scholarly journals Blossom-end rot: a century-old problem in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and other vegetables

2022 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasin Topcu ◽  
Savithri U. Nambeesan ◽  
Esther van der Knaap
Keyword(s):  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Genetic Dissection ◽  
Tomato Genome ◽  
Physiological Disorder ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Blossom End Rot ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Whole Genome Resequencing ◽  
Molecular Bases

AbstractBlossom-end rot (BER) is a devastating physiological disorder affecting vegetable production worldwide. Extensive research into the physiological aspects of the disorder has demonstrated that the underlying causes of BER are associated with perturbed calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis and irregular watering conditions in predominantly cultivated accessions. Further, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are critical players in BER development which, combined with unbalanced Ca2+ concentrations, greatly affect the severity of the disorder. The availability of a high-quality reference tomato genome as well as the whole genome resequencing of many accessions has recently permitted the genetic dissection of BER in segregating populations derived from crosses between cultivated tomato accessions. This has led to the identification of five loci contributing to BER from several studies. The eventual cloning of the genes contributing to BER would result in a deeper understanding of the molecular bases of the disorder. This will undoubtedly create crop improvement strategies for tomato as well as many other vegetables that suffer from BER.

scholarly journals Genome-wide identification and analyses of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) high-affinity nitrate transporter 2 (NRT2) family genes and their responses to drought and salinity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. AYDIN AKBUDAK ◽  
Ertugrul Filiz ◽  
Durmus Cetin
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Major Facilitator Superfamily ◽  
Nitrate Transporter ◽  
Tomato Genome ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Major Facilitator ◽  
Systematic Identification

High-affinity nitrate transporter 2 (NRT2) proteins have vital roles in nitrate (NO3-) uptake and translocation in plants. The gene families coding NRT2 proteins have been identified and functionally characterized in many plant species. However, no systematic identification of NRT2 family members have been reported in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). There is also little known about their expression profiles under environmental stresses. Accordingly, the present study aimed to identify NRT2 gene family in the tomato genome; then, investigate them in detail through bioinformatics, physiological and expression analyses. As a result, four novel NRT2 genes were identified in the tomato genome, all of which contain the same domain belonging to the Major Facilitator Superfamily (PF07690). The co-expression network of SlNRT genes revealed that they were co-expressed with several other genes in many different molecular pathways including transport, photosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism and amino acid catabolism. Programming many crucial physiological and metabolic pathways, various numbers of phosphorylation sites were predicted in the NRT2 proteins.

scholarly journals Concomitant phytonutrient and transcriptome analysis of mature fruit and leaf tissues of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Oregon Spring) grown using organic and conventional fertilizer

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M Sharpe ◽  
Luke Gustafson ◽  
Seanna Hewitt ◽  
Benjamin Kilian ◽  
James Crabb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Tomato Genome ◽  
Mature Fruit ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Leaf Tissues

ABSTRACTEnhanced levels of antioxidants, phenolic compounds, carotenoids and vitamin C have been reported for several crops grown under organic fertilizer, albeit with yield penalties. As organic agricultural practices continue to grow and find favor it is critical to gain an understanding of the molecular underpinnings of the factors that limit the yields in organically farmed crops. Concomitant phytochemical and transcriptomic analysis was performed on mature fruit and leaf tissues derived from Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Oregon Spring’ grown under organic and conventional fertilizer conditions to evaluate the following hypotheses. 1. Organic soil fertilizer management results in greater allocation of photosynthetically derived resources to the synthesis of secondary metabolites than to plant growth, and 2. Genes involved in changes in the accumulation of phytonutrients under organic fertilizer regime will exhibit differential expression, and that the growth under different fertilizer treatments will elicit a differential response from the tomato genome. Both these hypotheses were supported, suggesting an adjustment of the metabolic and genomic activity of the plant in response to different fertilizers. Organic fertilizer treatment showed an activation of photoinhibitory processes through differential activation of nitrogen transport and assimilation genes resulting in higher accumulation of phytonutrients. This information can be used to identify alleles for breeding crops that allow for efficient utilization of organic inputs.Significance statementOrganic fertilizer changes the expression of the tomato genome, induces photosynthetic stress which elicits higher production of secondary metabolites.

Calcium nutrition of the tomato as influenced by total salts and ammonium nutrition

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (52) ◽  
pp. 562 ◽  
Author(s):  
RE Barke ◽  
RC Menary
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Physiological Disorder ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Blossom End Rot ◽  
Whole Plants

Calcium deficiency in tomatoes was induced by adding ammonia nitrogen to the rooting medium. Ammonia was found to inhibit the absorption of calcium by the plant. When total soil nutrient concentration was varied, but the ratio of calcium to other ions held constant, blossom-end rot incidence was inversely related to the calcium level in fruits but was not necessarily associated with low calcium levels in leaves or whole plants. In the presence of high total salts, the incidence of the disorder could not be explained by a reduction in calcium content of whole plants and factors affecting distribution of the calcium within the plant were involved. The physiological disorder pith rot is described and evidence presented suggesting it is caused by a deficiency of calcium. Ammonia increased the incidence of the disorder but was not essential for its occurrence. In field trials on a red loam soil, ammonium sulphate reduced the pH values from 6.0 to 4.7, which prevented nitrification and induced pith rot and blossom-end rot through an accumulation of ammonia nitrogen. Calcium foliar sprays were able to offset yield reductions that were induced by moderate fertilizing with ammonium sulphate even where blossom-end rot did not occur. High total plant calcium was associated with reduced fruit yields.

