, υf.

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