scholarly journals Is the proportion of per capita fat supply associated with the prevalence of overweight and obesity? an ecological analysis

BMC Nutrition ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasinthi Swarnamali ◽  
Ranil Jayawardena ◽  
Michail Chourdakis ◽  
Priyanga Ranasinghe

Abstract Background Although it is reported in numerous interventional and observational studies, that a low-fat diet is an effective method to combat overweight and obesity, the relationship at the global population level is not well established. This study aimed to quantify the associations between worldwide per capita fat supply and prevalence of overweight and obesity and further classify this association based on per capita Gross National Income (GNI). Methods A total of 93 countries from four GNI groups were selected. Country-specific overweight and obesity prevalence data were retrieved from the most recent WHO Global Health Observatory database. Per capita supply of fat and calories were obtained from the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization database; FAOSTAT, Food Balance Sheet for years 2014–2016. The categorizations of countries were done based on GNI based classification by the World Bank. Results Among the selected countries, the overweight prevalence ranged from 3.9% (India) to 78.8% (Kiribati), while obesity prevalence ranged from 3.6% (Bangladesh) to 46.0% (Kiribati). The highest and the lowest per capita fat supply from total calorie supply were documented in Australia (41.2%) and Madagascar (10.5%) respectively. A significant strong positive correlation was observed between the prevalence of overweight (r = 0.64, p < 0.001) and obesity (r = 0.59, p < 0.001) with per capita fat supply. The lower ends of both trend lines were densely populated by the low- and lower-middle-income countries and the upper ends of both lines were greatly populated by the high-income countries. Conclusions Per capita fat supply per country is significantly associated with both prevalence of overweight and obesity.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasinthi Swarnamali ◽  
Ranil Jayawardena ◽  
Michail Chourdakis ◽  
Priyanga Ranasinghe

Abstract Background: Although it is reported in numerous interventional and observational studies, that a low-fat diet consists an effective method to combat overweight and obesity,the relationship at the global population level is not well established. This study aimed to quantify the associations between worldwide per capita fat supply and prevalence of overweight and obesity and further classify this association based on per capita Gross National Income (GNI).Methods: A total of 93 countries from four GNI groups were selected. Country-specific overweight and obesity prevalence data were retrieved from the most recent WHO Global Health Observatory database. Per capita supply of fat and calorieswere obtained from the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization database; FAOSTAT, Food Balance Sheet for years 2014-2016. The categorizations of countries weredone based on GNI based classification by theWorld Bank.Results: Among the selected countries, the overweight prevalence ranged from 3.9% (India) to 78.8% (Kiribati), while obesity prevalence ranged from 3.6% (Bangladesh) to 46.0% (Kiribati). The highest and the lowest per capita fat supplyfrom total calorie supplywas documented in Australia (41.2%) and Madagascar (10.5%) respectively. A significant strong positive correlationwas observed between the prevalence of overweight (r=0.64, p<0.001) and obesity (r=0.59, p<0.001) with per capita fat supply. The lower ends of both trendlines were densely populated by the low- and lower-middle-income countries and the upper ends of both lines were greatly populated by the high-income countries.Conclusions: Per capita fat supply per country is significantly associated with both prevalences of overweight and obesity.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Alexander Itria ◽  
Stéfani S. Borges ◽  
Ana Elisa M. Rinaldi ◽  
Luciana Bertoldi Nucci ◽  
Carla Cristina Enes

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the potential impact of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes on overweight and obesity prevalence in countries of different income classifications. Design: Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO number CRD42020161612). Five databases (Cochrane Library, Embase, LILACS (via Virtual Health Library) and MEDLINE (via PubMed), and Web of Science were searched, from January 2009 up to December 2019. Articles that reported changes in purchases, sales, intake, body weight, BMI, overweight and/or obesity prevalence due to a tax on, or price change in SSBs were included. Setting: Studies conducted in countries of different income classifications. Participants: The search yielded 8,349 articles of which twenty-one met inclusion criteria. Results: Among the 16 studies selected, only 2 did not show that consumption, sales and purchase decreased as the price of SSBs increased. In 8 of the 13 studies selected, a positive effect of an SSB tax on decreasing overweight and obesity prevalence was expected. It is estimated that a 20% taxation on SSBs would result in a greater decrease in the prevalence of overweight and obesity compared to a 10% rate. Studies with no significant effect of taxing on sales, purchases, consumption and prevalence of obesity were from high-income countries, while significant effects of taxing on reducing purchase, consumption and/or obesity prevalence were found in studies from upper-middle and middle-income countries. Conclusion: A high SSB tax might be an effective fiscal policy to decrease purchase and consumption of SSBs and reduce overweight/obesity prevalence, especially if the tax were specific for beverage volume.


