Screening of factors that influence the preparation of Dialium guineense pods active carbon for use in methylene blue adsorption: a full factorial experimental design

Abstract Background The use of active carbons derived from waste biomass as adsorbents in the remediation of wastewater remains a valuable and cost-effective technology when compared to the use of commercial active carbon for the same purpose. This research aims at using a 2-level full factorial design (FFD) to efficiently evaluate factors that influence the preparation of active carbon from the waste pods of the Dialium guineense seeds. The influence of three preparation factors (concentration of the activating agent, activation time, and type of activating agent) on the active carbon yield and its adsorption capacity for methylene blue were investigated. Based on the full factorial design, two regression models were developed to correlate the factors to the two responses. From an analysis of variance (ANOVA), the most significant factors influencing each response were identified. The active carbon preparation conditions were then optimized by maximizing both the active carbon yield and its adsorption capacity for Methylene Blue. The functional group and surface morphology of the active carbon prepared under the predicted optimum conditions was analyzed via Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) respectively. Results The results of this study revealed that the concentration of the activating agent had the most significant effect on the yield of the active carbon produced as well as on its adsorption capacity for methylene blue. The optimum preparation process conditions were found to be: concentration of activating agent 5M, activation time 30 min and activating agent, NaOH which resulted in an active carbon yield of 21.25%, and an adsorption capacity of 9.33509 mg MB per gram of active carbon. SEM and FTIR showed evidence of successful activation. Conclusion The preparation of Dialium guineense seed pods' active carbon is strongly influenced by concentration and type of activating agent used. Reliable statistical models based on the FFD proved to be useful in identifying factors that significantly influence the preparation of Dialium guineense seed pods' active carbon. The active carbon holds great potential for application in the elimination of hazardous synthetic dyes from wastewater and should be explored further.

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Green Tea Waste as an Efficient Adsorbent for Methylene Blue: Structuring of a Novel Adsorbent Using Full Factorial Design

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26206138 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (20) ◽

pp. 6138

Author(s):

Marwa El-Azazy ◽

Ahmed S. El-Shafie ◽

Bayan Al-Shaikh Al-Shaikh Yousef

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Factorial Design ◽

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Green Tea ◽

Full Factorial Design ◽

Bet Analysis ◽

Tea Waste ◽

Full Factorial ◽

Mb Adsorption ◽

Thermally Treated

Adsorptive removal of methylene blue (MB) from contaminated water samples was achieved using green tea waste (GTW). Adsorption of MB onto raw (RGTW) and thermally treated waste (TTGTW250–TTGTW500) was explored. The performance of the tested adsorbents was assessed in terms of percentage removal of MB (%R) and adsorption capacity (qe, mg/g). A full factorial design (FFD) was employed to optimize the adsorption of MB onto both RGTW and TTGTW500. Four factors were studied: pH, adsorbent dose (AD), dye concentration (DC), and contact time (CT). Value for %R of 96.58% and 98.07% were obtained using RGTW and TTGTW500, respectively. FT-IR and Raman analyses were used to study the surfaces of the prepared adsorbents, and the IR spectrum showed the existence of a variety of functionalities on the surfaces of both the RGTW and thermally treated samples. BET analysis showed the presence of mesopores and macropores in the case of RGTW and micropores in the case of thermally processed adsorbents. Equilibrium studies indicated that the Freundlich isotherm best described the adsorption of MB onto both adsorbents. The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) was found to be 68.28 and 69.01 mg/g for RGTW and TTGTW500, respectively, implying the superior capacity of TTGTW500 in removing MB. Adsorption of MB was found to proceed via chemisorption (RGTW) and physisorption (TTGTW500), as indicated by the Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm. A pseudo-second order (PSO) model best demonstrated the kinetics of the MB adsorption onto both adsorbents.

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Eco-friendly complementary biosorption process of methylene blue using micro-sized dried biosorbents of two macro-algal species (Ulva fasciata and Sargassum dentifolium): Full factorial design, equilibrium, and kinetic studies

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules ◽

10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.207 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 134 ◽

pp. 330-343 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Reda M. Moghazy ◽

A. Labena ◽

Sh. Husien

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Factorial Design ◽

Algal Species ◽

Kinetic Studies ◽

Full Factorial Design ◽

Ulva Fasciata ◽

Biosorption Process ◽

Full Factorial

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Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions using a solid residue of the apple juice industry: Full factorial design, equilibrium, thermodynamics and kinetics aspects

Journal of Molecular Structure ◽

10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129296 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1224 ◽

pp. 129296 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

L.R. Bonetto ◽

J.S. Crespo ◽

R. Guégan ◽

V.I. Esteves ◽

M. Giovanela

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Aqueous Solutions ◽

Factorial Design ◽

Apple Juice ◽

Full Factorial Design ◽

Solid Residue ◽

Equilibrium Thermodynamics ◽

Thermodynamics And Kinetics ◽

Full Factorial

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Research on the Absorption Characteristics of Activated Carbon Prepared by Biomass

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.354-355.707 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 354-355 ◽

pp. 707-710

Author(s):

Jiang Wu ◽

Qian Yan Liu ◽

Shuai Qi Meng ◽

Jie He Chen ◽

Ping He ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Flue Gas ◽

Penetration Rate ◽

Activation Time ◽

Adsorption Experiment ◽

Activation Temperature ◽

Activating Agent ◽

Absorption Characteristics

The biomass carbons were studied with ZnCl2 as activating agent, methylene blue as index and its Hg adsorption experiment was conducted. The adsorption of soybean stem activated carbon for methylene blue was 149.84μg/g, and its adsorption capacity to Hg in flue gas in 4 hours was 14.57μg and penetration rate was 5.30% at the conditions of 600°C activation temperature, 90 min activation time and ZnCl2 concentration 50%, and the mechanism was analyzed.

