Long-term scopolamine treatment altered locomotor, exploratory and anxiety-like behaviours of albino rats

Abstract Background Animal models are used to provide an adequate investigation of brain-behaviour, physiological and path physiological relationships to give insight into human behaviour and the underlying processes of drugs affecting the nervous system. Scopolamine; SCO (alkaloid l-(2)-scopolamine [l-(2)-hyoscine]) has a competitive inhibitory effect on muscarinic receptors for acetylcholine. Thus, this study was designated to investigate the effect of long-term SCO treatment on locomotor, exploratory and anxiety-like behaviours of rats using open field test. Results The long-term SCO treatment induced a prominent increase in locomotion (hyperactivity) and exploratory behaviour of rats. In addition, anxiety-like behavioural patterns showed a non-significant difference in SCO treated compared to control. Serotonin level was significantly decreased in the scopolamine treated group in comparison with the control group. Conclusions Data suggested that long-term SCO treatment resulted in marked neurobehavioural alterations in a rat as an animal model.

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Tramadol Induced Adrenal Insufficiency: Histological, Immunohistochemical, Ultrastructural, and Biochemical Genetic Experimental Study

Journal of Toxicology ◽

10.1155/2017/9815853 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Shereen Abdelhakim Abdelaleem ◽

Osama A. Hassan ◽

Rasha F. Ahmed ◽

Nagwa M. Zenhom ◽

Rehab A. Rifaai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adrenal Insufficiency ◽

Thioredoxin Reductase ◽

Serum Cortisol ◽

Treated Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Narcotic Drug ◽

Biochemical Genetic ◽

Withdrawal Effects

Tramadol is a synthetic, centrally acting analgesic. It is the most consumed narcotic drug that is prescribed in the world. Tramadol abuse has dramatically increased in Egypt. Long term use of tramadol can induce endocrinopathy. So, the aim of this study was to analyze the adrenal insufficiency induced by long term use of tramadol in experimental animals and also to assess its withdrawal effects through histopathological and biochemical genetic study. Forty male albino rats were used in this study. The rats were divided into 4 groups (control group, tramadol-treated group, and withdrawal groups). Tramadol was given to albino rats at a dose of 80 mg/kg body weight for 3 months and after withdrawal periods (7–15 days) rats were sacrificed. Long term use of tramadol induced severe histopathological changes in adrenal glands. Tramadol decreased the levels of serum cortisol and DHEAS hormones. In addition, it increased the level of adrenal MDA and decreased the genetic expression of glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase in adrenal gland tissues. All these changes started to return to normal after withdrawal of tramadol. Thus, it was confirmed that long term use of tramadol can induce severe adrenal insufficiency.

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Endolymphatic irradiation in preparation for renal transplantation: a 26-year's follow-up

Sao Paulo Medical Journal ◽

10.1590/s1516-31801998000300004 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 116 (3) ◽

pp. 1710-1714 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Maria Margarida Galvão ◽

Zulma Fernandes Peixinho ◽

Nelson Figueiredo Mendes ◽

Luiz Estevão Ianhez ◽

Emil Sabbaga

Keyword(s):