scholarly journals Advances in Genomic Interventions for Wheat Biofortification: A Review

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinesh Kumar Saini ◽  
Pooja Devi ◽  
Prashant Kaushik
Keyword(s):  
Qtl Mapping ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
Hidden Hunger ◽  
Modern Wheat ◽  
Breeding Efficiency ◽  
Molecular Bases

Wheat is an essential constituent of cereal-based diets, and one of the most significant sources of calories. However, modern wheat varieties are low in proteins and minerals. Biofortification is a method for increasing the availability of essential elements in the edible portions of crops through agronomic or genetic and genomic interventions. Wheat biofortification, as a research topic, has become increasingly prevalent. Recent accomplishments in genomic biofortification could potentially be helpful for the development of biofortified wheat grains, as a sustainable solution to the issue of “hidden hunger”. Genomic interventions mainly include quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, marker-assisted selection (MAS), and genomic selection (GS). Developments in the identification of QTL and in the understanding of the physiological and molecular bases of the QTLs controlling the biofortification traits in wheat have revealed new horizons for the improvement of modern wheat varieties. Markers linked with the QTLs of desirable traits can be identified through QTL mapping, which can be employed for MAS. Besides MAS, a powerful tool, GS, also has great potential for crop improvement. We have compiled information from QTL mapping studies on wheat, carried out for the identification of the QTLs associated with biofortification traits, and have discussed the present status of MAS and different prospects of GS for wheat biofortification. Accelerated mapping studies, as well as MAS and GS schemes, are expected to improve wheat breeding efficiency further.

scholarly journals Frontiers in Dissecting and Managing Brassica Diseases: From Reference-Based RGA Candidate Identification to Building Pan-RGAomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 8964
Author(s):  
Yueqi Zhang ◽  
William Thomas ◽  
Philipp E. Bayer ◽  
David Edwards ◽  
Jacqueline Batley
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Qtl Mapping ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Structural Variations ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Brassica Genome ◽  
Whole Genome Resequencing ◽  
Genome Assemblies ◽  
Candidate Identification

The Brassica genus contains abundant economically important vegetable and oilseed crops, which are under threat of diseases caused by fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens. Resistance gene analogues (RGAs) are associated with quantitative and qualitative disease resistance and the identification of candidate RGAs associated with disease resistance is crucial for understanding the mechanism and management of diseases through breeding. The availability of Brassica genome assemblies has greatly facilitated reference-based quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping for disease resistance. In addition, pangenomes, which characterise both core and variable genes, have been constructed for B. rapa, B. oleracea and B. napus. Genome-wide characterisation of RGAs using conserved domains and motifs in reference genomes and pangenomes reveals their clustered arrangements and presence of structural variations. Here, we comprehensively review RGA identification in important Brassica genome and pangenome assemblies. Comparison of the RGAs in QTL between resistant and susceptible individuals allows for efficient identification of candidate disease resistance genes. However, the reference-based QTL mapping and RGA candidate identification approach is restricted by the under-represented RGA diversity characterised in the limited number of Brassica assemblies. The species-wide repertoire of RGAs make up the pan-resistance gene analogue genome (pan-RGAome). Building a pan-RGAome, through either whole genome resequencing or resistance gene enrichment sequencing, would effectively capture RGA diversity, greatly expanding breeding resources that can be utilised for crop improvement.

scholarly journals Fruit shape regulates susceptibility of tomato to blossom-end rot

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e42487
Author(s):  
Lucas Baiochi Riboldi ◽  
Sabrina Helena da Cruz Araújo ◽  
Sérgio Tonetto de Freitas ◽  
Paulo Roberto Camargo Castro
Keyword(s):  
Dry Mass ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
High Susceptibility ◽  
Physiological Disorder ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Leaf Transpiration ◽  
Plant Water Potential ◽  
Blossom End Rot ◽  
Plant Dry Mass

Calcium (Ca2+) is a nutrient in tomato plants, of which deficiency usually causes several problems including a physiological disorder known as blossom-end rot (BER) in the fruit. The objective of this study was to evaluate and identify morphological and physiological characteristics related to the susceptibility of tomato varieties to BER. The varieties studied were ‘Amalia’, ‘IPA-6’, ‘M-82’, ‘Mara’, and ‘Nagcarlan’, presenting different fruit formats. Physiological parameters that negatively correlated with BER were plant water potential, leaf area, plant dry mass, relationship between proximal/distal Ca2+, K+ content in the proximal and distal portions of the fruit, and proximal Ca2+ content. Physiological parameters that positively correlated with BER were number of trichomes in the abaxial and adaxial leaf portions, leaf stomatal conductance, distal Ca2+ content bound to the cell wall, leaf transpiration, and fruit length. Our results showed that ‘Mara’ and ‘Nagcarlan’, ‘Amalia’ and ‘IPA-6’, and ‘M-82’ presented low, medium, and high susceptibility to BER, respectively. We also found that total fruit Ca2+ concentration, particularly in the distal fruit tissue, was not the only factor responsible for the development of BER; rather, the balance between factors that increase and decrease the susceptibility of each variety affected development of this disorder.