2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 3619-3625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessia Savoldi ◽  
Elena Carrara ◽  
Beryl Primrose Gladstone ◽  
Anna Maria Azzini ◽  
Siri Göpel ◽  
...  

Abstract Objectives To assess the association between country income status and national prevalence of invasive infections caused by the top-ranked bacteria on the WHO priority list: carbapenem-resistant (CR) Acinetobacter spp., Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCR) Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp.; and MRSA and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VR E. faecium). Methods Active surveillance systems providing yearly prevalence data from 2012 onwards for the selected bacteria were included. The gross national income (GNI) per capita was used as the indicator for income status of each country and was log transformed to account for non-linearity. The association between antibiotic prevalence data and GNI per capita was investigated individually for each bacterium through linear regression. Results Surveillance data were available from 67 countries: 38 (57%) were high income, 16 (24%) upper-middle income, 11 (16%) lower-middle income and two (3%) low income countries. The regression showed significant inverse association (P<0.0001) between resistance prevalence of invasive infections and GNI per capita. The highest rate of increase per unit decrease in log GNI per capita was observed in 3GCR Klebsiella spp. (22.5%, 95% CI 18.2%–26.7%), CR Acinetobacter spp. (19.2% 95% CI 11.3%–27.1%) and 3GCR E. coli (15.3%, 95% CI 11.6%–19.1%). The rate of increase per unit decrease in log GNI per capita was lower in MRSA (9.5%, 95% CI 5.2%–13.7%). Conclusions The prevalence of invasive infections caused by the WHO top-ranked antibiotic-resistant bacteria is inversely associated with GNI per capita at the global level. Public health interventions designed to limit the burden of antimicrobial resistance should also consider determinants of poverty and inequality, especially in lower-middle income and low income countries.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Mega Zahira Virtyani ◽  
Dr. Ignatia Martha Hendrati,S.E.,M.E. ◽  
Kiki Asmara,S.E.,MM

Abstrak Pendapatan Nasional Per Kapita merupakan pendapatan rata-rata semua penduduk di suatu negara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh Pembentukan Modal Tetap Bruto, Investasi Asing Langsung, dan Ekspor Barang dan Jasa terhadap Pendapatan Nasional Per Kapita Indonesia dalam menghindari Middle Income Trap. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode regresi linier berganda dengan menggunakan data Indonesia periode tahun 2008-2019. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan secara bersama-sama variabel Pembentukan Modal Tetap Bruto, Investasi Asing Langsung, dan Ekspor Barang dan Jasa berpengaruh secara signifikan. Tetapi secara parsial, hanya Pembentukan Modal Tetap Bruto yang memiliki tingkat signifikan. Sedangkan, Ekspor Barang dan Jasa dan Investasi Asing langsung tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan. Upaya yang dapat dilakukan dalam menghindari Middle Income Trap yaitu Pembentukan Modal Tetap Bruto, Investasi Asing Langsung, dan Ekspor Barang dan Jasa meningkat secara bersama-sama agar dapat memberikan nilai tambah produktivitas terhadap Pendapatan Nasional Indonesia. Kata Kunci : Pembentukan Modal Tetap Bruto, Investasi Asing Langsung, Ekspor, Pendapatan Nasional Per Kapita, Jebakan Pendapatan Menengah. Abstract National Income Per Capita is the average income of all residents in a country. The purposes of this research are determine the effect of Gross Fixed Capital Formation, Foreign Direct Investment, and  Exports of Goods and Services on Indonesia's National Income Per Capita in avoiding Middle Income Trap. The method that used in this research is multiple linear regression method using Indonesian data for 2008-2019. The results of this research show that the variables of Gross Fixed Capital Formation, Foreign Direct Investment, and  Exports of  Goods and Services have a significant effect at the same time. Partially, only Gross Fixed Capital Formation has a significant level. Meanwhile, Exports of Goods and Services and Foreign Direct Investment do not have a significant effect. The efforts that can be made to avoid Middle Income Traps, are Gross Fixed Capital Formation, Exports of Goods and Services, and Foreign Direct Investment can be increase at the same time to give extra value for the productivity to Indonesia's National Income. Key Word : Gross Fixed Capital Formation, Foreign Diret Investment, Gross National Income Per Capita, Middle Incom Trap.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-160
Author(s):  
Andriy Maksymuk ◽  
Nataliya Kuzenko

