scholarly journals SAT-634 The Effect of Continine Verified Smoking on the Development of Diabetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inha Jung ◽  
Mi Ae Cho ◽  
Eun-Jung Rhee ◽  
Hyemi Kwon ◽  
Cheol-Young Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Screening Program ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Current Smoker ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Urinary Cotinine ◽  
Potential Association ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background: Cigarette smoking is a major public health problem and the leading cause of death. We aimed to analyze the effects of cotinine verified smoking on the development of diabetes mellitus. Methods: Among individuals enrolled in the Kangbuk Samsung Health Study and Kangbuk Samsung Cohort Study, a total of 17,626 men (mean age 37.9 years) who underwent a health screening program in 2011 and 2017 were enrolled. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters, including urinary cotinine level were measured. The odds ratios (OR) for the presence of diabetes were analyzed in three groups according to their self-reported smoking status (Never smoker; Quitter and Current smoker) and cumulative amount of smoking. Individuals with urinary cotinine levels>50 ng/mL were defined as cotinine-verified current smokers. Results: Among the total participants without diabetes at baseline, 605 (3.4%) participants had diabetes after 6 years. The risk for diabetes was lower in nonsmokers than in current smokers and quittters after adjusting for confounding factors (OR 0.71; 95% confidence interval (CI)0.56-0.89) with current smokers as the reference group. The risks of diabetes were gradually increased with amount of smoking in both quitters and current smokers. When the participants were analyzed in subgroups according to the urinary cotinine levels, those with high urinary cotinine levels >500ng/mL showed the higher risk for the development of diabetes (OR 1.57; 95% CI 1.27 – 1.93). Conclusions: This study showed that cotinine-verified smoking was associated with the development of diabetes. Furthermore, there was a potential association between smoking amounts and the development of diabetes regardless of smoking cessation. We also found that those with high urinary cotinine levels showed an increased risk for diabetes compared with participants with low urinary cotinine levels.

scholarly journals Impact of Coffee/Green Tea/Soft Drink Consumption on the Risk of Hyperuricemia: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7299
Author(s):  
Joong Seob Lee ◽  
Tae Jun Kim ◽  
Sung Kwang Hong ◽  
Chanyang Min ◽  
Dae Myoung Yoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Tea ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Soft Drink ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Soft Drink Consumption ◽  
Increased Risk

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between hyperuricemia and the frequency of coffee, tea, and soft drink consumption, based on data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) (2004–2016). We used the KoGES health examinee data, obtained from urban residents aged ≥ 40 years. Information on the participants’ medical history, nutrition (total calorie, protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake), frequency of alcohol consumption, smoking status, household income, and frequency of coffee/green tea/soft drink intake was collected. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the data. Subgroup analyses were performed according to the participant’s age and sex. Among 173,209 participants, there were 11,750 and 156,002 individuals with hyperuricemia and non-hyperuricemia controls, respectively. In an adjusted model, frequent coffee and green tea consumption did not increase the risk of hyperuricemia, compared to the “no intake” reference group. However, an adjusted odds ratio of hyperuricemia was 1.23 (95% confidence interval, 1.11–1.35, p < 0.001) for participants who reported consuming soft drinks ≥ 3 times per day, compared to the respective “no drink” reference group. Even after adjusting for nutritional and sociodemographic factors, frequent soft drink intake was associated with an increased risk of hyperuricemia. Meanwhile, neither coffee nor green tea intake was associated with an increased risk of hyperuricemia.

scholarly journals Self-reported and cotinine-verified smoking and increased risk of incident hearing loss

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Woncheol Lee ◽  
Yoosoo Chang ◽  
Hocheol Shin ◽  
Seungho Ryu
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Status ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Urinary Cotinine ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
Never Smokers ◽  
Time Varying Covariates ◽  
New Onset

AbstractWe examined the associations of smoking status and urinary cotinine levels, an objective measure of smoking, with the development of new-onset HL. This cohort study was performed in 293,991 Korean adults free of HL who underwent a comprehensive screening examination and were followed for up to 8.8 years. HL was defined as a pure-tone average of thresholds at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 kHz ≥ 25 dB in both ears. During a median follow-up of 4.9 years, 2286 participants developed new-onset bilateral HL. Self-reported smoking status was associated with an increased risk of new-onset bilateral HL. Multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for incident HL comparing former smokers and current smokers to never-smokers were 1.14 (1.004–1.30) and 1.40 (1.21–1.61), respectively. Number of cigarettes, pack-years, and urinary cotinine levels were consistently associated with incident HL. These associations were similarly observed when introducing changes in smoking status, urinary cotinine, and other confounders during follow-up as time-varying covariates. In this large cohort of young and middle-aged men and women, smoking status based on both self-report and urinary cotinine level were independently associated with an increased incidence of bilateral HL. Our findings indicate smoking is an independent risk factor for HL.

