scholarly journals Safety assessment of the standardized aqueous extract from solid-state cultured Xylaria nigripes (Wuling Shen) in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Nan Lai ◽  
Hui-Chen Hsu ◽  
Lean-Teik Ng
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Hematological Analysis

Abstract Background Xylaria nigripes (Koltz.) Cooke, also known as Wuling Shen, is a high-value medicinal mushroom. It is a herbal medicine traditionally used for treating insomnia, trauma and depression. However, its toxicity has never been systematically evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of a standardized aqueous extract (XNE), an ingredient of commercial products, prepared from solid-state cultured X. nigripes in rats. Methods A 90-day subchronic toxicity study was conducted by oral administration of XNE at daily doses of 20, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg body weight to Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes, and the control group was given distilled water (vehicle). All animals were checked daily for general behavior, body weight changes and signs of toxicity. At the end of the treatment period, hematological analysis, biochemical analysis and histopathological examination of organs were conducted. Results At tested concentrations, oral XNE administration caused no treatment-induced adverse effects on general health, body weight gain, relative organ weights, and hematological and biochemical parameters. Histopathological results also showed no significant structural changes in organs even in high-dose XNE-treated animals. Conclusion This study suggests that treatment with XNE for 90 days does not produce significant toxicity, even up to 100 fold (2000 mg/kg body weight/day) of the recommended daily intakes. Therefore, the use of XNE as herbal medicines is considered to be relatively safe.

scholarly journals Aloe Vera Protects Fluoride Induced Teratogenic Effects During Pre- and Postnatal Development in Mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Mathur ◽  
Shilpa Choudhary ◽  
Pradeep Bhatnagar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Fluoride Treatment ◽  
Group I

Abstract Pregnancy and feto-gestational toxicities on exposure to fluoride (F) and its possible amelioration on co-administration with Aloe-vera were studied in pregnant Swiss albino mice. Once the confirmed pregnancy was tested, animals were equally divided into four groups and were given following treatment. Group I was given no treatment and served as Control, Group II and III were administered sodium fluoride, 100 and 300 ppm respectively while group IV was co-administered with sodium fluoride, 300 ppm and Aloe-vera (300mg/kg) daily for 14 days prior to gestation and continued till the 18th day of gestation. Animals were sacrificed `on the 19th day of gestation for prenatal observations. Maternal body weight, the gravid uterine weight, number of corpora lutea in both the ovaries, number of implantations and resorptions, number of live (mature and immature ) male and female fetuses as well as number of dead fetuses were examined in each dam. The treatment continued in another set of animals till the completion of weaning period to observe postnatal changes due to test substances on the mother and pups. Sodium fluoride treated animals showed morphometric and skeletal changes which were more pronounced in the high dose group showing significantly decreased body weight gain in pregnant mothers; and dead/immature fetuses. Morphometric changes included open eyelids, limb defects, wrinkles on whole body, anophthalmias, pulmonary edema, enlarged esophagus and decreased body weight of fetuses and pups. Alizarin prepared skeletal structures of fetuses of such female mice showed delayed ossification or bending in number of bones of skull, thoracic and limb regions. However, concomitant exposure to Sodium Fluoride and Aloe-vera treated animals, there was a marked improvement in all the prenatal and postnatal variables. The study suggests that Sodium fluoride at the high concentrations may be teratogenic while co-administration of Aloe-vera during fluoride exposure might be beneficial in reducing these toxic effects. We thus recommend use of aloe vera as preventive agent or as a complimentary agent during fluoride treatment.

scholarly journals Toxicological evaluation of the ultrasonic extract from Dichroae radix in mice and wistar rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Wang ◽  
Zhiting Guo ◽  
Dongan Cui ◽  
Shahbaz Ul Haq ◽  
Wenzhu Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Group Treatment ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Dose Dependence ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Toxicological Evaluation ◽  
Toxic Damage ◽  
Long Course

