Urogenital schistosomiasis burden in school-aged children in Tiko, Cameroon: a cross-sectional study on prevalence, intensity, knowledge and risk factors

Abstract Background This study aimed at determining urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS) prevalence, intensity, knowledge and risk factors in school-aged children (SAC) in the new endemic focus of Tiko, Cameroon. Methods A cross-sectional study including 389 SAC of both sexes aged 5–15 years was carried out between April and June 2018. A structured questionnaire was used to collect demographic data, clinical and predisposing factors. Urine sample collected was used to detect Schistosoma haematobium eggs by filtration technique and microhaematuria by Heme dipstick COMBI 11. Logistic regression model was used to determine risk factors of UGS. Results The overall prevalence of UGS was 37.0% (CI 32.4–41.9) and 32.6% (CI 28.2–37.5) were positive by egg excretion while 24.4% (CI 20.4–28.9) by haematuria. S. haematobium egg excretion and haematuria were significantly higher in males (P = 0.016; P = 0.049) and children 12–15 years old (P = 0.009; P = 0.002), respectively. The mean number of eggs per 10 mL of urine was 77.6 (10.2) and ranged from 2 to 400. The proportion of light intensity of infection was higher (67.7%, CI 59.2–75.2) with no significant differences by sex, age and residence. However, the older children were more heavily infected when compared to the younger children, who had more of light infection. Overall, the mean knowledge score 1.42 (CI 1.32–1.51) on a scale of 6, was poor and the proportion of good knowledge of the disease (23.14%, CI 19.2–27.6) was low. Stream water contact (AOR = 4.94; P = 0.001) was the only significant risk factor identified. Conclusion Urogenital schistosomiasis is of public health concern among SAC in Tiko, Cameroon. Most participants have poor knowledge about the disease, hence education on vector-borne diseases and the avoidance of stream water contact should be implemented.

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A cross-sectional study to identify the determinants of non-communicable diseases among fishermen in Southern India

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-10376-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Akhila Doddamani ◽

A. B. Kirthinath Ballala ◽

Sharath P. Madhyastha ◽

Asha Kamath ◽

Muralidhar M. Kulkarni

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Substance Use ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Modifiable Risk Factors ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Non Communicable Diseases ◽

Dietary Practice ◽

The Mean

Abstract Background India is currently facing a rising epidemic of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). Identification of modifiable risk factors is of paramount importance to curb this menace. Fishermen are one of the most vulnerable occupational groups with unique characteristics that make them prone to acquire NCDs, as a significant share of their life is spent at sea. Hence, this study was planned to ascertain the burden of NCDs, determine various risk factors of NCDs, and measure the association between risk factors and NCDs among fishermen of Coastal Karnataka in South India. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 681 fishermen aged 18 years and above as per the semi-structured interview schedule for two years (2017–2019). A convenience sampling strategy was adopted. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS v.15.0. The results were described in terms of proportions and their 95% confidence intervals. Continuous data were summarized using the mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range depending on the skewness of data. Chi-square test was used to study the association between NCDs and modifiable risk factors. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify risk factors of NCDs. Results The mean (SD) age of the population was 42.5 (SD 12.5) years. The mean years involved in fishing was 19.8 years (SD 10.9). More than half (59.5%) of the study participants had severe stress and most (80.3%) were ever substance users. Advancing age, not being able to contact family while at sea, poor dietary practice, ever substance use, increasing waist circumference were significant correlates of NCDs. Conclusions The commonly prevalent risk factors of NCDs among fishermen included poor dietary practice, higher stress levels, substance use, increasing waist circumference, and inability to contact with family while at sea. Hypertension and Diabetes were the two common NCDs in the study population. There is a need for immediate attention in managing NCDs’ risk factors by promoting a healthy lifestyle by primary health care providers through a sustainable community awareness program targeting fishermen at a convenient time and location, either at the sea-port or meeting places. Harmful effects of substance use, healthy dietary practices, and the importance of physical activity outside their job need emphasis. In addition, screening programs should be organized with the help of boat owners and fishing associations at-least once a year to pick up NCDs at an early stage.

