scholarly journals Combating Cholera

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Y. Hsueh ◽  
Christopher M. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Phage Therapy ◽  
Emerging Technologies ◽  
Oral Rehydration Therapy ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Flexible Approach ◽  
Oral Rehydration ◽  
Current Therapies

Cholera infections caused by the gamma-proteobacterium Vibrio cholerae have ravaged human populations for centuries, and cholera pandemics have afflicted every corner of the globe. Fortunately, interventions such as oral rehydration therapy, antibiotics/antimicrobials, and vaccines have saved countless people afflicted with cholera, and new interventions such as probiotics and phage therapy are being developed as promising approaches to treat even more cholera infections. Although current therapies are mostly effective and can reduce disease transmission, cholera outbreaks remain deadly, as was seen during recent outbreaks in Haiti, Ethiopia, and Yemen. This is due to significant underlying political and socioeconomic complications, including shortages of vaccines and clean food and water and a lack of health surveillance. In this review, we highlight the strengths and weaknesses of current cholera therapies, discuss emerging technologies, and argue that a multi-pronged, flexible approach is needed to continue to reduce the worldwide burden of cholera.

Dynamics of an infection age-space structured cholera model with Neumann boundary condition

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
WEIWEI LIU ◽  
JINLIANG WANG ◽  
RAN ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Global Attractivity ◽  
Neumann Boundary ◽  
Reaction Diffusion ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Global Dynamics ◽  
Infection Age ◽  
Reaction Diffusion Model ◽  
Disease Persistence

This paper investigates global dynamics of an infection age-space structured cholera model. The model describes the vibrio cholerae transmission in human population, where infection-age structure of vibrio cholerae and infectious individuals are incorporated to measure the infectivity during the different stage of disease transmission. The model is described by reaction–diffusion models involving the spatial dispersal of vibrios and the mobility of human populations in the same domain Ω ⊂ ℝ n . We first give the well-posedness of the model by converting the model to a reaction–diffusion model and two Volterra integral equations and obtain two constant equilibria. Our result suggest that the basic reproduction number determines the dichotomy of disease persistence and extinction, which is achieved by studying the local stability of equilibria, disease persistence and global attractivity of equilibria.

JMM Profile: Vibrio cholerae: an opportunist of human crises

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trudy-Ann Grant ◽  
Deepak Balasubramanian ◽  
Salvador Almagro-Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Aetiological Agent ◽  
Public Infrastructure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Primary Mode

Vibrio cholerae O1 is the aetiological agent of the severe diarrhoeal disease cholera. Annually, there are an estimated 1–4 million cholera cases worldwide and over 140 000 deaths. The primary mode of disease transmission is through the consumption of water or food contaminated with the bacterium. Although cholera patients can be treated effectively using rehydration therapy, the disease remains a major scourge in areas with limited access to clean water and proper sanitation. Its continued prevalence highlights the failure of socioeconomic policies leading to wealth disparities, fragile and dated public infrastructure, and lack of appropriate health surveillance.

Cholera

2010 ◽  
pp. 754-759
Author(s):  
Aldo A.M. Lima ◽  
Richard L. Guerrant
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Oral Rehydration Therapy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Oral Rehydration ◽  
O Antigen ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
Contaminated Food

Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative organism that can be subdivided into over 200 serogroups based on the somatic O antigen, with only serogroups O1 and O139 causing epidemic and pandemic disease. Historically it has killed millions from dehydrating diarrhoea, encouraged the birth of modern epidemiology, the sanitary revolution, and oral rehydration therapy; it persists today as a glaring reminder of poverty and inadequate water/sanitation. Contaminated food (especially undercooked seafood) is the usual route of transmission in developed countries; contaminated water and street food vendors are more common vehicles in less developed countries....

Cholera

2020 ◽  
pp. 1060-1066
Author(s):  
Aldo A.M. Lima ◽  
Richard L. Guerrant
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Oral Rehydration Therapy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Oral Rehydration ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
Contaminated Food

Cholera, the dreaded scourge causing death from dehydrating diarrhoea, existed for centuries in South Asia until, in 1817, it broke out along trade routes; since then there have been seven pandemics across all six inhabited continents. Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative organism that can be subdivided into over 200 serogroups based on the somatic O antigen, with only serogroups O1 and O139 causing epidemic and pandemic disease. Historically it has killed millions from dehydrating diarrhoea, encouraged the birth of modern epidemiology, the sanitary revolution, and oral rehydration therapy; it persists today as a glaring reminder of poverty and inadequate water/sanitation. Contaminated food (especially undercooked seafood) is the usual route of transmission in developed countries; contaminated water and street food vendors are more common vehicles in less developed countries.