Abstract This study was aimed at evaluating the acute and subchronic toxicity of ultrasonic extract of Dichroae radix (UEDR) in mice and rats. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin layer chromatogrephy (TLC) were used to detect β-dichroine and α-dichroine in UEDR for quality control. The levels of β-dichroine and α-dichroine in UEDR were 1.46 and 1.53 mg/g, respectively. An oral LD50 of 2.43 g/kg BW was observed in acute toxicity test. After 28-day repeated oral administration, compared with the control group, treatment-related changes in body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG), lymphocyte counts and ratios, as well as in the relative organ weights (ROWs) of liver, kidney, lung, and heart, were detected in the middle- and high-dose groups (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), no differences were noted in the serum biochemical parameters and necropsy examinations in both sexes at all doses. Histopathological examinations exhibited UEDR-associated signs of toxicity or abnormalities. After 14 days withdrawal, no statistically significant or toxicologically relevant differences were observed in any of the UEDR-treated groups, and the hispathological lesions in the high-dose group were alleviated. Findings showed that long-course and high-dose of UEDR administration was toxic, and showed dose-dependence, the toxic damage was reversible.

scholarly journals Effects of aqueous extract of Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves as growth promoter and anti-colibacillosis in broilers

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
SK Sarker ◽  
M Mostofa ◽  
F Akter ◽  
MM Rahman ◽  
MR Sultana
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Neem Leaves ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

The study was conducted to determine the efficacy of aqueous extract of Neem leaves against colibacillosis and as a growth promoter in broilers. A total of 40 commercial day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided into four equal groups; viz. A, B, C and D. Group A was kept as non-treated control, Group B  and C was treated with 1% Neem leaves in drinking water for six weeks,  and colibacillosis was induced at 2nd week in group C and  D. In group D, Neem leaves treatment continued from 2nd to 6th week after the colibacillosis induction to compare its antibacterial efficacy to prophylactic effect. Escherichia coli induction rate was 200µl per bird where 1 ml contains approximately 1X106 CFU (Colony Forming Unit). Data were recorded for live body weight, weekly gain in weight and hematological parameters of birds for six weeks. Clinical examination and antibacterial sensitivity studies  suggests administration of aqueous extract of Neem leaves significantly (p<0.001) improved body weight gain in the Neem treated groups but did not prevent E. coli induced colibacillosis in broilers.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v43i2.20715 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2014. 43 (2): 138-141

Testicular Lesions in Rats Treated with a Sympatholytic Hypotensive Agent (Losulazine)

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Mesfin ◽  
D. F. Morris ◽  
W. J. Seaman ◽  
T. A. Marks
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Vehicle Control ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Tubular Atrophy ◽  
Testicular Lesions

Groups of 25 male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated orally with losulazine at 0 (vehicle control), 4, 8, 16, or 32 mg/kg/day for 1 year. Daily clinical signs, weekly food consumption and body weight changes, and terminal hematologic and blood chemistry values were evaluated. Terminal urinalysis in 10 randomly selected rats from all groups and levels of serum luetinizing hormone, prolactin, and testosterone from control, low-, and high-dose groups were also evaluated. Fertility was determined in eight randomly selected rats from each group at 35–49 weeks. Reversibility of breeding performance was evaluated in 10 rats treated for 30 weeks and allowed to recover for 17 weeks. Selected organs were weighed and the testes and epididymides were microscopically evaluated in all rats that survived through the 1 year treatment period. Rats treated with losulazine showed dosage-dependent ptosis, somnolence, fecal softening, and decreased food consumption with a corresponding retarded body weight gain. There were no biologically significant changes in hematologic, blood chemistry, or urinalysis values between treated and control rats. Relative spleen, heart, adrenal, and brain weights were increased in treated rats. There was a reversible dosage and time-dependent decreased fertility in rats treated with losulazine for 6–12 months. The incidence of testicular tubular atrophy/degeneration, usually confined to the subcapsular areas of the testes, and concentration of degenerate ge.minal cells in the epididymides, were increased in treated compared to vehicle control rats. Testicular lesions were not dosage related, were minimal to mild after 1 year of treatment, and were not attended by a decrease in relative testicular weights. Decreased fertility was not correlated with the apparently treatment-related testicular lesions. It could not be determined whether the minor testicular lesions seen in rats treated with losulazine were related to stressful conditions the rats were apparently under or to the effects of the drug on the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis or the sympathetic nervous system.

scholarly journals Study on Ameliorative Effect of Febuxostat on Gout Induced Model in Broiler Chicks

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Patel ◽  
D. J. Dave ◽  
R. C. Rathod ◽  
B. P. Joshi ◽  
D. J. Ghodasara
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Ameliorative Effect ◽  
Group Ii