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Cross sectional study on the prevalence of polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medications among elderly patients in a tertiary care centre in central Kerala

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20210836 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 1415

Author(s):

Jubina Bency Anthoorathodi ◽

Aqueen Joju ◽

Ann Mereena Reji ◽

Anupama Pallivalappil Asokan ◽

Anzeem Naseem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Clinical Care ◽

Inappropriate Medication ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Health Concern ◽

Potentially Inappropriate Medication ◽

Potentially Inappropriate Medications ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional

Background: Polypharmacy or the concurrent use of multiple medications, is on the rise, especially in the elderly population as they suffer from multiple co-morbidities. Polypharmacy has been reported to increase the risks for inappropriate medication intake. Objectives: The aim was to investigate the prevalence of polypharmacy and usage of potentially inappropriate medication using Beer’s criteria and to find out the various risk factors of polypharmacy in hospitalised elderly.Methods: A cross sectional study was done in patients aged 60 years and above using a pre designed semi structured questionnaire and from their case records to assess the pattern of polypharmacy by different socio-demographic characteristics and also to found out the risk factors of polypharmacy.Results: 50 patients aged 60 and above were involved in our study out of which, 46% were females and 54% were males. Mean age of our study population was 71.5±8.3. Among them, 30 were hypertensive, 27 were diabetic, 9 of them had dyslipidaemia and 8 of them had coronary artery disease Mean number of medication use was 5.1±4.1. Polypharmacy was observed in 42% of the patients. 20% patients received potentially inappropriate drugs from Beer’s list. We also found significant association of polypharmacy with diabetes mellitus and hypertension.Conclusions: The present study has shown polypharmacy and usage of potentially inappropriate medication as an emerging public health concern. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension were found to be risk factors of polypharmacy. Deprescription should be integrated into clinical care and prescribers need to be educated about Beers criteria and encouraged for rational prescription.

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Total Pesticide Exposure Calculation among Vegetable Farmers in Benguet, Philippines

Journal of Environmental and Public Health ◽

10.1155/2009/412054 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 2009 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Jinky Leilanie Lu

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Pesticide Exposure ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Vegetable Farmers ◽

Safety And Health ◽

The Mean ◽

Integrated Program

This was a cross-sectional study that investigated pesticide exposure and its risk factors targeting vegetable farmers selected through cluster sampling. The sampling size calculated with was 211 vegetable farmers and 37 farms. The mean usage of pesticide was 21.35 liters. Risk factors included damaged backpack sprayer (34.7%), spills on hands (31.8%), and spraying against the wind (58%). The top 3 pesticides used were pyrethroid (46.4%), organophosphates (24.2%), and carbamates (21.3%). Those who were exposed to fungicides and insecticides also had higher total pesticide exposure. Furthermore, a farmer who was a pesticide applicator, mixer, loader, and who had not been given instructions through training was at risk of having higher pesticide exposure. The most prevalent symptoms were headache (64.1%), muscle pain (61.1%), cough (45.5%), weakness (42.4%), eye pain (39.9%), chest pain (37.4%), and eye redness (33.8%). The data can be used for the formulation of an integrated program on safety and health in the vegetable industry.

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A Cross-Sectional Study of the Prevalence and Risk Factors of Soil Transmitted Helminthes Infection and Stunting Among School-aged Children in Ibadan

