scholarly journals Population aging and the historical development of intergenerational transfer systems

Genus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Lee
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Intergenerational Transfers ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Intergenerational Transfer ◽  
Agricultural Revolution ◽  
Public Transfers ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Social Sharing ◽  
Private Transfers

Abstract From our evolutionary past, humans inherited a long period of child dependency, extensive intergenerational transfers to children, cooperative breeding, and social sharing of food. Older people continued to transfer a surplus to the young. After the agricultural revolution, population densities grew making land and residences valuable assets controlled by older people, leading to their reduced labor supply which made them net consumers. In some East Asian societies today, elders are supported by adult children but in most societies the elderly continue to make private net transfers to their children out of asset income or public pensions. Growing public intergenerational transfers have crowded out private transfers. In some high-income countries, the direction of intergenerational flows has reversed from downward to upwards, from young to old. Nonetheless, net private transfers remain strongly downward, from older to younger, everywhere in the world. For many but not all countries, projected population aging will bring fiscal instability unless there are major program reforms. However, in many countries population aging will reduce the net cost to adults of private transfers to children, partially offsetting the increased net costs to working age adults for public transfers to the elderly.

Population Ageing and Financing Consumption of the Older Generation in the European Union

2021 ◽  
pp. 395-427
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Chłoń-Domińczak
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Pension Systems ◽  
Pension Income ◽  
Public Transfers ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Lifetime Earnings ◽  
Private Transfers

European countries are facing the challenge of population ageing, and social policies need to adjust to changing intergenerational balance. In this chapter, the most important challenges in the current intergenerational and intragenerational balance are assessed using the National Transfer Accounts approach. Financing the lifecycle deficit of older generations is mainly based on public transfers, while in the case of younger generations it is mainly financed from private transfers. The working-age generation faces a ‘triple burden’ as it finances the lifecycle deficit of older generations by paid taxes and the consumption of the young generation by private transfers. They also need to save more to be able to finance their future consumption to a larger extent from their savings. Recent policy developments show that the pressure of an increase of pension expenditure caused by demographic changes is offset by reducing pension transfers by changing benefit formulae or benefit indexation as well as increasing the effective pensionable age. The span of effective economic activity is relatively short, particularly for women. A gender gap in labor income is also linked to a gender gap in the pension income, which leads to further transfers between men and women at older ages. Income inequalities between older people increase following reforms of pension systems that tighten the link between lifetime earnings and pensions. Mortality differences interact with government programmes for the elderly (e.g., pension systems) and may reduce or even reverse the direction of income redistribution.

scholarly journals Polityka społeczna wobec ludzi starych w Polsce — uwarunkowania, rozwój i kierunki zmian

Ekonomia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 73-84
Author(s):  
Sylwia Wojtczak
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Older People ◽  
Senior Citizens ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
Human And Social Capital

Social policy toward old people in Poland — conditions, development and directions of changesSocial policy shapes people’s living conditions. In the era of dynamic demographic changes, especially the aging of the population observed in Poland and across the world, the activity of the state focused on improving the quality of life of the elderly is particularly important. Population aging is a demographic process of increasing the proportion of older people while reducing the proportion of children in the society of a given country. Elderly people will continue to be a part of society, mainly due to the progress of civilization, advances in modern medicine and the popularization of so-called healthy living.Social policy toward the elderly should not be limited to managing the social security system and social welfare. Eff ective use of human and social capital of the elderly will be a growing challenge for this policy, and for senior citizens — spending satisfactorily the last years of one’s life. However, for some senior citizens, old age means or will mean poverty and living on the margins of civil society. The Ministry of Family, Labor and Social Polic y is responsible for the social policy of people in Poland, off ering for example in the years 2014–2020 to senior citizens such programs as “Senior +”, the Government Program for Social Activity of the Elderly ASOS or “Care 75+.” Each of the above programs have appropriate criteria that must be met to be able to use them. Are older people eager to use them, or are the eff ects of these programs already visible? This study will attempt to answer the above questions. The main purpose of the article is to diagnose and analyze selected government programs targeted at older people. In addition, perspectives for changes in social policy toward older people in Poland will be determined.