This work was conducted on six groups of day-old Cobb-400 broiler chicks to study the ameliorative effect of febuxostat on gout induced model. Clinical signs were noticed in birds of diclofenac control group II and low dose febuxostat treated group IV. During the study, 27.77% and 22.22% mortality were observed in diclofenac control group II and low dose febuxostat treated group IV, respectively. Febuxostat control group III and febuxostat (medium and high dose) treated groups V and VI had no mortality. Reduction in body weight gain and feed intake was observed in diclofenac control group II as compared to without treatment control group I at the end of every week during the experimental period of 21 days. Reduction in body weight gain and feed intake was observed in low dose febuxostat treated group IV as compared to control group at the end of 1st week. The average FCR was higher in diclofenac control group II (2.54) and low dose febuxostat treated group IV (2.14) as compared to control group (2.00). Kidney: body weight ratio was significantly high in diclofenac control group II as compared to control group at the end of experiment. Gross and microscopic lesions of visceral gout were mainly observed in chicks that died during the experiment from diclofenac control group II and low dose febuxostat treated group IV. The overall lesions showed that diclofenac was nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic in nature. Febuxostat at lower than the therapeutic dose did not prevent nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity caused by diclofenac leading to visceral gout. Febuxostat control III and febuxostat (medium and high dose) treated groups V and VI did not reveal any pathomorphological changes. Judicious use of febuxostat is safe in poultry birds between the limit of 4 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg

scholarly journals Twenty-four-week oral dosing toxicities of Herba Siegesbeckiae in rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-Ying Wu ◽  
Yuen-Cheung Chan ◽  
Hui Guo ◽  
Ying-Jie Chen ◽  
Yu-Xi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Oral Dosing

Abstract Background Herba Siegesbeckiae (HS), the dried aerial parts of Siegesbeckia orientalis L., S. pubescens Makino, or S. glabrescens Makino, is traditionally used for treating chronic diseases in China. However, there is no information about the chronic toxicity of HS. The objective of this study is to evaluate the 24-week oral dosing toxicities of HS aqueous extract (HSE) in rats. Methods S. orientalis-originated HS was reflux-extracted with distilled water. Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups, with 10 males and 10 females in each group. The rats were intragastrically administered with HSE at 5, 1.67 and 0.56 g/kg (experimental groups) or an equal volume of distilled water (control group), 6 days a week, for 24 weeks. The high dose of HSE (5 g/kg) was its maximum tolerated dose. Body weight was recorded every 2 days during the experimental period. Chemical, hematological and histopathological parameters, as well as organ weights, were measured at the end of the experiment. Results Decreased body weight gain; increased liver and lung relative weights; histopathological alterations in liver and lung tissues; elevated serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase were found after HSE treatments. In liver tissues, HSE treatment upregulated levels of three pro-inflammatory cytokines: IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α. In lung tissues, HSE treatment caused oxidative stress and activated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Conclusion Long-term oral administration of HSE caused toxicities in rats evidenced by decreased body weight gain, as well as liver and lung damage. Treatment-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and MAPK activation are involved in HSE’s toxicities. Caution should be taken when using HS to treat chronic diseases.

scholarly journals Comparative efficacy of korolla (Momordica charantia) extract and Ivermec® pour on with their effects on certain blood parameters and body weight gain in indigenous chicken infected with Ascaridia galli

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
HM Shahadat ◽  
M Mostofa ◽  
MAA Mamum ◽  
ME Hoque ◽  
MA Awal
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Momordica Charantia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ascaridia Galli ◽  
Indigenous Chicken ◽  
Group B

Comparative anthelmintics efficacy of whole korolla fruit (Momordica charantia) extract and ivermec® pour on was evaluated in vitro and in vivo on adult Ascaridia galli of indigenous chicken. The total trial chickens (60) were divided equally into 3 groups; group A as control, group B treated with ivermec® pour on @ 500 μg/kg bwt by dropper through skin absorption for single dose and group C treated with 3% aqueous extract of korolla. Freshly prepared aqueous extract of the korolla fruit was performed as wormicidal properties against adult A. galli on in vitro and in vivo study. 3% aqueous extract of korolla fruit was treated as higher efficacy against A. galli. The live body weight was increased in chicken after treatment in group B and C respectively but in control group body weight was slowly decreased. TEC (million/cu mm), Hb (gm %) and PCV (%30 minutes) were increased significantly in chickens of treated groups whereas ESR was increased in control groups. Key words: Anthelmintics efficacy, korolla, Ivermec® pour on, Ascaridia galli, indigenous chicken, haematological parameters  doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v6i2.2328 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (2): 153-158   