10.1101/2020.01.16.908848 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

A. G. Ibrahim ◽

M.K. Tijani ◽

R. I. Nwuba

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

School Age Children ◽

School Age ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

School Aged Children ◽

And Control

AbstractBackgroundIn developing countries, infections caused by soil-transmitted helminthes (STH), such as Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworm, pose major public health problems among the school-age children, resulting in impaired physical growth such as stunting and thinness, and cognitive development. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of STH infections, stunting and thinness, and risk factors among school-age-children in Ibadan. This becomes highly imperative in order to serve as a guide on the prevention and control.MethodA cross-sectional study was carried out in 8 primary schools at Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria, between May and November 2018. All the school-age-children between the ages 5 and 18 years old (mean 10.4 ± 1.7 years), from primary one to six took part in the study. Demographic data were obtained and STH infections was analysed in single-stool samples by Kato-Katz. Anthropometric parameters were taken to calculate Height for-age Z score (HAZ) and Body-Mass-Index (BMI) for-age Z score (BAZ), in order to determine among school-aged-children stunting and thinness respectively.ResultsIn overall, 458 school-age-children partook in the study. The prevalence of STH was 9.0%, out of which 7.6%, 2.8% and 1.5% were recorded for Ascaris, Trichuris and multiparasitism respectively. The overall prevalence obtained revealed that the results of stunting and thinness (HAZ < -2SD, BAZ < -2SD) were 24.7% and 27.3% respectively based on the WHO Child Growth Standards (2007). Notably, ages of the children (P< 0.01), their classes (P=0.05), different schools (P=0.003), washing of hands after toileting (P = 0.05) were important risk factors determining STH infection, HAZ and BAZ.ConclusionThe study showed that specific risk factors among school children in the studied area will make them vulnerable with high risk of STH infection, HAZ and BAZ. Effective prevention and control strategies can be well planned when risk factors and dynamics of transmission in vulnerable groups have been painstakingly identified.SummaryAscaris, Trichuris and hookworm are responsible for major public health problems among the school-age children (SAC); this has led to stunting and thinness, and impaired cognitive development. With the aim to determine prevalence of STH infections, stunting, thinness and associated risk factors, a cross-sectional study of STH infection in 8 primary schools at Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria was conducted in 2018. School-aged children between the ages of 5 and 18 were enrolled, demographic data, stool samples and anthropometric parameters were obtained in order to determine STH infection and nutritional status. 9.0% was the prevalence of STH, the prevalence of 7.6%, 2.8% and 1.5% were recorded for Ascaris, Trichuris and multiparasitism respectively, while 24.7% and 27.3% were obtained for stunting and thinness respectively. The children’s age, hand washing after toileting and locations of the different schools were significantly correlated with STH infection, HAZ and BAZ. This study is highly imperative because its shows some risk factors associated with STH infection, HAZ and BAZ among SAC, this can serve as a guide on the prevention and control among SAC.

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Prevalence and Associated Factors of Utero-Vaginal Prolapse in AddisAbaba, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-144888/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zelalem Mekuria ◽

Abdu Mengesha ◽

Girma Seyoum

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Home Delivery ◽

Health Concern ◽

Uterovaginal Prolapse ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated

Abstract Background: Uterovaginal prolapse (UVP) is a major women’s health concern throughout the world. Globally, 2-20% of all women are affected by UVP. The mean prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse in developing countries is 19.7%. The prevalence of UVP in Ethiopia is 18.55% among all gynecological operations. UVP is a source of severe morbidity and psychological upheaval to the patient, who is often socially withdrawn and stigmatized. UVP negatively affects socioeconomic and reproductive activity of affected women. It is, therefore, of interest to study its prevalence and factors associated with the condition.Methodology: Institution-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in selected Addis Ababa city governmental hospitals and the medical record charts of women admitted in the respective gynecology wards were reviewed. The medical records included in this study were those from March 2017 to February 2019 G.C. and 400 records of admitted women were randomly selected. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 statistical package. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out to determine factors associated with UVP. A p-value < 0.05 was considered as significant.Result: Out of the3,949 admitted women, the prevalence of UVP was 12.8%. The leading determinants of UVP were menopause (OR = 2.611 (at 95 % CI: 1.531, 3.838), age > 40 years (OR = 2.143 (at 95 % CI:1.496, 6.602), parity of > 4 (OR = 4.201 (at 95 % CI 1.652, 10.685), age at first delivery of < 20 years old (OR = 7.988(2.682, 23.792) and home delivery (OR = 1.380 (at 95 % CI:1.212, 2.572). Conclusion: The prevalence of UVP in this study was relatively high. The major risk factors of UVP were menopause, having > 4 deliveries, age > 40 years, age at first delivery < 20 years old and home delivery. Therefore, the findings of this investigation, especially identification of risk factors of UVP, could serve as a basis for taking steps for preventing or reducing the prevalence of UVP and related complications.

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Microcytic and Malarial Anaemia Prevalence in Urban Children ≤15 Years in the Mount Cameroon Area: A Cross-Sectional Study on Risk Factors

Anemia ◽

10.1155/2021/5712309 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Sharon Odmia Sama ◽

Seraphine Njuontsop Chiamo ◽

Germain Sotoing Taiwe ◽

Gwendolyne Elobe Njume ◽

Irene Ule Ngole Sumbele

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Health Concern ◽

Full Blood Count ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Microcytic Anaemia ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mount Cameroon ◽

