scholarly journals The Electric Vehicle Transition and the Economics of Banning Gasoline Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-344
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Holland ◽  
Erin T. Mansur ◽  
Andrew J. Yates
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Deadweight Loss ◽  
Gasoline Vehicles ◽  
The Us ◽  
Vehicle Production ◽  
Personal Transportation ◽  
Vehicle Purchase ◽  
Unique Potential

Electric vehicles have a unique potential to transform personal transportation. We analyze this transition with a dynamic model capturing falling costs of electric vehicles, decreasing pollution from electricity, and increasing vehicle substitutability. Our calibration to the US market shows a transition from gasoline vehicles is not optimal at current substitutability: a gasoline vehicle production ban would have large deadweight loss. At higher substitutability, a ban can reduce deadweight loss from vehicle mix and adoption timing inefficiencies. A cumulative gasoline vehicle production quota has smaller deadweight loss, and an electric vehicle purchase subsidy is more robust to regulator misperceptions about substitutability. (JEL H23, L51, L62, L94, Q53)

scholarly journals Efficient Gear Ratio Selection of a Single-Speed Drivetrain for Improved Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 9254
Author(s):  
Polychronis Spanoudakis ◽  
Gerasimos Moschopoulos ◽  
Theodoros Stefanoulis ◽  
Nikolaos Sarantinoudis ◽  
Eftichios Papadokokolakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Gear Ratio ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Dynamic Simulations ◽  
Ratio Set ◽  
Selection Of

The electric vehicle (EV) market has grown over the last few years and even though electric vehicles do not currently possess a high market segment, it is projected that they will do so by 2030. Currently, the electric vehicle industry is looking to resolve the issue of vehicle range, using higher battery capacities and fast charging. Energy consumption is a key issue which heavily effects charging frequency and infrastructure and, therefore, the widespread use of EVs. Although several factors that influence energy consumption of EVs have been identified, a key technology that can make electric vehicles more energy efficient is drivetrain design and development. Based on electric motors’ high torque capabilities, single-speed transmissions are preferred on many light and urban vehicles. In the context of this paper, a prototype electric vehicle is used as a test bed to evaluate energy consumption related to different gear ratio usage on single-speed transmission. For this purpose, real-time data are recorded from experimental road tests and a dynamic model of the vehicle is created and fine-tuned using dedicated software. Dynamic simulations are performed to compare and evaluate different gear ratio set-ups, providing valuable insights into their effect on energy consumption. The correlation of experimental and simulation data is used for the validation of the dynamic model and the evaluation of the results towards the selection of the optimal gear ratio. Based on the aforementioned data, we provide useful information from numerous experimental and simulation results that can be used to evaluate gear ratio effects on electric vehicles’ energy consumption and, at the same time, help to formulate evolving concepts of smart grid and EV integration.

scholarly journals Innovative management of projects for electric mobility development: foreign experience and Ukraine

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-29
Author(s):  
Serhii KHARIN ◽  
Hanna PURII
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Electric Mobility ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Vehicle Production

The research considers various aspects of electric vehicle production in some leading foreign countries. Dynamics of specific weight of electric vehicles in total transport and its forecast indices are under analysis considering those of the countries planning complete transition to electric mobility. Urgency of building an expanded network of charging stations of various capacity is pointed out. It is revealed that Volkswagen, the world largest automobile concern, is going to introduce much more new designs of electric vehicles than it considered before – 70 instead of 50 by 2028. It is planned to produce more electric vehicles – from 15 to 22mln in the decade to follow. Besides, the share of electric vehicles in the concern’s total production is to exceed 40% by 2030. It is indicated that 44bln euros will be invested into designing new VW automobiles in the nearest 5 years. It is significant that in many foreign countries there are subsidies and tax reduction for electric vehicle owners which are used as an important tool of the state’ incentives. Besides, special attention is paid to improvement and development of production of batteries for electric cars, especially in the EU countries. The authors suggest schemes of elaborating electric mobile innovations and power supply for electric mobility providing green and economic solutions for generating power for electric cars by wind generators. Potential production of Ukrainian electric cars is under analysis. It is highlighted that electric vehicle production allows combining two economically beneficial factors – innovative character of a product and its large-scale production. In this case, there will be a novelty effect and huge unsatisfied demand as well as scale saving.