This article highlights the impact of values on the country’s welfare. Values that are quite constant over a long period of time form an institutional framework within the country. They can contribute to economic development or even prevent it. The aim of the article is to explore, what is the influence of social values, democracy and trade on welfare levels in different counties. The hypothesis is that the dominance in society of secular-rational values and the values of self-expression, democracy and trade (openness to the world) have a positive effect on the level of welfare of countries. The empirical part of the paper is based on the comparative analysis of relationship between GDP per capita and four values such as tolerance and respect, obedience, trust and freedom of choice for two waves of WVS – 2005-2009 and 2010-2014. Using correlation and regression analysis, the relationships between these indicators were evaluated. These values have a positive impact on welfare in OECD countries, some countries of Latin America, Asia and Africa with middle income per capita. However, there is a negative relationship between obedience and GDP per capita. This value is more important for some African and Asian countries and India. The relationship between GDP per capita and the aggregate value index showed a strong positive correlation for OECD countries. Then the regression model was estimated to assess the impact of values, trade and level of democracy on welfare growth and development. The results of the regression analysis showed a significant effect of the aggregated value indicator for all six samples, but this effect is weaker for high-income countries. The effect of the level of democracy is significant and positive only for the sub-sample of democratic countries, while it is negative for high-income countries. The effect of the level of trade on GDP per capita is statistically significant for the sample of all countries, the sub-sample of non-democratic countries and the sub-sample of high income and upper-middle income countries. Thus, we conclude that the institutional factors (the values and the level of democracy) are important determinants of GDP per capita for democratic countries while for non-democratic countries trade is more important.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Wan ◽  
Mingzhou Zhang ◽  
Xuemin Li

Abstract Objective To investigate the relationship between the economy and the prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) worldwide. Methods Literature search on PubMed, Cochrane and Embase database was conducted to identify eligible records published from January 2008 to December 2018. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and gross national income (GNI) per capita was chosen to evaluate national economic status. Pearson coefficient, linear regression, and t test were performed in the statistical analyses. Results 32 population-based surveys conducted in 17 countries were included, with a total of 184255 subjects. The pooled mean prevalence of DED was 14.6%, and female individuals presented a higher prevalence than males (16.8% versus 11.5%, 𝑃 < 0.001). The prevalence of DED was negatively correlated with GNI per capita (𝑃 < 0.001, r = 0.603) and GDP per capita (𝑃 < 0.001, r = 0.600). Grouped by World Bank Income classifications, the prevalence of DED progressively declined with an increase in economic level from lower-middle-income countries (LMICs) to high-income countries (HICs). Remarkable difference was found between the prevalence of DED in LMICs and that in HICs (𝑃 < 0.001). Conclusions This study suggested a correlation between the economy and the prevalence of DED worldwide. These findings may provide valuable information on the global prevalence of DED from a distinctive epidemiologic perspective.


Author(s):  
María A. González-Álvarez ◽  
Angelina Lázaro-Alquézar ◽  
María Blanca Simón-Fernández

Infant obesity has become one of the most serious global health challenges of our time. The combined prevalence of overweight and obesity has rapidly increased worldwide during the last two decades, especially in some developing countries where obesity is reaching levels on a par with some industrialized countries, or even higher. This fast growth has occurred especially in countries in the midst of rapid social-economic transitions. Most international comparisons focus on the adult population while analyses focusing on the child population are more limited. Using the methodology developed by Phillips and Sul [1], this paper studies the worldwide evolution of infant body mass index (BMI), overweight and obesity prevalence for a large sample of countries during the period 1975-2016. Our results indicate that the figures for BMI or the prevalence of obesity in different countries do not converge, while the opposite is the case for overweight prevalence in children. Furthermore, there is a non-linear relationship between obesity and income or human capital, indicating that low and middle-income countries require a strong initiative for health policies targeting obesity prevention.