Child Age

Background. Anaemia, a common nutritional deficiency, is a public health problem in the Mount Cameroon area. This study determined the prevalence and possible risk factors of microcytic and malarial anaemia in children less than ≤15 years residing in the Buea and Limbe municipalities in the Mount Cameroon area. Methods. A total of 566 children were clinically examined in a cross-sectional study from December 2018 to August 2019 for anaemia and malaria parasites. Blood samples collected were used in evaluating full blood count with the aid of an automated haemoanalyser, and malaria parasite was confirmed by microscopy. Anaemia was defined based on WHO standards while microcytic anaemia and malarial anaemia were defined as microcytosis + anaemia and malaria + anaemia, respectively. Factors that showed significance in the bivariate analysis were entered into a multinomial logistic regression to determine risk factors for microcytic and malarial anaemia. Results. The overall prevalence for anaemia, microcytosis, microcytic anaemia, and malarial anaemia was, respectively, 68.7%, 48.9%, 36.9%, and 19.6% with microcytic anaemia representing 53.7% of all anaemic cases. Risk factors for microcytic anaemia included child age of 1–5 years P = 0.007 , forest ethnicity P = 0.019 , parents being farmers P = 0.038 or jobless P = 0.009 , and having moderate malaria parasitaemia P = 0.048 while those for malarial anaemia were child age of 6–10 years P = 0.008 , parents’ age of 26–35 years P = 0.049 , parents being jobless P = 0.023 , and consuming plantains 3-4 times P = 0.024 a week. Conclusion. Microcytic anaemia is getting to be a severe public health concern while malarial anaemia is a mild public health issue in children residing in urban areas of Mount Cameroon. Parents’ occupation was directly linked to all anaemia forms; hence, any intervention to curb anaemia should consider aspects that will raise the socioeconomic status of the population.

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Prevalence of syphilis in people living with HIV/AIDS: A Hospital based Cross-Sectional Study

Journal of Health and Allied Sciences ◽

10.37107/jhas.153 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 42-45

Author(s):

Suresh Jaiswal ◽

Laxman Banstola ◽

Manisha Shrestha ◽

Srijana Sapkota ◽

Sujan Sharma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Transmitted Disease ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Public Hospitals ◽

Health Concern ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Syphilis Infection ◽

Cross Sectional

Introduction: Syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease is one of the oldest diseases caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, has been a major public health concern worldwide. The aim is to find out the prevalence of syphilis and its risk factors among people with HIV at Western Regional hospital in Nepal. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at one of the largest public hospitals in Western Region of Nepal. A consecutive 90 HIV-positive patients were recruited prospectively from December 2016 to February 2017. Blood samples and data on sociodemographic and risk factors were collected. Serum were diagnosed for syphilis using Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) test. Results: The prevalence of syphilis infection was 12.2% in HIV positive participants. Syphilis occurred exclusively in male 7 comparatively 4 in female. Seropositivity of syphilis was seen higher in married than unmarried HIV infected individuals. Syphilis prevalence seems to increase with increasing age, with the highest rate in the age group 35–50 years. A decreasing rate of syphilis was observed with increasing educational level, where illiterate HIV-positive participants had higher infection compared with those having at least a certificate. Conclusion: Higher prevalence of syphilis in people with HIV infection demands the need to target this people to prevent the transmission of both infections. Testing for all HIV-infected people for syphilis and management of the infected would have clinical and epidemiological importance.

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Heart Failure and Asymptomatic Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction in Lymphoma Survivors Treated With Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation: A National Cross-Sectional Study

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2015.60.8125 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 33 (24) ◽

pp. 2683-2691 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Klaus Murbraech ◽

Knut B. Smeland ◽

Harald Holte ◽

Jon Håvard Loge ◽

May Brit Lund ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction ◽

Systolic Dysfunction ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Mean ◽

Lymphoma Survivors

Purpose We aimed to determine the prevalence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD), including symptomatic (ie, heart failure [HF]) and asymptomatic LVSD in adult lymphoma survivors (LSs) after autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (auto-HCT) and to identify risk factors for LVSD in this population. Patients and Methods All LSs treated with auto-HCT as adults in Norway from 1987 to 2008 were eligible for this national cross-sectional study. Asymptomatic LVSD was defined as left ventricular ejection fraction less than 50% by echocardiography, and HF was defined according to current recommendations. The results in LSs were compared with those found in an age- and sex-matched (1:1) control group. Results We examined 274 LSs (69% of all eligible survivors); 62% were men, the mean (± standard deviation) age was 56 ± 12 years, and mean follow-up time from lymphoma diagnosis was 13 ± 6 years. The mean cumulative doxorubicin dose was 316 ± 111 mg/m2, and 35% of LSs had received additional radiation therapy involving the heart. We found LVSD in 15.7% of the LSs, of whom 5.1% were asymptomatic. HF patients were symptomatically mildly affected, with 8.8% of all LSs classified as New York Heart Association class II, whereas more severe HF was rare (1.8%). Compared with controls, LSs had a substantially increased LVSD risk (odds ratio, 6.6; 95% CI, 2.5 to 17.6; P < .001). A doxorubicin dose ≥ 300 mg/m2 and cardiac radiation therapy dose greater than 30 Gy were independent risk factors for LVSD. Conclusion LVSD was frequent and HF more prevalent than previously reported in LSs after auto-HCT. Our results may help to identify LSs at increased LVSD risk and can serve as a basis for targeted surveillance strategies.