Specific Activity ◽

Graft Loss ◽

Treated Group ◽

University Hospital ◽

Control Group ◽

Kidney Graft ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to analyze the long-term evolution of patients submitted to endolymphatic irradiation as a pre-transplant preparation. SETTING: Referral center of university hospital. DESIGN: Case-control study. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: The study was designed to evaluate the incidence of rejection, kidney loss, leukopenia, infection, and graft survival in the group treated (group 1) prior to surgery, compared to a control group (group 2) composed of patients under identical clinical conditions (sex, age, type of donor, immunosuppressive therapy and time of transplant) that did not undergo treatment preparation. PATIENTS: Patients were selected from amongst transplantation candidates on a long-term waiting list, some with a high level of antibodies against panel. The control group was chosen from amongst recently transplanted patients. Patients in the treated group received lipoiodine containing 131I with specific activity ranging between 4 and 6 mCu/ml. RESULTS: A significant difference between the two groups was found with regard to the incidence of rejection crises (21.0% in group 1 and 73.6% in group 2; P= 0.003), and the maintenance dose of azathioprine (smaller in group 1; P< 0.01). As to kidney graft loss due to rejection, a tendency to significance could be identified (10.5% in group 1 and 42.1% in group 2; P= 0.063); however, the difference was not significant between the two groups in terms of reversibility of rejection episodes during the first 60 post-transplant days. CONCLUSIONS: The authors concluded that this method, besides being relatively innocuous (there was no compromising of either the thyroid gland or of gonad function and there was no increase in tumor incidence), has an extended immunosuppressive effect, and can be indicated for cadaveric renal allograft recipients, especially those showing high panel reactivity.

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Doxorubicin induced histomorphometric changes in testes of albino rat

Nepal Journal of Biotechnology ◽

10.3126/njb.v3i1.14223 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 10-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Surendra Kumar Sah ◽

Saroj Khatiwada ◽

Deepak Chaudhary ◽

Chandra Bhushan Jha ◽

Soumya Bhattacharya

Keyword(s):

Seminiferous Tubules ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Testis Weight ◽

Short Term ◽

Albino Rat ◽

Left Testis ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Experimental Group

Anticancer drugs like doxorubicin have been found to affect male gonads thereby leading to infertility. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of doxorubicin over short, mid and long term on testes of male albino rats. Sixty male albino rats aged 6-8 weeks were taken for study. The rats were randomly divided into 3 groups of experimental (each group containing 10 rats) and 3 groups of control (each group containing 10 rats). The experimental groups were given a single dose of doxorubicin i.e. 10 mg/kg body weight intra-peritoneally and sacrificed after 3 different duration for each group (second week, eighth week and sixteenth week). All rats under 3 control groups were given a single intra-peritoneal dose of 2.5 ml/kg body weight normal saline and sacrificed with their respective experimental groups. Significant difference in diameters (p=0.029) and cross-sectional area (p=0.028) of seminiferous tubules was observed between short term experimental and short term control rats. For both between midterm experimental and midterm control group, and between long term experimental and long term control group, a significant difference in right testis weight (p<0.001 for both), left testis weight (p<0.001 for both), volume of testis (p<0.001 and p=0.038), diameter (p<0.001 for both) and area (p<0.001 for both) of seminiferous tubules was observed. As compared to short term experimental group, midterm experimental group and long term experimental group had significantly lower right testis weight (p<0.001 for both), left testis weight (p<0.001 for both), diameter of seminiferous tubule (p<0.001 for both) and cross-sectional area of seminiferous tubule (p<0.001 both). Cross-sections of the seminiferous tubules of all the control groups had normal architecture. However, there was progressive destruction of seminiferous tubules structure across the experimental groups. Doxorubicin has deleterious effect on seminiferous tubules of albino rat testis.Nepal Journal of Biotechnology. Dec. 2015 Vol. 3, No. 1: 10-14

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Does GH replacement therapy in adult GH-deficient patients result in recurrence or increase in size of pituitary tumours?

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje.0.1460807 ◽

2002 ◽

pp. 807-811 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

AG Hatrick ◽

P Boghalo ◽

JB Bingham ◽

AB Ayres ◽

PH Sonksen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Average Length ◽

Pituitary Tumour ◽

Treated Group ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Pituitary Tumours ◽