Methylnaltrexone reduced body weight gain in ob/ob mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Su Yuan, MD, PhD ◽  
Chong-Zhi Wang, PhD ◽  
Anoja Attele, MD ◽  
Liu Zhang, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Daily Food

Objective: Opioids may function to regulate food intake and body weight, an activity that could be predominantly centrally mediated. In this study, the authors evaluated the effects of a peripherally acting opioid receptor antagonist, methylnaltrexone, on weight changes in adult obese ob/ob mice.Results: After a 12-day treatment with naloxone 0.3 mg/kg, weight was reduced from 63.7 ± 1.1 g in the control group to 59.2 ± 0.9 g in the naloxone group (p < 0.05). After a 12-day treatment with methylnaltrexone 3.0 mg/kg, weight increase completely ceased. The body weight was 63.9 ± 1.0 g in the control group when compared with 55.9 ± 1.2 g in the drug group (p < 0.01). The effect of methylnaltrexone (1.0 mg to 3.0 mg/kg) on weight changes was dose-dependent (p < 0.01). Methylnaltrexone significantly reduced daily food intake (p < 0.05), but did not affect body temperature and energy expenditure. Using HPLC analysis, no detectable naltrexone levels were found in association with methylnaltrexone administration. Whether the observed methylnaltrexone effects are primarily related to the antagonism of endorphinergic system remains to be investigated.Conclusions: Our results suggest that the peripheral opioid mechanism contributes to modulating food ingestion and methylnaltrexone may have clinical importance in obesity management.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary supplementation of lead (Pb) on biochemical, gross and histo-morphological changes in different organs of broiler chicken

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Monjur ◽  
T. Rahaman ◽  
M. S. Islam ◽  
K. A. Ferdous
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metal Exposure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Kidney Glomerulus

Background: Nowadays poultry industry, an important sector is becoming a serious threat to public health due to the heavy metal exposure & accumulation in poultry tissues. Therefore, our recent study was aimed to investigate the toxic effects of lead (Pb) exposure in broiler chicken. Methods: A total number of 72 broiler chicks (Cobb-500, 12th day old) were assigned to four dietary treatments with three replicates. Control group received only basal diet without any supplementation. The other groups T1, T2 and T3 received feed with supplemented Pb @ 10, 30 and 50mg/kg feed, respectively. The body weight of each bird was weighed at 3 days interval. Results: Lead caused elevation of SGPT/ALT (P<0.01) and decreased serum creatinine attributed to pathological lesions including enlarged, pale & friable liver, swollen kidneys and splenomegaly in experimental groups. On histopathological examination, liver shows cirrhosis and necrosis in all treated groups. In the kidney, glomerulus was filled with reactive cells in group T1 while fibrosis and necrosis were found in groups T2 & T3. Conclusions: Lead toxicity in broiler had a dose-dependent effect on body weight gain, blood parameters, gross and histological changes.

L-Ascorbic Acid Addition to Chitosan Reduces Body Weight in Overweight Women

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Y. Jung ◽  
Sung C. Jun ◽  
Un J. Chang ◽  
Hyung J. Suh
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Overweight Women ◽  
Body Weights

Previously, we have found that the addition of L-ascorbic acid to chitosan enhanced the reduction in body weight gain in guinea pigs fed a high-fat diet. We hypothesized that the addition of L-ascorbic acid to chitosan would accelerate the reduction of body weight in humans, similar to the animal model. Overweight subjects administered chitosan with or without L-ascorbic acid for 8 weeks, were assigned to three groups: Control group (N = 26, placebo, vehicle only), Chito group (N = 27, 3 g/day chitosan), and Chito-vita group (N = 27, 3 g/day chitosan plus 2 g/day L-ascorbic acid). The body weights and body mass index (BMI) of the Chito and Chito-vita groups decreased significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the Control group. The BMI of the Chito-vita group decreased significantly compared to the Chito group (Chito: -1.0 kg/m2 vs. Chito-vita: -1.6 kg/m2, p < 0.05). The results showed that the chitosan enhanced reduction of body weight and BMI was accentuated by the addition of L-ascorbic acid. The fat mass, percentage body fat, body circumference, and skinfold thickness in the Chito and Chito-vita groups decreased more than the Control group; however, these parameters were not significantly different between the three groups. Chitosan combined with L-ascorbic acid may be useful for controlling body weight.

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