scholarly journals How Prevalent Is Downward Rigidity in Nominal Wages? International Evidence from Payroll Records and Pay Slips

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. L. Elsby ◽  
Gary Solon
Keyword(s):  
Nominal Wage ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
Reporting Error ◽  
International Evidence ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
High Inflation ◽  
One Year ◽  
Wage Cuts ◽  
Very High ◽  
Contrary Evidence

For more than 80 years, many macroeconomic analyses have been premised on the assumption that workers’ nominal wage rates cannot be cut. Contrary evidence from household surveys reasonably has been discounted on the grounds that the measurement of frequent wage cuts might be an artifact of reporting error. This article summarizes a more recent wave of studies based on more accurate wage data from payroll records and pay slips. By and large, these studies indicate that, except in extreme circumstances (when nominal wage cuts are either legally prohibited or rendered beside the point by very high inflation), nominal wage cuts from one year to the next appear quite common, typically affecting 15–25 percent of job stayers in periods of low inflation.

scholarly journals Incidence of bloodstream infection among patients on hemodialysis by central venous catheter

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cibele Grothe ◽  
Angélica Gonçalves da Silva Belasco ◽  
Ana Rita de Cássia Bittencourt ◽  
Lucila Amaral Carneiro Vianna ◽  
Ricardo de Castro Cintra Sesso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Venous Catheter ◽  
Bloodstream Infection ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Venous Catheter ◽  
Central Venous Catheter Insertion ◽  
Central Venous ◽  
Double Lumen ◽  
One Year ◽  
Very High

This study evaluated the incidence and risk factors of bloodstream infection (BSI) among patients with a double-lumen central venous catheter (CVC) for hemodialysis (HD) and identified the microorganisms isolated from the bloodstream. A follow-up included all patients (n=156) who underwent hemodialysis by double-lumen CVC at the Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil, over a one-year period. From the group of patients, 94 presented BSI, of whom 39 had positive cultures at the central venous catheter insertion location. Of the 128 microorganisms isolated from the bloodstream, 53 were S. aureus, 30 were methicillin-sensitive and 23 were methicillin-resistant. Complications related to BSI included 35 cases of septicemia and 27 cases of endocarditis, of which 15 cases progressed to death. The incidence of BSI among these patients was shown to be very high, and this BSI progressed rapidly to the condition of severe infection with a high mortality rate.

Decision Support System Based on Fuzzy Logic for Assessment of Expected Corporate Income Performance

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150009
Author(s):  
Arthur Yosef ◽  
Eli Shnaider ◽  
Rimona Palas ◽  
Amos Baranes
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Operating Income ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Section Model ◽  
Evaluation Mechanism ◽  
One Year ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Decision Support Method ◽  
Very High

This study presents a decision-support method to estimate the next year performance of corporate Operating Income Margin (OIM). It is based on a unique combination of cross-section model and the rules-based evaluation mechanism. The estimate is done in terms of broad categories, and not precise numerical values. The model is constructed as follows: its dependent variable (OIM) is one year ahead vs. the corresponding explanatory variables. This structure of the model allows us to view explanatory variables as reflecting financial potential of corporations. The evaluation component consists of a set of rules designed to identify the companies whose “potential” clearly points to an opportunity to invest. For the method presented here to succeed, it is necessary to utilize a highly reliable modeling method, even if it is “Fuzzy”. We apply Soft Regression (SR), which is a Soft Computing modeling tool based on Fuzzy Logic, and utilize all available proxy variables by creating intervals of values. Advantages of utilizing SR, and the intervals’-based modeling are extensively discussed. Modeling results for five consecutive years are consistent and stable, thus indicating high degree of reliability. Testing indicates very high success rate for the stock market related domain, the lowest being 87.9%.