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Gender Differences Related to Spirituality, Coping Skills and Risk Factors of Suicide Attempt: A Cross-Sectional Study of French Adolescent Inpatients

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2021.537383 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Bojan Mirkovic ◽

Vincent Belloncle ◽

Hugues Pellerin ◽

Jean-Marc Guilé ◽

Priscille Gérardin

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Gender Differences ◽

Coping Skills ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Health Concern ◽

Individual Risk ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Axis I

Background: Suicide attempts in adolescence represent a major public health concern, since these behaviors are associated with psychosocial burden and an increased risk of suicide. This cross-sectional study aimed to explore possible gender differences related to protective and risk factors in adolescents who have attempted suicide.Methods: Participants were French adolescents hospitalized for attempt suicide in five French pediatric departments. The participants were evaluated on 12 instruments measuring individual risk and protective factors.Results: Our sample included 320 adolescents aged 13–17 years (M = 14.43, SD = 1.29), of whom 82% were female and 35% were repeat attempters. Boys had greater difficulties at school and used more lethal means such as strangulation. We failed to find any differences between the two groups as regards the main Axis I psychiatric diagnoses. Boys tend to use more non-productive coping skills such as tension reduction or wishful thinking and girls use more reference to other strategies such as seeking social support. Although spirituality scores were low overall sample, they were significantly higher among girls.Conclusions: In the end, we find little difference between the two groups in terms of risk factors. However, we have shown gender differences in spirituality and some coping strategies. These results should be taken into consideration when designing suicide prevention programs.

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Status of Anaemia and Malaria Co-infection With HIV From HAART Clinics in Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study

Microbiology Insights ◽

10.1177/1178636120947680 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

pp. 117863612094768

Author(s):

Nneoma Confidence JeanStephanie Anyanwu ◽

David Jesutobi Oluwatimileyin ◽

Peace Temitope Sunmonu

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Enzyme Immunoassay ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cd4 Count ◽

Blood Type ◽

Health Concern ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Hiv Patients ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Critical Public Health

Background: Malaria and HIV are 2 significant infections of critical public health concern globally. Malaria infection is one of the preceding causes of morbidity and mortality in endemic developing countries, and its co-infections in HIV patients worsen prognosis; with anaemia being the most common haematologic outcome of the infections. Context and Purpose of Study: This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of anaemia and malaria co-infection among HIV-infected patients attending selected hospitals in Abuja between February and July 2019. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out to detect malaria in 420 HIV-positive patients who were 12 to 67 years old, using enzyme immunoassay and microscopy. A structured questionnaire was used to capture socio-demographic and risk factors ([Frequency of] Use of Malaria preventive Measures, History of anaemia, Blood type, malaria antecedents, and CD4+ Count) while packed cell volume was checked using micro haematocrit reader to determine anaemia status. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS v25. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 37.5 (±12.48). A total of 142 (33.8%) samples were positive for malaria, and 68 of the HIV-infected patients (16.2%) were anaemic; 4.8% of the 420 patients had malaria co-infection and anaemia simultaneously. More male participants had malaria co-infection (36.0%, P = .617) while more female participants had anaemia (22.7%, P = .058). Patients aged 61 to 70 years had the highest rates of malaria and those aged 51 to 60 years were most anaemic. Except for patients with normal CD4+ count, those who were more exposed to the evaluated risk factors were more co-infected and anaemic. Malaria co-infection did not significantly affect the onset of anaemia. Test for the validity of Microscopy against Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) showed 83.1% sensitivity and 98.6% specificity. No association was observed between the variables and the parasitaemia density of the patients. Conclusions: This study highlighted higher rates of malaria co-infection and anaemia among HIV patients when compared with previous reports in the region although co-infection did not significantly affect anaemia status. Given this trend, strategies must be put in place to checkmate these ailments. Population studies are also advocated.

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