Gh Treatment ◽

Gh Replacement ◽

Significant Difference

OBJECTIVE: Hypopituitary GH-deficient patients have an increased cardiovascular mortality and GH replacement in this population has resulted in considerable therapeutic benefit. GH replacement involves administration of a potentially mitogenic substance to patients with a previous or residual pituitary tumour. Our objective was to evaluate whether GH replacement results in an increase in the size of pituitary tumours. METHODS: This was a non-randomised observational study on patients recruited from the endocrine clinic. All subjects had GH deficiency, proven on an insulin tolerance test and were divided into those who were or were not receiving long-term GH replacement. Comparison of change in pituitary size was made with interval radiological imaging of the pituitary. RESULTS: Seventy-five patients (40 men and 35 women) were in the study, 47 were on long-term GH replacement and there were 28 controls. The average length of treatment for the treated group was 3.6 patient years. Thirty-nine patients in the treated group had at least 2 years of GH treatment between imaging studies of the pituitary. Two patients in the treated group had an increase in pituitary size (non-functioning adenomas) and two in the control group (one functioning and one non-functioning adenoma adenoma). None of these four patients required further treatment. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Using a representative cohort of hypopituitary patients attending an endocrine clinic, GH replacement was not associated with an increased pituitary tumour recurrence rate. Although the results are not conclusive, in the period of observation GH had little adverse effect but longer studies are required to be certain.

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EFFECT OF PRENATAL ADMINISTRATION OF THERAPEUTIC DOSE OF TOPIRAMATE ON PLACENTAE ALBINO RATS' FETUSES

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i3.16208 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 54 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eman Y. Salah El-din ◽

Amel R. Omar

Keyword(s):

Caspase 3 ◽

Periodic Acid ◽

Treated Group ◽

Placental Weight ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Pregnant Rats ◽

Predictive Parameters ◽

Epileptic Patients

Objective: Topiramate is an antiepileptic drug (AED) used for the treatment of partial seizure in adult and children epileptic patients. It passed through the placenta causing a birth defect. However, little literature focused on placental alteration due to the administration of topiramate during pregnancy. So, applying different predictive parameters; placental weight, histopathological (Haematoxylin and Eosin), histochemical (periodic acid Schiff’s) and immunohistochemistry (Caspase-3).Methods: Topiramate was orally administrated to the pregnant rats with dose 100 mg/kg rats from 5th to 19th day of gestation. The dam’s undergone hysterectomy and the placentae were weighted and stained by Haematoxylin and Eosin, periodic acid Schiff’s and Caspase-3. Results: The study indicated that there is statistically significant (P<0.05) increase in the treated placental weight (0.4717±0.03788) compared with control group (0.5208±0.02930). Also, the light microscopic examination of the placental specimens using Haematoxylin and Eosin staining revealed that an alteration in both basal and labyrinth zone. Apoptotic feature in spongiotrophoblast and trophoblasts is detected. Positive Periodic acid Schiff’s reaction for polysaccharides in the topiramate-treated group. Caspase-3 is showing apoptotic cells in the trophoblast layer.Conclusion: Long-term daily use of topiramate during pregnancy can lead to obvious pathological histotoxic effects in layers of placenta tissues which may be implicated in cognitive affection. Various effects of topiramate necessitate further investigations.

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Memory-enhancing effects of goat milk in D-galactose-induced aging rat model

Biomedical Research and Therapy ◽

10.15419/bmrat.v7i1.583 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 3563-3571

Author(s):

Afifa Safdar ◽

Khairunnuur Fairuz Azman ◽

Rahimah Zakaria ◽

Che Badariah Ab Aziz ◽

Usman Rashid

Keyword(s):

Spatial Memory ◽

Rat Model ◽

Memory Performance ◽

Goat Milk ◽

Treated Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Short Term ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Aging Rat

Introduction: Aging is a physiological process accompanied by cognitive decline, particularly in memory deterioration. D-galactose is a reducing monosaccharide which, if systemically exposed, causes accelerated senescence in several organs and is widely being used as an ideal agent to induce brain aging in animal models. Goat milk is a food of high nutritional value which has been demonstrated to possess strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, thus far, little is known of its possible effects on the brain, especially on memory during aging. The present study examined the efficiency of goat milk supplementation on memory performance in a D-galactose induced aging rat model. Methods: Fifty-two male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: 1) control group, 2) goat milk treated group, 3) D-galactose treated group, and 4) goat milk plus D-galactose treated group. D-galactose (120 mg/kg subcutaneously) and/or goat milk (1 g/kg orally) were administered continuously for six weeks, preceded and followed by novel object recognition and T-maze tests. Results: Prior to goat milk and D-galactose administration, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in memory performance among all groups. Six weeks of D-galactose administration significantly decreased (p<0.001) short-term, long-term and spatial memory performance. Goat milk supplementation in the D-galactose induced rats managed to protect against memory decline, as exhibited by significantly higher (p<0.0001) short-term, long-term and spatial memory performance of the D-galactose plus goat milk treated group, compared to the D-galactose treated group. Conclusion: In conclusion, goat milk possesses memoryenhancing effects and, hence. may be useful in protecting against age-related memory deficits.