Acceptance and use of communication technology by the elderly (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm Clarke ◽  
Precious Onyeachu
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Population ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Smart Phone ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Target Groups ◽  
Flu Vaccination ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Working Age

BACKGROUND Population aging is a global phenomenon, with the proportion of the population over the age of 60 increasingly rapidly. However ownership and use of technology by people in this age group remains low, which impacts on introduction of and the assumptions made for, technology-based activities such as telehealth and telemedicine. It is essential to gain accurate information on the level of technology ownership in target groups. However, many studies on levels of technology ownership and use report using electronic methods for their survey, which introduces bias and may result in a higher value. OBJECTIVE To determine the level of ownership of technology in the elderly population using an unbiased data collection methodology. METHODS Our study collects data from patients invited to attend a clinic for their annual flu vaccination, and thereby captures a cross section of the population that is unbiased by the collection method. 309 patients completed a questionnaire, and were considered in three (3) age groups; young adults (25 to 45) (n=72), working-age (46 to 59) (n=80) and older adults (60 and above) (n=157). RESULTS In the older adult group (60+), 50 people (32%) out of 157 respondents had a mobile or smart phone and 107 (68%) did not; 38 people (24%) out of 157 respondents owned and used a computer and 119 (76%) had never used or owned a computer or tablet CONCLUSIONS Our results show a significantly lower ownership of technology in the elderly than found in other similar studies, which we attribute to the method of collection of the data, and consider to be a true reflection of the ownership in the general population.

scholarly journals The real inequalities

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Bambra ◽  
A Reeves
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Intergenerational Transfers ◽  
Older Population ◽  
The Real ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Working Age ◽  
The Many ◽  
Significant Health

Abstract Background The ‘greedy geezer’ and ‘poor elderly’ narratives both assume that the older population are homogeneous and that the experiences of older people are universal. This ignores the fact that there are significant health inequalities (i) amongst the older population and (ii) in terms of who gets to be ‘old’ (and for how long). Further, the focus on intergenerational inequality is a deliberate distraction from the far more significant health inequalities that exist in terms of gender, geography, ethnicity, socio-economic status etc across the whole population - regardless of age. Methods Health inequalities amongst the older population and inequalities in terms of who gets to be ‘old’ will be examined through health inequalities across the population by gender, geography, ethnicity, socio-economic status etc. Results Given, for example, that total intergenerational transfers incorporating private transfers are from the older to the younger, it is quite possible that if we reduce public intergenerational transfers (working age to older) then all we are doing is increasing inherited inequality. Conclusions Policy focused on ‘intergenerational equity’ and ‘intergenerational accounting’ will often exacerbate inequalities within generations, to the benefit of the wealthiest and the detriment of much of the population. Win-win solutions only emerge if there is a focus on addressing the many and more profound health inequalities that cross-cut generations.

Income Inequality Trends and their Challenges to Redistribution Policies in Japan

2007 ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Tetsuo Fukawa ◽  
Takashi Oshio
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Unique Feature ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Inequality Measures ◽  
Market Income ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Japanese Elderly ◽  
Working Age Population

This article is an overview of income inequality trends during the 1980s and 1990s and a discussion of their challenges to redistribution policies in Japan. The key results are summarized as follows. First, a widening disparity in market income for the working-age population has been driving rising income inequality in society as a whole, while population aging has added to the uptrend. Second, wide income inequality for the aged population reflects high rates of co-residency and labor force participation among the elderly. This unique feature to the Japanese elderly explains the fact that population aging has led to a rise in overall inequality measures. Third, the current scheme of redistribution policies is less effective for reducing income inequality compared to other countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries (OECD), leaving distribution of disposable income relatively uneven in Japan.

