scholarly journals Guidelines for reporting methods to estimate metabolic rates by aquatic intermittent-flow respirometry

2021 ◽  
Vol 224 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun S. Killen ◽  
Emil A. F. Christensen ◽  
Daphne Cortese ◽  
Libor Závorka ◽  
Tommy Norin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Intermittent Flow ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Aquatic Animals ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Data ◽  
Replication Of Experiments ◽  
The Ideal

ABSTRACT Interest in the measurement of metabolic rates is growing rapidly, because of the importance of metabolism in advancing our understanding of organismal physiology, behaviour, evolution and responses to environmental change. The study of metabolism in aquatic animals is undergoing an especially pronounced expansion, with more researchers utilising intermittent-flow respirometry as a research tool than ever before. Aquatic respirometry measures the rate of oxygen uptake as a proxy for metabolic rate, and the intermittent-flow technique has numerous strengths for use with aquatic animals, allowing metabolic rate to be repeatedly estimated on individual animals over several hours or days and during exposure to various conditions or stimuli. There are, however, no published guidelines for the reporting of methodological details when using this method. Here, we provide the first guidelines for reporting intermittent-flow respirometry methods, in the form of a checklist of criteria that we consider to be the minimum required for the interpretation, evaluation and replication of experiments using intermittent-flow respirometry. Furthermore, using a survey of the existing literature, we show that there has been incomplete and inconsistent reporting of methods for intermittent-flow respirometry over the past few decades. Use of the provided checklist of required criteria by researchers when publishing their work should increase consistency of the reporting of methods for studies that use intermittent-flow respirometry. With the steep increase in studies using intermittent-flow respirometry, now is the ideal time to standardise reporting of methods, so that – in the future – data can be properly assessed by other scientists and conservationists.

scholarly journals Guidelines for reporting methods to estimate metabolic rates by aquatic intermittent-flow respirometry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun Killen ◽  
Emil Christensen ◽  
Daphne Cortese ◽  
Libor Zavorka ◽  
Lucy Cotgrove ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Research Tool ◽  
Intermittent Flow ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Steep Increase ◽  
Research Technique ◽  
Replication Of Experiments ◽  
The Ideal

Interest in the measurement of metabolic rates is growing rapidly, due to the relevance of metabolism in understanding organismal physiology, behaviour, evolution, and responses to environmental change. The study of metabolism in aquatic organisms is experiencing an especially pronounced expansion, with more researchers utilizing intermittent-closed respirometry as a research tool than ever before. Despite this, there remain no published guidelines on the reporting of methodological details when using intermittent-closed respirometry. Using a survey of the existing literature, we show that this lack of recommendations has led to incomplete and inconsistent reporting of methods for intermittent-closed respirometry over the last several decades. We also provide the first guidelines for reporting such methods, in the form of a checklist of details that are the minimum required for the interpretation, evaluation, and replication of experiments using intermittent-closed respirometry. This should increase consistency of the reporting of methods for studies that use this research technique. With the steep increase in studies using intermittent-closed respirometry over the last several years, now is the ideal time to standardise the reporting of methods so that data can be properly assessed by other scientists and conservationists.

scholarly journals An Innovative Setup for High-Throughput Respirometry of Small Aquatic Animals

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.K. Drown ◽  
A.N. DeLiberto ◽  
D.L. Crawford ◽  
M.F. Oleksiak
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Evolutionary Genetics ◽  
Intermittent Flow ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Aquatic Animals ◽  
It Impacts ◽  
Larger Sample ◽  
Organismal Fitness ◽  
Key Questions

AbstractMetabolic rate is often measured as a phenotype in evolutionary genetics studies because it impacts organismal fitness, is repeatable and heritable, and is responsive to numerous environmental variables. Despite a wide body of literature about metabolic rates, key questions remain unanswered: 1) why do individuals from the same population exhibit up to three fold differences in metabolic rate, 2) how does metabolic rate change during an individual’s lifetime, and 3) what metabolic rate is advantageous in a specific environment? Current low throughput approaches to measure metabolic rate make it difficult to answer these and other relevant ecological and evolutionary questions that require a much larger sample size. Here we describe a scalable high-throughput intermittent flow respirometer (HIFR) design and use it to measure the metabolic rates of 20 aquatic animals simultaneously while reducing equipment costs and time by more than 50%.

scholarly journals FishResp: R Package and GUI Application for Analysis of Aquatic Respirometry Data

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Morozov ◽  
R. J. Scott McCairns ◽  
Juha Merilä
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
R Package ◽  
Intermittent Flow ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Technical Problems