Incidence of blossom-end rot in elongated tomato fruit

Botany ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (10) ◽  
pp. 663-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Baiochi Riboldi ◽  
Sabrina Helena da Cruz Araújo ◽  
Sérgio Tonetto de Freitas ◽  
Paulo Roberto de Camargo e Castro
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Physiological Disorder ◽  
Fruit Tissue ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
Blossom End Rot ◽  
Distal Cell

Blossom-end rot (BER) is a physiological disorder that can affect 100% of the fruit crop depending on the genotype. Tomato varieties with elongated fruit usually have a greater susceptibility to BER than other varieties. To evaluate and identify the possible physiological and morphological characteristics related to the onset of BER development, four varieties of long-shape tomato fruit with different susceptibility to BER: ‘San Marzano,’ ‘Banana Legs,’ ‘Roma,’ and ‘Mini-Roma’ were examined. Our results show that ‘San Marzano’ and ‘Banana Legs’ (elongated fruit) had a higher incidence of BER and lower Ca2+ concentration in the distal fruit tissue. ‘San Marzano’ (the most elongated fruit) presented higher electrolyte leakage in the distal fruit tissue. By comparison, ‘Roma’ and ‘Mini-Roma’ (less elongated fruit) were less susceptible to BER and had a higher ratio for proximal/distal fruit Ca2+ and a lower distal cell-wall bound content of Ca2+. Additionally, xylem functionality (vessels transporting water and solutes) in the distal fruit tissue was also higher in these more-tolerant varieties. These results support the theory that total fruit content of Ca2+ is not the only factor determining fruit susceptibility to BER, but rather a balance between physiological and morphological factors that influence Ca2+ transport and allocation in the fruit.

scholarly journals Enhancing the Scope of Vegetable Cultivar Evaluation in Florida

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 560-561
Author(s):  
Donald N. Maynard
Keyword(s):  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Professional Staff ◽  
The State ◽  
University Faculty ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
New Faculty ◽  
New Crops ◽  
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station ◽  
Faculty Input ◽  
Agricultural Experiment

Vegetable cultivar evaluations are conducted seasonally by research and extension faculty at several locations throughout the state of Florida. Results are summarized and published in a Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Circular, Vegetable Variety Evaluation in Florida and used as a basis for extension recommendations published in Vegetable Production Guide for Florida, an industry-sponsored publication. The selection of vegetables to be evaluated depends on local needs and the evaluator's interest. Until recently, this has provided fairly good coverage of the principle vegetables grown in the state. However, the future of this program as currently structured may be in doubt because of changes in assignments of current faculty, new faculty with assignments and interests that differ from their predecessors, and reduced administrative recognition for cultivar evaluation. It is likely that county extension faculty and professional staff will have a greater role in cultivar evaluation as university faculty input is reduced. Increasing the scope of vegetable cultivar evaluation by university faculty to include adaptation of new crops and specialty vegetables adds a new dimension to traditional trials. Some of these vegetables have not benefitted from selection or breeding so there is opportunity for crop improvement as a further extension of vegetable cultivar evaluation.

scholarly journals Temporal Relationship between Calcium and Fruit Growth and Development in Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 906-913
Author(s):  
Andrés Mayorga-Gómez ◽  
Savithri U. Nambeesan ◽  
Timothy Coolong ◽  
Juan Carlos Díaz-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Placental Tissue ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Bell Peppers ◽  
Blossom End Rot

Bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) are ranked eighth in value for vegetable production in the United States (USDA-NASS, 2019). Due to the high value of bell peppers, disorders such as blossom-end rot (BER) can cause significant losses in yield by up to 35% for growers. BER is the symptom of a calcium (Ca2+) deficiency that may occur during periods of cell expansion when the supply of Ca2+ may be lower than demand. In this study, we determined the temporal patterns of the fruit Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]) and accumulation in three separate studies under field and greenhouse conditions. In the three experiments, [Ca2+] during fruit development showed varied patterns: it remained constant, decreased transiently during the cell expansion phase, or displayed a more gradual sustained decrease. However, in the three experiments, fruit Ca2+ accumulation increased during development as fruit size increased. In two experiments, the distal part of the fruit had lower [Ca2+] than the proximal end. However, there was no correlation between [Ca2+] in various fruit sections with BER incidence. Seeds and placental tissue had increased [Ca2+] and several other macro- and micronutrients; this spatial distribution of Ca2+ coupled with subcellular Ca2+ distribution should be explored in future studies. The temporal pattern of Ca2+ accumulation in this study suggests that fruit Ca2+ uptake continues throughout fruit development. Therefore, Ca2+ application during bloom and early fruit development may prevent or minimize Ca2+ deficiency disorders in bell pepper.

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