scholarly journals Are There Environmental Benefits from Driving Electric Vehicles? The Importance of Local Factors

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (12) ◽  
pp. 3700-3729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Holland ◽  
Erin T. Mansur ◽  
Nicholas Z. Muller ◽  
Andrew J. Yates
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Environmental Externalities ◽  
Deadweight Loss ◽  
Local Factors ◽  
Vehicle Purchase ◽  
Air Pollution Model

We combine a theoretical discrete-choice model of vehicle purchases, an econometric analysis of electricity emissions, and the AP2 air pollution model to estimate the geographic variation in the environmental benefits from driving electric vehicles. The second-best electric vehicle purchase subsidy ranges from $2,785 in California to −$4,964 in North Dakota, with a mean of −$1,095. Ninety percent of local environmental externalities from driving electric vehicles in one state are exported to others, implying they may be subsidized locally, even when the environmental benefits are negative overall. Geographically differentiated subsidies can reduce deadweight loss, but only modestly. (JEL D12, D62, H23, L62, Q53, Q54, R11)

Forecasting the future scale of vehicle to grid technology for electric vehicles and its economic value as future electric energy source: The case of South Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 1350-1366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keumju Lim ◽  
Justine Jihyun Kim ◽  
Jongsu Lee
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Economic Benefit ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Power Market ◽  
Grid Technology ◽  
Vehicle To Grid ◽  
Vehicle Purchase

With the world seeking ways to cope with climate change, the interest in and demand for electric vehicles are increasing as part of the efforts to resolve the issue of fine dust, especially in South Korea. The Korean government has consistently announced plans to promote electric vehicles as a means of transportation by providing benefits such as subsidies for electric vehicle purchase and expansion of charging infrastructure. Meanwhile, as electric vehicles continue to grow in number, the energy industry has become attentive to its role as a resource for power generation through vehicle to grid technology. This study analyzes electric vehicle consumer preferences using the discrete choice experiment (DCE) and found that there exists a clear nested structure in Korean consumers’ choice of vehicle. The study also estimates the amount of vehicle to grid electricity supply in the power market and calculates not only national but also individual economic benefit of electric vehicle owners participating in vehicle to grid services based on the estimated amount of electricity supplied. The results of scenario analysis indicate that the estimated electric vehicle supply in Korea will be about 560,000 units cumulatively and that the vehicle to grid electric vehicle power supply scale will reach 1.81 GW by 2030. The estimation shows that the economic benefit of vehicle to grid at the national power market level is 50.9 billion KRW per year, while the economic benefit at an individual level (per vehicle) is 104,151 KRW.

scholarly journals A perspective on equity in the transition to electric vehicle

2021 ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
Scott Hardman ◽  
Kelly Fleming ◽  
Eesha Kare ◽  
Mahmoud Ramadan
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Transportation Costs ◽  
Recent Introduction ◽  
The Us ◽  
Vehicle Market ◽  
Research And Policy ◽  
Low Income Households

Since the recent introduction of electric vehicles began in 2008-2010, 80 different electric vehicle models and close to 2 million electric vehicles have been sold in the US. The need to commercialize electric vehicles meant research and policy has so far focused on how to establish the early electric vehicle market. The newness of electric vehicles, their high upfront cost, the need for charging access, and other issues meant equity has been overlooked. As regions progress toward goals of 100% electric vehicle sales, research and policy should consider how to establish a more equitable electric vehicle market so that the benefits of electrification are experienced by all and so that low-income households are not imposed with higher transportation costs.