Nominal Wage Adjustments during the Pandemic Recession

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 258-262
Author(s):  
John Grigsby ◽  
Erik Hurst ◽  
Ahu Yildirmaz ◽  
Yulia Zhestkova
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Nominal Wage ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Wage Cuts

In this paper, we show that the pandemic recession has led to frequent cuts in nominal wages. Within three months in 2020, as many wage cuts had occurred as occurred throughout the Great Recession. Unlike employment declines, wage cuts were concentrated at the top of the wage distribution. However, these cuts have been relatively short lived, particularly among high earners. Finally, wage cuts have been concentrated in firms that have seen large employment declines. Wage cuts appear not to be a substitute for cutting employment, at least when the shock to labor demand is this large.

Study of some parameters of electrocardiography of skiers-riders

2021 ◽  
pp. 68-75
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Saykin ◽  
Valery N. Yakovlev
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
The Body ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
Functional Diagnosis ◽  
Electrocardiographic Examination ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
Very High

Very high results, the achievement of which is possible only with long systematic train-ing with the use of large and sometimes excessive physical activity characterizes modern sports. The preparation process from beginner to master of sports takes an average of 5–10 years. During this time, the athlete must develop and improve special physical and mental qualities, as well as master certain motor skills specific to this sport. Therefore, children's and youth's organisms of athletes are subject to increased loads, especially in classes that develop endurance. But not always physical activity contributes to the strengthening of the body, sometimes excessive loads, especially with the wrong approach, lead to complications from the cardiovascular system, in particular, to changes in heart rate. Therefore, the issue of adapting the functions of the heart of young athletes to muscle loads becomes increasingly important. The purpose of the work was to study the activities of the cardiovascular system of skiers-riders in the preparatory period of the one-year cycle. Currently, various methods of functional diagnosis of the cardiovascular system are used. We considered the results obtained during electrocardiographic examination of skiers-riders. We investigated electrical activity of the heart and presented model characteristics according to the considered indicators.

Intimacy, Fusion and Frequency of Sexual Contact in Lesbian Couples

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 253-256
Author(s):  
Sue Blyth ◽  
Gillian Straker
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Sexual Contact ◽  
Lesbian Couples ◽  
Lesbian Relationships ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
One Year ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Personal Assessment ◽  
Very High

It is generally accepted in the literature that, of all couple types, lesbian couples tend to have the lowest frequencies of sexual contact. It has been hypothesized that a reason for this is that lesbian couples are more subject than others to fusion. This study examines the relationship between frequency of sexual contact and fusion in lesbian relationships of duration longer than one year. The concept of fusion has, however, not been clearly defined. Although Mencher (1990), for example, states that fusion is akin to, but not the same as, intense intimacy, fusion is treated within the literature as if it lay on a continuum of intimacy. In the design of this study, fusion was thus defined as a very high level of intimacy, as measured on the Personal Assessment of Intimacy in Relationships (PAIR) Inventory. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated and scatter graphs plotted to explore the possible existence of significant linear and non-linear relationships between fusion and frequency of sexual contact. The results of this study indicate that the conceptualization of fusion as very high intimacy should be questioned. The results suggest that fusion is not synonymous with intense intimacy and this article argues for a clearer definition and operationalizatian of the important concept of fusion.

Control of Amsinckia spp. by the pastures of north-western Victoria

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (19) ◽  
pp. 500
Author(s):  
DJ Connor
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Barrel Medic ◽  
Limited Application ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Establishment Phase ◽  
North Western ◽  
Very High

Amsinckia is a serious weed in the wheat growing areas of north-western Victoria. It is successful in the inter-crop pastures, based upon barrel medic, because it grows faster than barrel medic in the cooler months of May to August. In addition, the rapid growth in height associated with the change from rosette to elongating phases ensures a height advantage over the pasture species when the flush of pasture growth does commence. Seed production by each Amsinckia plant is very high, and for this reason any competitive restriction obtained in one year is not necessarily reflected in the establishment phase of the next. Subterranean clover c.v. Clare is more competitive than barrel medic and was able to eliminate Amsinckia from the sward in two years. However it has only limited application in the pastures of north-western Victoria. A mowing treatment was carried out at the commencement of Amsinckia flowering, for this coincides with the beginning of rapid pasture growth. Regrowth produced a reversal of height relationships within the pasture and enabled barrel medic to shade Amsinckia BJ this treatment growth and seed production of Amsinckia were reduced by 99 per cent within the one season.