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Application of full factorial design for methylene blue dye removal using heat-activated persulfate oxidation

Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers ◽

10.1016/j.jtice.2014.06.015 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 45 (5) ◽

pp. 2597-2604 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Salman Alizadeh Kordkandi ◽

Mojtaba Forouzesh

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Factorial Design ◽

Dye Removal ◽

Full Factorial Design ◽

Blue Dye ◽

Methylene Blue Dye ◽

Persulfate Oxidation ◽

Full Factorial ◽

Activated Persulfate

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Application of 32 Full Factorial Design and Desirability Function for Optimizing The Manufacturing Process for Directly Compressible Multi-Functional Co-Processed Excipient

Current Drug Delivery ◽

10.2174/1567201817666200508094743 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (6) ◽

pp. 523-539

Author(s):

Jalpa Patel ◽

Dhaval Mori

Keyword(s):

Factorial Design ◽

Spray Drying ◽

Desirability Function ◽

Full Factorial Design ◽

Angle Of Repose ◽

P Value ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Full Factorial ◽

32 Full Factorial Design ◽

Response Variables

Background: Developing a new excipient and obtaining its market approval is an expensive, time-consuming and complex process. Compared to that, the co-processing of already approved excipients has emerged as a more attractive option for bringing better characteristic excipients to the market. The application of the Design of Experiments (DoE) approach for developing co-processed excipient can make the entire process cost-effective and rapid. Objective: The aim of the present investigation was to demonstrate the applicability of the DoE approach, especially 32 full factorial design, to develop a multi-functional co-processed excipient for the direct compression of model drug - cefixime trihydrate using spray drying technique. Methods: The preliminary studies proved the significant effect of atomization pressure (X1) and polymer ratio (microcrystalline cellulose: mannitol - X2) on critical product characteristics, so they were selected as independent variables. The angle of repose, Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio, tensile strength and Kuno’s constant were selected as response variables. Result: The statistical analysis proved a significant effect of both independent variables on all response variables with a significant p-value < 0.05. The desirability function available in Design Expert 11® software was used to prepare and select the optimized batch. The prepared co-processed excipient had better compressibility than individual excipients and their physical mixture and was able to accommodate more than 40 percent drug without compromising the flow property and compressibility. Conclusion: The present investigation successfully proved the applicability of 32 full factorial design as an effective tool for optimizing the spray drying process to prepare a multi-functional co-processed excipient.

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Formulation of Extended-Release Beads of Lamotrigine Based on Alginate and Cassia fistula Seed Gum by QbD Approach

Current Drug Delivery ◽

10.2174/1567201817666200317124022 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (5) ◽

pp. 422-437

Author(s):

Dixita Jain ◽

Akshay Sodani ◽

Swapnanil Ray ◽

Pranab Ghosh ◽

Gouranga Nandi

Keyword(s):

Drug Release ◽

Factorial Design ◽

Extended Release ◽

Polymer Concentration ◽

Green Manufacturing ◽

Full Factorial Design ◽

Cassia Fistula ◽

Negative Environmental Impact ◽

Seed Gum ◽

Full Factorial

Aim: This study was focused on the formulation of the multi-unit extended-release peroral delivery device of lamotrigine for better management of epilepsy. Background: The single-unit extended-release peroral preparations often suffer from all-or-none effect. A significant number of multi-unit delivery systems have been reported as a solution to this problem. But most of them are found to be composed of synthetic, semi-synthetic or their combination having physiological toxicity as well as negative environmental impact. Therefore, fabrication and formulation of multi-unit extended-release peroral preparations with natural, non-toxic, biodegradable polymers employing green manufacturing processes are being appreciated worldwide. Objective: Lamotrigine-loaded extended-release multi-unit beads have been fabricated with the incorporation of a natural polysaccharide Cassia fistula seed gum in calcium-cross-linked alginate matrix employing a simple green process and 23 full factorial design. Methods: The total polymer concentration, polymer ratio and [CaCl2] were considered as independent formulation variables with two different levels of each for the experiment-design. The extended-release beads were then prepared by the ionotropic gelation method using calcium chloride as the crosslinkerions provider. The beads were then evaluated for drug encapsulation efficiency and drug release. ANOVA of all the dependent variables such as DEE, cumulative % drug release at 2h, 5h, 12h, rate constant and dissolution similarity factor (f2) was done by 23 full factorial design using Design-Expert software along with numerical optimization of the independent variables in order to meet USP-reference release profile. Results: The optimized batch showed excellent outcomes with DEE of 84.7 ± 2.7 (%), CPR2h of 8.41± 2.96 (%), CPR5h of 36.8± 4.7 (%), CPR12h of 87.3 ± 3.64 (%) and f2 of 65.9. Conclusion: This approach of the development of multi-unit oral devices utilizing natural polysaccharides might be inspiring towards the world-wide effort for green manufacturing of sustained-release drug products by the QbD route.

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