Modeling and Torsional Vibration Control Based on State Feedback for Electric Vehicle Powertrain

2013 ◽  
Vol 341-342 ◽  
pp. 411-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zai Min Zhong ◽  
Qiang Wei
Keyword(s):  
Vibration Control ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Torsional Vibration ◽  
Control Algorithm ◽  
State Feedback ◽  
Gear Backlash ◽  
Mass Spring ◽  
Vehicle Powertrain

Electric vehicles will longitudinally vibrate obviously under acceleration and regenerative braking conditions (because of torsional vibration of the electric vehicle powertrain). This paper includes models of motor rotor, gear reducer and differential assembly, half shafts, tire and body and nonlinear powertrain dynamic model in consideration of gear backlash and frictional characteristics between tire and ground. Real car tests confirm that it is correct under acceleration conditions. Then a two mass-spring damper linear model which is simplified from the nonlinear powertrain dynamic model is proposed to design torsional vibration control algorithm based on state feedback. The simulation results show that the algorithm can actively eliminate torsional vibration.

scholarly journals Characteristics and Experiences of Ride-Hailing Drivers with Electric Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Angela Sanguinetti ◽  
Kenneth Kurani
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Renewable Electricity ◽  
Electric Driving ◽  
The Us

Electrification of transportation network companies (TNCs), such as Uber and Lyft, can produce social and environmental benefits from reduced vehicle emissions and enhanced implementation of renewable electricity as well as private benefits to drivers via reduced vehicle fuel and maintenance costs compared to conventional vehicles. We conducted a survey of plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) drivers on the Uber platform in the US. This paper describes these drivers and their experiences to further understanding of motivations for and barriers to PEV adoption among TNC drivers. The TNC-PEV drivers in this sample clearly recognized, and were largely motivated by, economic benefits of fuel and maintenance savings, thus, increased net earnings, associated with using a PEV to provide ride-hailing services rather than a conventional internal combustion engine vehicle. Most drivers reported charging their PEV every day, most often at home and overnight. This is true even of those with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) that can run on gas if not charged. Increased electric driving range topped the list of drivers’ wishes to better support PEVs on TNCs, and range limitations topped the list of reasons why PHEV drivers did not opt for a battery electric vehicle (BEV; that runs exclusively on electricity). The second most common wish among all PEV drivers was for more charger locations.

Research on Load Modeling of Electric Vehicles

2013 ◽  
Vol 291-294 ◽  
pp. 892-897
Author(s):  
Jian Lei Fan ◽  
Jun Liu ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Hong Peng He
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Dynamic Stability ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Load Modeling ◽  
Load Model ◽  
Modeling Approach ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
Static And Dynamic Stability ◽  
Composite Load Model

The accurate electric vehicle charging load model shall be established to analyze potential challenges of static and dynamic stability brought by electric vehicles. In this paper, experiments with the electric vehicle charger and battery were carried out to analyze the model characteristics. And then this model was compared to the composite load model. At last, the modeling approach of static and dynamic model of electric vehicles was proposed.

Comparison of Green House Gases Emitted by Electrical and Gasoline Cars, Taking Into Consideration Performance

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kau-Fui Vincent Wong ◽  
Nicolas Perilla
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Green House Gases ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Green House ◽  
Electric Car ◽  
Gasoline Vehicles