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Histopathological comparison of the salivary glands’ acini and striated ducts after experimental prolonged daily administration of oral ubiquinone doses in rats

Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences ◽

10.2478/cipms-2021-0034 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Ali Ghanim Abdullah ◽

Ban Ismael Sedeeq ◽

Marwan Saad Azzubaidi

Keyword(s):

Salivary Glands ◽

Prolonged Exposure ◽

Oral Treatment ◽

Underlying Mechanism ◽

Treated Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Excessive Salivation ◽

The Difference

Abstract Also called coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), Ubiquinone is a vitamin-like endogenously produced factor essential for Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) mitochondrial production. Several research studies have reported that the exogenous supplementation of CoQ10 can lead to excessive salivation, especially in patients complaining of dry mouth. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term daily use of CoQ10 on the salivary glands in experimental animals by comparing the diameters of the glandular acini and striated ducts of a CoQ10-treated group and a control group. Twenty-five white albino rats were randomly divided into two groups; the control group consisted of 10 rats, while the CoQ10-treated group comprised 15 rats. The latter received daily oral treatment of 300 mg/kg CoQ10 for six weeks. Samples of the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands were then dissected and examined histologically for comparative measurement of the diameters of the glands’ acini and striated ducts. The CoQ10 treated group had mean diameters of the serous acini for the parotid (79.8±11.2 μm) and submandibular (81.07±13.5 μm) glands that were significantly higher (P<0.05) than their diameters in the control group (67.5±8.4 μm and 73.3±13.8 μm), respectively. However, the difference was not statistically significant when comparing the diameters of striated ducts of the CoQ10-treated group and the control group. Continuous and prolonged exposure to exogenous ubiquinone may cause hypertrophic dilation of the acini within the salivary glands, namely the parotid and submandibular glands, which might be the underlying mechanism for excessive salivation. This can be considered a reversible adaptive response.

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Protective Effects of Quercetin on Oxidative Stress-Induced Tubular Epithelial Damage in the Experimental Rat Hyperoxaluria Model

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina57060566 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (6) ◽

pp. 566

Author(s):

Ahmet Guzel ◽

Sedat Yunusoglu ◽

Mustafa Calapoglu ◽

Ibrahim Aydın Candan ◽

Ibrahim Onaran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

P38 Mapk ◽

Stone Formation ◽

Water Solution ◽

Treated Group ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Calcium Stones ◽

Significant Difference

Background and Objectives: The most common kidney stones are calcium stones and calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones are the most common type of calcium stones. Hyperoxaluria is an essential risk factor for the formation of these stones. Quercetin is a polyphenol with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and many other physiological effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of quercetin in hyperoxaluria-induced nephrolithiasis. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar-Albino rats weighing 250–300 g (n = 24) were randomized into three groups: Control (n = 8), ethylene glycol (EG) (n = 8), and EG + quercetin (n = 8). One percent EG-water solution was given to all rats except for the control group as drinking water for five weeks. Quercetin-water solution was given to the EG + quercetin group by oral gavage at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day. Malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), urea, calcium, and oxalate levels were analyzed in blood and urine samples. Histopathological assessments and immunohistochemical analyses for oxidative stress and inflammation indicators p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) were performed on renal tissues. Results: The MDA levels were significantly lower in the quercetin-treated group than in the EG-treated group (p = 0.001). Although CAT levels were higher in the quercetin-treated group than the EG-administered group, they were not significantly different between these groups. The expression of p38 MAPK was significantly less in the quercetin-treated group than the EG group (p < 0.004). There was no statistically significant difference between the quercetin and EG groups in terms of NF-kB expression. Conclusions: We conclude that hyperoxaluria activated the signaling pathways, which facilitate the oxidative processes leading to oxalate stone formation in the kidneys. Our findings indicated that quercetin reduced damage due to hyperoxaluria. These results imply that quercetin can be considered a therapeutic agent for decreasing oxalate stone formation, especially in patients with recurrent stones due to hyperoxaluria.