AbstractIntermittent-flow respirometry is widely used to measure oxygen uptake rates and subsequently estimate aerobic metabolic rates of aquatic animals. However, the lack of a standard quality-control software to detect technical problems represents a potential impediment to comparisons across studies. Here, we introduce ‘FishResp’, a versatile R package and its graphical implementation for quality-control and filtering of raw respirometry data. Our goal is to provide a straightforward, cross-platform and free software to help improve the quality and comparability of metabolic rate estimates for reducing methodological fragmentation in the field of aquatic respirometry. FishResp accepts data from various respirometry systems, allows users to detect potential mechanical problems which can occur during oxygen uptake measurements (e.g. chamber leaking, poor water circulation), and offers six options to correct raw data for microbial oxygen consumption. The software performs filtering of raw data based on user criteria, and produces accurate and unbiased estimates of absolute and mass-specific metabolic rates. Using data from three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata), we demonstrate the virtues of FishResp, highlighting the importance of detecting mechanical problems and correcting measurements for background respiration.Lay summaryFishResp is a user-friendly tool for calculating oxygen uptake of aquatic organisms. The aim of the software is to improve the quality of metabolic rate estimates based on a straightforward pipeline: background respiration correction, detection of mechanical problems, conduction of QC tests, and filtration based on user-defined criteria.

Metabolic phenotype is not associated with vulnerability to angling in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus)

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (11) ◽  
pp. 1264-1271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Louison ◽  
J.A. Stein ◽  
C.D. Suski
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype ◽  
Intermittent Flow ◽  
Bluegill Sunfish ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Context Specific

Prior work has described a link between an individual’s metabolic rate and a willingness to take risks. One context in which high metabolic rates and risk-prone behaviors may prove to be maladaptive is in fish that strike fishing lures only to be captured by anglers. It has been shown that metabolic phenotype may be altered by angling; however, little work has assessed metabolic rate in fish and its relationship to angling vulnerability in a realistic angling trial. To address this, we subjected a set of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, 1819) to a series of angling sessions. Following this, a subset of 23 fish that had been captured at least once and 25 fish that had not been captured were assessed for metabolic phenotype (standard and maximum metabolic rates, postexercise oxygen consumption, and recovery time) via intermittent flow respirometry. Contrary to predictions, captured and uncaptured fish did not differ in any measurement of metabolic rate. These results suggest that metabolic phenotype is not a determinant of angling vulnerability within the studied context. It is possible, therefore, that previously described alterations in metabolic phenotype owing to angling pressure may be context-specific and may not apply to all species and angling contexts.

scholarly journals Combined Effects of Acute Temperature Change and Elevated pCO2 on the Metabolic Rates and Hypoxia Tolerances of Clearnose Skate (Rostaraja eglanteria), Summer Flounder (Paralichthys dentatus), and Thorny Skate (Amblyraja radiata)

Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Schwieterman ◽  
Crear ◽  
Anderson ◽  
Lavoie ◽  
Sulikowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Gulf Of Maine ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Hypoxia Tolerance ◽  
Intermittent Flow ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Summer Flounder ◽  
Paralichthys Dentatus ◽  
Clearnose Skate ◽  
Species Specific

Understanding how rising temperatures, ocean acidification, and hypoxia affect the performance of coastal fishes is essential to predicting species-specific responses to climate change. Although a population’s habitat influences physiological performance, little work has explicitly examined the multi-stressor responses of species from habitats differing in natural variability. Here, clearnose skate (Rostaraja eglanteria) and summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) from mid-Atlantic estuaries, and thorny skate (Amblyraja radiata) from the Gulf of Maine, were acutely exposed to current and projected temperatures (20, 24, or 28 °C; 22 or 30 °C; and 9, 13, or 15 °C, respectively) and acidification conditions (pH 7.8 or 7.4). We tested metabolic rates and hypoxia tolerance using intermittent-flow respirometry. All three species exhibited increases in standard metabolic rate under an 8 °C temperature increase (Q10 of 1.71, 1.07, and 2.56, respectively), although this was most pronounced in the thorny skate. At the lowest test temperature and under the low pH treatment, all three species exhibited significant increases in standard metabolic rate (44–105%; p < 0.05) and decreases in hypoxia tolerance (60–84% increases in critical oxygen pressure; p < 0.05). This study demonstrates the interactive effects of increasing temperature and changing ocean carbonate chemistry are species-specific, the implications of which should be considered within the context of habitat.

scholarly journals Ecological and evolutionary consequences of metabolic rate plasticity in response to environmental change

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1768) ◽  
pp. 20180180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommy Norin ◽  
Neil B. Metcalfe
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Intraspecific Variation ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
Organ Tissue ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences ◽  
Response To Environmental Change