scholarly journals Internet Addiction Among Male Adolescents in Indonesia: A Qualitative Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 155798832110294
Author(s):  
Windy Rakhmawati ◽  
Cecep Eli Kosasih ◽  
Restuning Widiasih ◽  
Suryani Suryani ◽  
Hidayat Arifin
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Internet Addiction ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Psychosocial Effects ◽  
Male Adolescents ◽  
Increased Risk

Internet has become an important part of the daily life of adolescents. Easy access to internet and its social appeal among adolescent males render them at an increased risk of internet addiction and the associated adverse physical and psychosocial effects. We conducted a qualitative study using a phenomenological approach. A purposive sample of nine male adolescents was recruited in West Java, Indonesia. Semistructured interviews were conducted until data saturation was achieved. Data were subjected to thematic analysis. We identified four main themes from the experiences of adolescents with internet addition: reasons for internet addiction, unmet social need without the internet, effects of internet addiction, and self-control over internet usage. Internet addiction among male adolescents is a major public health problem that should be addressed. The findings of this study may be useful for health professionals and families to help male adolescents manage their internet addiction.

scholarly journals Cervical cancer in Iquitos, Peru: local realities to guide prevention planning

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Medical Systems ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening Program ◽  
Cancer Experience

Cervical cancer is a major public health problem in Latin America, and in much of the underdeveloped world. This issue has not historically been addressed as a health priority, but in recent years is receiving increased attention and funding. This ethnographic study on the experience of cervical cancer was conducted in Iquitos, Peru, between August 1998 and May 1999. Research methodologies included: (1) observation and household interviews to obtain background knowledge about the region, medical systems, and local cultural understanding of illness; (2) cancer experience interviews; and (3) case studies of women in various stages of cervical cancer or diagnosis. Findings are presented related to local knowledge and experience of Pap smears and cervical cancer and the ineffectiveness of a recently initiated cervical cancer screening program. The findings guide recommendations for interventions in the region in relation to: (1) needed changes in health education, (2) screening frequency and age, (3) sites for screening and treatment, (4) type and availability of treatment, (5) payment issues, (6) documentation of care, and (7) the potential of herbal remedies.

scholarly journals Role of Oxidative Stress as a Marker of Cardiovascular Risk in Children on Regular Hemodialysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 416-421
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abrar ◽  
Mazhar Nadeem ◽  
Sunila Fatima
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Dialysis Session ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Regular Hemodialysis

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem worldwide, and its main consequences include loss of renal function leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), significant increase in morbidity and mortality, and a decrease in health-related quality of life. Aims and Objectives: The basic aim of the study is to analyze the oxidative stress and total antioxidant capacity as a biomarker of cardiovascular risk in those children who are on regular hemodialysis. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at DHQ hospital, Faisalabad during July 2020 to January 2021. The data were collected from the age of less than 18 years children of both sexes. There were 50 children who was selected for this study. At the time of the study, all the patients were on regular three HD sessions per week. In HD patients, venous blood samples were drawn immediately before and after hemodialysis session. Baseline laboratory investigations were carried out for all patients and controls including complete blood count, serum urea and creatinine, arterial pH, arterial blood gases and infection screening, which included blood and urinary cultures by standard methods.  Results: The data were collected from 50 dialysis patients. The mean age of this study is 15years. We collected all the demographic data of patients. The mean value of Urea is 64.34±2.44 mg/dl). At before-dialysis session, duration of disease positively correlated with TPX (r = 0.969, P <0.001), but, negatively correlated with TAC (r = −0.469, P <0.002). At after-dialysis session, HIF-1α negatively correlated with each of TPX (r = −0.529, P <0.001) and OSI (r = −0.459, P <0.003); while, OSI positively correlated with TPX (r = 0.944, P <0.001). Conclusion: It is concluded that HD patients, the clinical and prognostic significance of oxidative status associated with cardiovascular risk factors is very different from the general population. Although a direct causality cannot be inferred from such kind of correlative investigations.