The goal of this study is to add to the understanding of the overall emissions caused by cars using both gasoline and existing alternative fuels. We will include the emission from the vehicle itself and also from upstream sources, primarily the source of the energy used to actually move the vehicle. The fact that electric motors have better efficiencies than internal combustion engines and the fact that power plants usually have higher thermal efficiencies than an engine seems to suggest that that the electric vehicle will be the more efficient in terms of emissions per vehicle kilometer. The complexities of vehicle propulsion become evident when one compares all the details of the available options, such as electric vehicles have to transport extra weight in batteries to increase performance. In this work we evaluate the emissions from electric and gasoline vehicles that are on the road. The data shows under most conditions the current vehicles have lower emissions than gasoline cars in terms of kilograms of carbon dioxide per kilometer. The different propulsion systems are then evaluated in how they would perform in moving a standardized vehicle including the system itself through a standardized cycle, to assess whether differences in emissions are the result of the system itself or other design differences. This study found that while in general the electric vehicle is better, the source of the electricity is a crucial factor in the determination. It is found that the cars currently being produced produce less green house gases than the gasoline cars on the average. In fact two of the four cars performed better even at the highest possible emission levels. While this casts a positive light on the electric car, it is a simplistic way of looking at the data. The calculations also show that the performance levels of the gasoline cars are much higher than the electric cars; this could be the main reason for the lower emissions of electric cars. The second part of this study is focused on quantifying the differences in emissions by studying that from a standardized car in all 50 states and D.C. These differences arise from the different levels of emissions owing to the variety of combinations of methods used and the methods themselves in the generation of electricity within the 51 regions. An analysis is done on of the most efficient car that could be made with commercially available products. The results show the dependence of actual emission on the energy source. Although the national, California, Florida and lowest averages all beat the performance of the gasoline vehicle, the gasoline car won if the electric car was operated in D.C. using electricity generated in the D.C. Results for the electric car in all 51 regions and for the gasoline car have been obtained. There is an implication that lower specific power would result in more states where electric vehicles will emit more green house gases. Assuming that new cars do use the higher specific power batteries, electric vehicles will produce less green house gases than gasoline vehicles at a national level.

Exploring the relationships between Islam, some personal values, environmental concern, and electric vehicle purchase intention: the case of Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fethi Klabi ◽  
Faiz Binzafrah
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Personal Values ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Islamic Countries ◽  
Vehicle Purchase ◽  
Self Transcendence

Purpose Today, the global market for “clean” vehicles is generating double-digit growth annually. However, in most emerging or Islamic countries, sales of such cars remain at a very low level and green consumption patterns are poorly explored. This paper aims to expand the understanding of factors influencing attitudes and behaviors toward electric vehicle in an emerging Islamic country, namely, Saudi Arabia. It investigates whether the willingness of Saudis to purchase electric vehicles depends on religious and ethical considerations. The effects of environmental concern, Islamic and some personal values (self-transcendence and conservation) on green vehicle purchase intention were considered. Design/methodology/approach The literature review is predominantly of studies on emerging or Islamic countries. A convenience sampling method was used, and a total of 354 valid questionnaires were collected. An exploratory factor analysis under the principal component analysis was used to reveal the factor structure underlying the items in the questionnaire. A confirmatory factor analysis on Lisrel helped to assess the validity of the measurement models. The causal relationships of the research framework were measured using simultaneous equation modeling. Findings The results suggest that Islamic Values (IsV) and Conservation (Cv) values do not influence environmental concern (EC) or Electric Vehicle Purchase Intention (EVPI). On the contrary, self-transcendence values (ST) exerted a significant influence on EVPI and the mediation of EC in this relationship was supported. Research limitations/implications The theoretical framework provides a better understanding of how customers evaluate electric vehicles and the factors underlying their attitudes and behaviors toward such products in an Islamic and emerging market. The results suggest that consumers’ intentions to purchase electric vehicles are not driven by Islam or conservation values (conformity, tradition and security). Nevertheless, subjects for whom self-transcendence is an important value that guides their lives showed a higher willingness to purchase electric vehicles. This research also confirmed that EC is predictive of EVPI. Practical implications Marketers should focus on values of self-transcendence, which are benevolence and universalism, to influence electric vehicle purchase intention in Saudi Arabia. Neither Islamic nor conservation values are useful in this regard. However, managers and authorities are advised to establish a link between Islam and environmental awareness and behavior. Marketing communication and religious preachers should point out the commandments of Islam which stand for the preservation of nature. The authors concluded that much more should be done on the part of scholars to obtain a satisfactory understanding of green behavior in the Islamic world. Although green vehicles are rarely used there, these markets hold great sales potential for such products. Originality/value Little is known about consumer attitudes and behavior toward green products in Islamic countries. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first study to investigate whether Islamic and some personal values are related to environmental concern and electric vehicle purchase intention. The results showed that EC and EVPI depend on ST. The causal model indices for IsV and Cv were not significant.

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