Functions of the Pointing Gesture in Mothers and their 12 to 36-Month-Old Children during Everyday Activities

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 619-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Amparo Muñetón Ayala ◽  
María José Rodrigo López
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Joint Activity ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
Turn Taking ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
Child Speech ◽  
One Year ◽  
Pointing Gesture ◽  
Very High ◽  
At Home

This study longitudinally examined the production of pointing in four Spanish 1-year-old and four Spanish 2-year-old children in interactive situations with their mothers at home over the course of one year. Three aspects were analyzed: a) the functions of the pointing gesture, their accurate comprehension by the interlocutor (mother or child), and their order of emergence in the child; b) whether or not there were differences in the production of pointing according to who initiated the interaction; and c) whether maternal and child speech were related to maternal and child pointing production. The results showed that the pointing function of showing is the most frequent for both children and mothers from groups 1 and 2, and the first to emerge followed by the informing, requesting object, requesting action, and requesting cooperation functions. The accuracy with which these intentions were comprehended was found to be very high for both mother and child. Pointing production was greater when the speaker initiated the interaction than when the other person did, indicating that gestures follow the turn-taking system. Finally, the production of pointing to showing in children and mothers was found to be related to maternal and child speech, while pointing to request cooperation triggered the process of joint activity between mother and child.

scholarly journals Studies on transmission of Staphylococcus aureus in an isolation ward for burned patients

1973 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Hambraeus
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Phage Group ◽  
Burned Patient ◽  
Staph Aureus ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Service Areas ◽  
One Year ◽  
Isolation Ward ◽  
Very High ◽  
Made In

SUMMARYA one-year epidemiological investigation was made in an isolation ward for burned patients. The transmission of Staphylococcus aureus was mainly studied. In spite of the design of the ward the cross-infection rate was high. In all, 49 of 69 patients were infected 114 times. Twenty-six of the strains causing infection were found in a patient only, 10 in a member of the staff only and 23 in both patients and staff the week before they caused a new infection. There were three epidemic outbreaks caused by three strains of Staph. aureus all belonging to phage group III; one was resistant to methicillin. Environmental studies with settle plates showed that the number of staphylococci dispersed by a burned patient was often very high. In 8% of the observations in occupied bedrooms the air count of Staph. aureus was more than 1800 col./m.2 hr. However, the counts of Staph. aureus in the corridor and service areas were low. This seems to indicate a rather good protection against airborne transfer of bacteria. Other routes of infection were probably of greater importance.

Post-dispersal seed predation in Pinus halepensis and consequences on seedling establishment after fire

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria José Broncano ◽  
Anselm Rodrigo ◽  
Javier Retana
Keyword(s):  
Seed Predation ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
Spatiotemporal Patterns ◽  
Seedling Density ◽  
Burned Areas ◽  
One Year ◽  
Rodent Populations ◽  
Very High

In the present study, we analyse the spatiotemporal patterns of seed predation and the consequences of this predation in the establishment of new Pinus halepensis individuals. Rodents were the main predators of P. halepensis seeds in burned areas, while predation by ants was considerably lower. Concerning spatiotemporal patterns of seed predation, the results obtained indicate that, although there were some small differences among distances or among seasons, removal of P. halepensis seeds was consistently very high in all situations, whether close to or far from the unburned margins, in pine or mixed forests, in different sites and in all sampling periods throughout the year. We analysed the role of seed predation on the modulation of post-fire regeneration of P. halepensis. Just after fire, no differences in seedling density were found between plots with or without rodent exclusion, probably owing to the high density of seeds on the ground and the low density of rodents affected by fire. One year after fire, when rodent populations had recovered in burned areas and seeds were much less abundant, the combination of addition of seeds and rodent exclusion led to an increase in pine seedling establishment.

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