scholarly journals Sero-epidemiology and risk factors of syphilis in Makassar, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
Maryam Kusumawaty ◽  
Khairuddin Djawad ◽  
Muh Nasrum Massi ◽  
Andi Muhammad Adam ◽  
Siswanto Wahab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sexual Relationships ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Introduction. Syphilis is an infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum spirochete and is mainly transmitted by sexual contact. Syphilis has the potential to cause serious complications and is closely related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection thus making syphilis still a major public health problem. In Indonesia, surveys of high-risk populations in 2007 and 2011 reported an increase in the prevalence of syphilis, especially in men who have sexual relationships with other men (MSM). Moreover, studies have described risk factors for HIV transmission including MSM, heterosexual contacts, Intravenous (IV) drug use, and infected partners. Objectives. To assess the epidemiological aspects and risk factors for syphilis in Makassar, as well as the correlation with a coinfection of other sexually transmitted infections. Material and Methods. This study is a multi-centre cross-sectional descriptive study with consecutive sampling. We evaluated cases for eligibility by confirming the diagnosis based on the serological result using rapid plasma reagin assay (RPR), Treponema pallidum haemagglutination (TPHA), and HIV screening kit. The cases were analyzed based on epidemiological features, risk factors and clinical findings, co-infection with other sexually transmitted infection (ST), and stadium of the disease. Results. A total of 79 serologically confirmed syphilis cases were collected between January 2017 and December 2018 in Makassar, the capital city of South Sulawesi province in Indonesia. Of the 63 male subjects (79.7%), 38 (48.1%) were homosexual/MSM, and in 41 cases of HIV-infected subjects, 25 (60.9%) of them were also MSM. Conclusion. Our study showed there was a significant correlation between syphilis and an increased risk of HIV transmission in MSM groups. The higher number of cases of syphilis and HIV co-infection among MSM can increase transmission of both infections and should be considered a major risk factor for syphilis in Makassar.

Abstract MP26: Sleep duration and risk of stroke mortality among Chinese adults in Singapore: the Singapore Chinese Health Study

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
An Pan ◽  
Jian-Min Yuan ◽  
Woon-Puay Koh
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Stroke Mortality ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
Short Sleep Duration ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Long Sleep ◽  
Singapore Chinese

Introduction: Short or long sleep hours are associated with adverse health outcomes, including diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease (CHD) and total mortality. However, the prospective relation between sleep duration and stroke risk is less studied, particularly in Asians. Thus, we assessed the hypothesis that short (≤5 hours) and long (≥9 hours) sleep durations were related to increased risk of stroke mortality among Chinese adults residing in Singapore. Methods: The Singapore Chinese Health Study is a population-based cohort that recruited 63,257 Chinese adults aged 45-74 years during 1993 and 1998. Sleep duration was assessed at baseline and categorized to five groups: ≤5, 6, 7, 8 or ≥9 hours. Death information was identified via registry linkage up to December 31, 2011, with ICD-9 codes 430-438 for all stroke deaths, 430-432 for hemorrhagic, and 433-438 for ischaemic or non-specified stroke deaths. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with adjustment for socio-demographic, lifestyle and comorbidities. Results: We documented 1,381 total stroke deaths (322 hemorrhagic and 1,059 ischaemic or non-specified strokes) during 926,752 person-years of follow-up. Compared to the reference group of sleeping for 7 hours, the multivariate-adjusted HR (95% confidence interval) for total stroke mortality was 1.25 (1.05-1.50) for ≤5 hours, 1.01 (0.87-1.18) for 6 hours, 1.09 (0.95-1.26) for 8 hours, and 1.54 (1.28-1.85) for ≥9 hours. The increased risk was also observed for ischaemic or non-specified stroke deaths with short (1.37; 1.12-1.68) and long (1.68; 1.36-2.06) sleep durations, but not for hemorrhagic stroke deaths (0.92 [0.62-1.36] and 1.14 [0.76-1.72], respectively). We observed significant interaction with baseline hypertension (P-interaction=0.04): positive association was found for short (1.54; 1.16-2.03) and long (1.95; 1.48-2.57) sleep durations among individuals with baseline hypertension, but not among those without baseline hypertension (1.07 [0.85-1.36] and 1.27 [0.98-1.63], respectively). Furthermore, in participants without baseline CHD/stroke, short and long sleep durations were related to an increased risk (HR 1.30 [1.07-1.57] and 1.43 [1.16-1.76], respectively); while in CHD/stroke patients, only long sleep duration was associated with an increased risk (2.34; 1.53-3.57), but not the short sleep duration (0.96; 0.57-1.62). Conclusions: In this large cohort study of Chinese adults, both short and long sleep durations were significantly associated with increased risks of stroke mortality. The associations were significant and stronger in hypertensive participants, but not in those without hypertension. Further studies are needed to confirm the interaction with hypertension and explore the mechanisms linking sleep quantity and stroke mortality.