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Effects of oestradiol benzoate (OeB) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) on the testes and accessory sex glands of the rat

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0960273 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 96 (2) ◽

pp. 273-280 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mridula Chowdhury ◽

Robert Tcholakian ◽

Emil Steinberger

Keyword(s):

Treated Group ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Male Rats ◽

Plasma Testosterone ◽

Control Group ◽

Intact Male ◽

Intact Control ◽

Testosterone Levels ◽

Oestradiol Benzoate ◽

Direct Inhibitory Effect

Abstract. It has been suggested that treatment of intact male rats with oestradiol benzoate (OeB) causes an interference with testosterone (T) production by the testes by a direct inhibitory effect on steroidogenesis. To test this hypothesis, different doses (5, 10 or 25 IU) of hCG were administered concomitantly with 50 μg of OeB to adult intact or hypophysectomized male rats. The testicular and plasma testosterone, and serum hCG levels were determined. The sex accessory weights were recorded. In the intact OeB-treated group of animals, hCG stimulated both the secondary sex organs and plasma testosterone levels above the intact control group. However, in hypophysectomized animals, although plasma testosterone levels increased above that of intact controls, their secondary sex organ weights did not. Moreover, inspite of high circulating hCG levels, the testicular testosterone content and concentration remained suppressed in OeB-treated animals. The reason for such dichotomy of hCG action on OeB-treated animals is not clear at present.

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The Antioxidant Effect of Curcumin and Rutin on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Experimentally Induced Periodontitis in Hyperglycemic Wistar Rats

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26051332 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 1332

Author(s):

Gilda M. Iova ◽

Horia Calniceanu ◽

Adelina Popa ◽

Camelia A. Szuhanek ◽

Olivia Marcu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Gingival Tissue ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Impact ◽

Experimentally Induced

Background: There is a growing interest in the correlation between antioxidants and periodontal disease. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of oxidative stress and the impact of two antioxidants, curcumin and rutin, respectively, in the etiopathology of experimentally induced periodontitis in diabetic rats. Methods: Fifty Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into five groups and were induced with diabetes mellitus and periodontitis: (1) (CONTROL)—control group, (2) (DPP)—experimentally induced diabetes mellitus and periodontitis, (3) (DPC)—experimentally induced diabetes mellitus and periodontitis treated with curcumin (C), (4) (DPR)—experimentally induced diabetes mellitus and periodontitis treated with rutin (R) and (5) (DPCR)—experimentally induced diabetes mellitus and periodontitis treated with C and R. We evaluated malondialdehyde (MDA) as a biomarker of oxidative stress and reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), GSH/GSSG and catalase (CAT) as biomarkers of the antioxidant capacity in blood harvested from the animals we tested. The MDA levels and CAT activities were also evaluated in the gingival tissue. Results: The control group effect was statistically significantly different from any other groups, regardless of whether or not the treatment was applied. There was also a significant difference between the untreated group and the three treatment groups for variables MDA, GSH, GSSG, GSH/GSSG and CAT. There was no significant difference in the mean effect for the MDA, GSH, GSSG, GSH/GSSG and CAT variables in the treated groups of rats with curcumin, rutin and the combination of curcumin and rutin. Conclusions: The oral administration of curcumin and rutin, single or combined, could reduce the oxidative stress and enhance the antioxidant status in hyperglycemic periodontitis rats.

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