2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trygve Ottersen ◽  
Suerie Moon ◽  
John-Arne Røttingen

AbstractRecent developments have transformed the role and characteristics of middle-income countries (MICs). Many stakeholders now question the appropriate role of MICs in the system of development assistance for health (DAH), and key funders have already recast their approach to these countries. The pressing question is whether MICs should be recipients, funders, both or neither. The answer has deep implications for individual countries and their citizens, and for the DAH system as a whole. We clarify the fundamental issues involved and emphasise a special feature of many MICs: mid-level gross national income per capita (GNIpc) combined with substantial health needs and large inequalities. We discuss the trade-off between concerns for capacity and need, and illustrate a capacity-based approach to setting the level of a GNIpc eligibility threshold. We also discuss how needs-based exceptions and incentive-preserving instruments can complement such a threshold. Against this background, we outline options for the future roles of MICs in various circumstances. We conclude that major players in the DAH system have reason to reconsider the criteria for allocating DAH among countries and the norms for which countries should contribute and how much.


Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 2979-2979
Author(s):  
Alois Gratwohl ◽  
Helen Baldomero ◽  
Alvin Schwendener ◽  
Michael Gratwohl ◽  
Karl Frauendorfer ◽  
...  

Abstract Hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT) are among the most expensive medical procedures. As a consequence, transplants are preferentially done in more wealthy countries. This significant dependency between transplant rates (number of transplants per 10 million inhabitants) and gross national income (GNI) per capita has been well described. We noticed a different pattern in HSCT for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in recent years. We did investigate the evolution of transplant rates for leukemias in Europe in respect to the economy of the participating 38 countries. Using World Bank definitions, countries were grouped according to their GNI per capita into low (A), middle (B), and high income (C) countries and trends of transplant rates for CML and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were computed with regression analyses from 1991 to 2004. Transplant rates increased for AML in significant dependency with GNI per capita from 0.1 (A), 0.3 (B) and 12 (C) in 1991 to 2.8 (A), 22 (B) and 47 (C) in 2004. Transplant rates were distinct by World Bank category and the increase presented in all three groups with a near linear clear predictability as illustrated by the R2 ’s of 93.55, 94.34 or 98.76 (Groups A, B, C). A different pattern was observed for CML. Initially transplant rates did increase from 0.1 (A), 0.7 (B) and 13 (C) in 1991 to 0.28 (A), 15 (B) and 28 (C) in 1999, distinct by World Bank category and with a similar linear prediction pattern as for AML (R2 96.39, 95.75, 95.35 for groups A, B, C). Transplant rates then declined for CML in high income countries (C), they remained at the same level in middle income countries to the extent that comparable transplant rates (15, 15) were observed for middle and high income countries in recent years. We compared costs. Costs for one year treatment with Imatinib (400 mg daily dose) in the different participating European countries ranged between 28 000 and 44 000 Euros with a median of 30 411 Euros (mean 32 417 Euros). Costs for an allogeneic HSCT from an HLA identical sibling ranged from 26 515 Euros to 180 000 Euros with a median of 63 450 Euros (mean 72 173 Euros). Cost comparisons indicate that cost for an allogeneic HSCT correspond to 0·9 to 5·9 (median of 2·0, mean 2·3) years of drug treatment. Data suggest that Imatinib has replaced HSCT preferentially in countries with high income. HSCT remains a cost effective procedure in countries with middle income. Cost considerations appear to impact on the choice between a once in a lifetime procedure or continuous drug treatment. Integration of cost analyses into the decision algorythms will become of increasing importance.


Author(s):  
María A. González-Álvarez ◽  
Angelina Lázaro-Alquézar ◽  
María Blanca Simón-Fernández

Childhood obesity has become one of the most serious global health challenges of our time. The combined prevalence of overweight and obesity has rapidly increased worldwide during the last two decades, especially in some developing countries where obesity is reaching levels on a par with some industrialized countries, or even higher. This fast growth has occurred especially in countries in the midst of rapid social-economic transitions. Most international comparisons focus on the adult population while analyses focusing on the child population are more limited. Using the methodology developed by Phillips and Sul, this paper studies the worldwide evolution of children’s body mass index (BMI), overweight and obesity prevalence for a large sample of countries during the period 1975–2016. Our results indicate that the figures for BMI or the prevalence of obesity in different countries do not converge, while the opposite is the case for overweight prevalence in children. Furthermore, there is a non-linear relationship between obesity and income or human capital, indicating that low and middle-income countries require a strong initiative for health policies targeting obesity prevention.


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