Abstract P196: Bidirectional Association Between Hypertension and Gout: The Singapore Chinese Health Study

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 131 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
An Pan ◽  
Gim Gee Teng ◽  
Jian-Min Yuan ◽  
Woon-Puay Koh
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Status ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Bidirectional Association ◽  
Singapore Chinese ◽  
Incident Cases

Introduction: Although it has been hypothesized that the hypertension-gout relation is bidirectional, few studies have addressed this hypothesis in a prospective setting, particularly in the Asian populations. Methods: We analyzed data from the Singapore Chinese Health Study (SCHS), a cohort of 63,257 Chinese aged 45-74 years at recruitment from 1993-98. The information about self reports of physician-diagnosed hypertension and gout was enquired at follow-ups I (1999-2004) and II (2006-2010). We included participants with complete data for both follow-ups and who were free of heart disease, stroke and cancer at follow-up I. For the analysis of hypertension and risk of incident gout, participants with prevalent gout were further excluded and the final analysis included 31,694 participants. For the analysis of gout and risk of incident hypertension, participants with prevalent hypertension were further excluded and the final analysis included 20,490 participants. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate multivariable-adjusted relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with adjustment for age, sex, years of interview, dialect group, education, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity, body mass index (BMI) and history of diabetes. Results: The mean age of the participants at baseline was 60.1 (SD 7.3) years, and the average follow-up year was 6.8 (SD 1.4) years. In the analysis of hypertension and risk of gout, 836 incident cases were identified. Compared to normotensive participants, hypertensive patients had a 93% increased risk of developing gout (RR 1.93; 95% CI 1.66-2.24). The association was slightly stronger in women (RR 2.09; 95% CI 1.69-2.58) compared to men (RR 1.72; 95% CI 1.39-2.14; P for interaction=0.056). The association was also stronger in normal weight adults (BMI <24 kg/m2; RR 2.25; 95% CI 1.82-2.77) compared to overweight/obese individuals (BMI ≥24 kg/m2; RR 1.66; 95% CI 1.34-2.04; P for interaction=0.03). In the parallel analysis of gout and risk of hypertension, 5491 participants reported to have newly diagnosed hypertension during the follow-up. Compared to participants without gout, those with gout had a 17% increased risk of developing hypertension (RR 1.17; 95% CI 1.01-1.35). The association was evident in men (RR 1.29; 95% CI 1.07-1.55) but not in women (RR 0.94; 95% CI 0.73-1.20; P for interaction=0.03). The association was present in normal weight adults (RR 1.34; 95% CI 1.09-1.64) but not among overweight/obese individuals (RR 0.99; 95% CI 0.80-1.23; P for interaction=0.03). Conclusions: Our results provide compelling evidence that the hypertension-gout association is bidirectional in Chinese population. The potential interactions of the bidirectional association with sex and obesity deserve further investigations.

scholarly journals The evolution of antibiotic resistance in a structured host population

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (143) ◽  
pp. 20180040 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Blanquart ◽  
Sonja Lehtinen ◽  
Marc Lipsitch ◽  
Christophe Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Transmission Rates ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Resistant Strains

The evolution of antibiotic resistance in opportunistic pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae , Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus is a major public health problem, as infection with resistant strains leads to prolonged hospital stay and increased risk of death. Here, we develop a new model of the evolution of antibiotic resistance in a commensal bacterial population adapting to a heterogeneous host population composed of untreated and treated hosts, and structured in different host classes with different antibiotic use. Examples of host classes include age groups and geographic locations. Explicitly modelling the antibiotic treatment reveals that the emergence of a resistant strain is favoured by more frequent but shorter antibiotic courses, and by higher transmission rates. In addition, in a structured host population, localized transmission in host classes promotes both local adaptation of the bacterial population and the global maintenance of coexistence between sensitive and resistant strains. When transmission rates are heterogeneous across host classes, resistant strains evolve more readily in core groups of transmission. These findings have implications for the better management of antibiotic resistance: reducing the rate at which individuals receive antibiotics is more effective to reduce resistance than reducing the duration of treatment. Reducing the rate of treatment in a targeted class of the host population allows greater reduction in resistance, but determining which class to target is difficult in practice.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Determinants of Falls among Older Adults in Ecuador: An Analysis of the SABE I Survey

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos H. Orces
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Andes Mountains ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Falls ◽  
Nationally Representative

The present study based on a nationally representative sample of older adults living in the Andes mountains and coastal region of the country indicates that 34.7% of older adults had fallen in the previous year in Ecuador. Among fallers, 30.6% reported a fall-related injury. The prevalence of falls was higher in women and among older adults residing in the rural Andes mountains. In the multivariate model, women, subjects with cognitive impairment, those reporting urinary incontinence, and those being physically active during the previous year were variables found independently associated with increased risk of falling among older adults in Ecuador. Moreover, a gradual and linear increase in the prevalence of falls was seen as the number of risk factors increased. Falls represent a major public health problem among older adults in Ecuador. The present findings may assist public health authorities to implement programs of awareness and fall prevention among older adults at higher risk of falls.

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