Basal or standard metabolic rate reflects the minimum amount of energy required to maintain body processes, while the maximum metabolic rate sets the ceiling for aerobic work. There is typically up to three-fold intraspecific variation in both minimal and maximal rates of metabolism, even after controlling for size, sex and age; these differences are consistent over time within a given context, but both minimal and maximal metabolic rates are plastic and can vary in response to changing environments. Here we explore the causes of intraspecific and phenotypic variation at the organ, tissue and mitochondrial levels. We highlight the growing evidence that individuals differ predictably in the flexibility of their metabolic rates and in the extent to which they can suppress minimal metabolism when food is limiting but increase the capacity for aerobic metabolism when a high work rate is beneficial. It is unclear why this intraspecific variation in metabolic flexibility persists—possibly because of trade-offs with the flexibility of other traits—but it has consequences for the ability of populations to respond to a changing world. It is clear that metabolic rates are targets of selection, but more research is needed on the fitness consequences of rates of metabolism and their plasticity at different life stages, especially in natural conditions. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of plasticity in phenotypic adaptation to rapid environmental change’.

An historical analysis of species references in American English

Corpora ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-349
Author(s):  
Craig Frayne
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Sentiment Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
English Language ◽  
Language Use ◽  
American English ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Corpus Studies ◽  
Google Books

This study uses the two largest available American English language corpora, Google Books and the Corpus of Historical American English (coha), to investigate relations between ecology and language. The paper introduces ecolinguistics as a promising theme for corpus research. While some previous ecolinguistic research has used corpus approaches, there is a case to be made for quantitative methods that draw on larger datasets. Building on other corpus studies that have made connections between language use and environmental change, this paper investigates whether linguistic references to other species have changed in the past two centuries and, if so, how. The methodology consists of two main parts: an examination of the frequency of common names of species followed by aspect-level sentiment analysis of concordance lines. Results point to both opportunities and challenges associated with applying corpus methods to ecolinguistc research.

The Tyranny of the Ideal

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Gaus
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Moral Life ◽  
Moral Inquiry ◽  
Open Society ◽  
The Past ◽  
Theories Of Justice ◽  
The World ◽  
Diverse Society ◽  
Just Society ◽  
The Ideal

This book lays out a vision for how we should theorize about justice in a diverse society. It shows how free and equal people, faced with intractable struggles and irreconcilable conflicts, might share a common moral life shaped by a just framework. The book argues that if we are to take diversity seriously and if moral inquiry is sincere about shaping the world, then the pursuit of idealized and perfect theories of justice—essentially, the entire production of theories of justice that has dominated political philosophy for the past forty years—needs to change. Drawing on recent work in social science and philosophy, the book points to an important paradox: only those in a heterogeneous society—with its various religious, moral, and political perspectives—have a reasonable hope of understanding what an ideally just society would be like. However, due to its very nature, this world could never be collectively devoted to any single ideal. The book defends the moral constitution of this pluralistic, open society, where the very clash and disagreement of ideals spurs all to better understand what their personal ideals of justice happen to be. Presenting an original framework for how we should think about morality, this book rigorously analyzes a theory of ideal justice more suitable for contemporary times.

USING HISTORICAL ANNUAL REPORTS IN TEACHING: LETTING THE PAST BENEFIT THE PRESENT

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Amernic ◽  
Ramy Elitzur
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Cash Flow ◽  
Accounting Education ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
The Past ◽  
Response To Environmental Change

In this article, it is suggested that accounting education may be enhanced by the use of published historical accounting materials, such as annual reports. Comparing such materials with modern reports serves to reinforce the notion that accounting evolves in response to environmental change. Further, requiring students to analytically derive cash flow statements from historical published annual reports provides several direct pedagogical benefits.

Looking Backward 2000-1887

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Bellamy
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Democratic Society ◽  
The Political ◽  
Industrial Capitalism ◽  
Ideal Society ◽  
The Past ◽  
Utopian Fiction ◽  
Socialist Utopia ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
The Ideal

‘No person can be blamed for refusing to read another word of what promises to be a mere imposition upon his credulity.’ Julian West, a feckless aristocrat living in fin-de-siècle Boston, plunges into a deep hypnotic sleep in 1887 and wakes up in the year 2000. America has been turned into a rigorously centralized democratic society in which everything is controlled by a humane and efficient state. In little more than a hundred years the horrors of nineteenth-century capitalism have been all but forgotten. The squalid slums of Boston have been replaced by broad streets, and technological inventions have transformed people’s everyday lives. Exiled from the past, West excitedly settles into the ideal society of the future, while still fearing that he has dreamt up his experiences as a time traveller. Edward Bellamy’s Looking Backward (1888) is a thunderous indictment of industrial capitalism and a resplendent vision of life in a socialist utopia. Matthew Beaumont’s lively edition explores the political and psychological peculiarities of this celebrated utopian fiction.

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