scholarly journals Impact of intergenerational transfers on fertility

POPULATION ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-89
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav Babyshev
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Older People ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Intergenerational Transfers ◽  
Substitution Effect ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Economic Reason ◽  
Elderly Parents ◽  
Increased Risk

On the theoretical basis of the "generational economy" the article describes the "model of overlapping generations" and "life cycle model" as the cause of the existence of intergenerational transfers. The classification of approaches to their study is carried out. Based on the exchange model (the concept of childbearing as a long-term investment in future transfers from adult children to elderly parents) and the theory of substitutions (crowding out private transfers by public social systems), the "elderly security hypothesis" is highlighted as a possible socio-economic reason for the demographic transition. Based on the works of A. Cigno, a theoretical review of this theory is made using the concepts of ^substitution effect» and «free rider effect». According to the works of R. Fenge and B. Scheubel, the "income effect" and "price effect" are defined as the key parameters for testing this hypothesis. An overview of the existing scientific and practical works on the topic of research is made, highlighting methods and results on the following examples: Italy after World War II, Germany at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, Brazil in 1991-2000, Hungary in 19502006, 34 OECD countries in the 1990s and the consolidated data for 121 countries at present. The author has carried out his own empirical test of the «hypothesis of elderly security» in the countries of the world on the basis of UN and OECD statistics. Coverage, social security spending, replacement rate, mandatory premium rate, and an increased risk of poverty among older people support the safe aging theory of upward intergenerational transfers from children to parents. But the internal rate of return of pension systems and the average income of older people support the competing hypothesis of top-down intergenerational transfers from parent to child. It is concluded that, with a relatively low standard of living of population, intergenerational transfers go from children to parents, but when a certain level of national welfare is reached, the movement of transfers changes to the opposite direction.

scholarly journals The conception of selected Technology Assessment method and the possibilities of TS application

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 234-242
Author(s):  
Andrzej Wieczorek
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Older People ◽  
Technology Assessment ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
User Centered Design ◽  
Rational Management

Abstract The article addresses the problem of population aging and the related problem of using and maintenance of technical means by the older persons. Such persons, as participants of the exploitation process, experience various problems. Therefore, the challenge is to adapt technical means to the needs of older people. The response of engineers to this challenge may be the technology assessment, which assumes the adoption of various achievements in the field of philosophy, sociology, psychology or other social sciences as tools for their work. The proposal for such a solution is presented in the article and it is an indicator that allows you to draw conclusions about the real needs of older people. The effect of calculations with its use is the Wi characterization in the function of the human age. This characteristic complements the characteristics obtained on the basis of empirical data about the behavior of a technical mean. The article also presents the possibilities of using the discussed indicator. These include: improving the quality of life of users of technical means at various ages through rational management of company resources, improving the quality of life of users through user-centered design, exclusion from exploitation by the elderly technical means/their components based on social technology assessment, analysis and optimization of needs people of different ages, modeling the movement of older people, elimination of social exclusion of older people, improving the quality of life of people of all ages through appropriate knowledge management.

scholarly journals Przyczyny wykluczenia osób starszych z rynku pracy w Polsce

Ekonomia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 111-124
Author(s):  
Anna Niewiadomska
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Older People ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Occupational Activity ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Working Age

The reasons for exclusion of the elderly from the labor market in PolandIn the last decade there has been a positive trend in the increase in occupational activity of the people from the older groups of the working population, but at the same time there emerges the worrying phenomenon of long-term unemployment in this group. The considerations contained in this study refer to older people, represented by those who belong to the older working age groups. Such a choice was dictated by their increasing share in the workforce and in the long-term unemployed group. The purpose of this article is to answer the question concerning the reasons and mechanism of exclusion of the elderly from the labor market. The point of departure of the discussion is an attempt to approximate the notion of exclusion from the labor market, then the analysis of long-term unemployment among unemployed people over 50 years of age. The main part of the article covers the analysis of factors that can be considered as determining the occupational exclusion of older people. The analysis used the results of research conducted among the unemployed over 50 in Poland as well as data of the Central Statistical Office and the Local Data Bank.

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