4. Cholera

2016 ◽  
pp. 60-72
Author(s):  
Christian W. McMillen
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Oral Rehydration Therapy ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Fecal Matter ◽  
Oral Rehydration ◽  
Health Infrastructure ◽  
John Snow ◽  
The 1960S

Cholera is caused by ingesting water contaminated with infected fecal matter. The disease spreads easily. Seven cholera pandemics have traveled the globe, the first starting in India in 1817. It was not until the 1830s that people began to see a link between poverty and cholera. During the 1854 London epidemic, John Snow, through his pioneering epidemiological work, realized the disease was waterborne. Then in 1883 Robert Koch discovered Vibrio cholerae in contaminated water. Since the 1960s, oral rehydration therapy has saved millions of lives, but cholera lives on, primarily in Africa, where lack of health infrastructure and poor sanitation allow it to thrive.

scholarly journals Detection of Enteric Bacterial Pathogens (Vibrio Cholerae and Escherichia Coli O157) in Childhood Diarrhoeal Cases

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 23-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roshani Maharjan ◽  
Binod Lekhak ◽  
Chandrika Devi Shrestha ◽  
Jyotsna Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Oral Rehydration Therapy ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Remarkable Feature ◽  
Oral Rehydration ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Stool Samples

A hospital based cross sectional study was carried out in stool samples collected from cases of diarrhoea in children admitted to Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) ward, Kanti Children Hospital, Maharajgung. A total of 204 stool samples collected from children below 15 years were processed at Department of Microbiology, Bir hospital during the study period, February 2004 to June 2004.The stool specimens were investigated for Vibrio cholerae, as well as E. coli O157. Bloody stools were more focused for isolation of E. coli O157. Out of 204 patients, 60.3% were male and 39.7% were female. The largest number of diarrhoeal patients belong to age group 0-5 years i.e. 112 (54.9%). Vibrio cholerae O1 was found in 86 (42.2%) cases. All V. cholerae O1 belong to Ogawa serovar and El Tor biotype. Out of 86 isolates, 52.3% were from male patient and 47.7% were from female patient. Highest incidence of V. cholerae O1 was found in age groups 5-10 (46.5%) Isolation of V. cholerae in 10 cases even in age group 0-2 was remarkable feature. Incidence of V. cholerae O1 was highest in the month of April (61.5%). E. coli O157 could not be detected in this study. Predominant or pure growth of sorbitol non fermenting (SNF) strains which were biochemically identified as E. coli but not agglutinated with E.coli antiserum were found in five cases. Tetracycline was 100 percent effective antibiotic followed by Norfloxacin and Ciprofloxacin to V. cholerae O1. In this study, patients suffering with cholera were mostly from Kalanki. People using municipal tap water were mostly affected (51.8%) Out of 30 isolates of processed, 22 isolates showed toxin production. Key words: Vibrio cholerae; E. coli O157; Sorbital non fermenting; Cholera toxin. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v5i5.2651 Scientific World, Vol. 5, No. 5, July 2007 23-26

scholarly journals Mobile Genetic Elements of Vibrio cholerae and the Evolution of Its Antimicrobial Resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rituparna De
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Oral Rehydration Therapy ◽  
Mobile Genetic Elements ◽  
Environmental Niche ◽  
Oral Rehydration ◽  
Genetic Elements ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Vibrio cholerae (VC) is the causative agent of the severe dehydrating diarrheal disease cholera. The primary treatment for cholera is oral rehydration therapy (ORT). However, in case of moderate to severe dehydration, antibiotics are administered to reduce morbidity. Due to the emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of VC routinely used antibiotics fail to be effective in cholera patients. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is encoded in the genome of bacteria and is usually acquired from other organisms cohabiting in the environment or in the gut with which it interacts in the gut or environmental niche. The antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) are usually borne on mobile genetic elements (MGEs) like plasmids, transposons, integrons and SXT constin. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) helps in the exchange of ARGs among bacteria leading to dissemination of AMR. In VC the acquisition and loss of AMR to many antibiotics have been found to be a dynamic process. This review describes the different AMR determinants and mechanisms of resistance that have been discovered in VC. These ARGs borne usually on MGEs have been recovered from isolates associated with past and present epidemics worldwide. These are responsible for resistance of VC to common antibiotics and are periodically lost and gained contributing to its genetic evolution. These resistance markers can be routinely used for AMR surveillance in VC. The review also presents a precise perspective on the importance of the gut microbiome in the emergence of MDR VC and concludes that the gut microbiome is a potential source of molecular markers and networks which can be manipulated for the interception of AMR in the future.

scholarly journals Adhesion of Vibrio cholerae to Granular Starches

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 4850-4855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanan Gancz ◽  
Orly Niderman-Meyer ◽  
Meir Broza ◽  
Yechezkel Kashi ◽  
Eyal Shimoni
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Oral Rehydration Solution ◽  
Oral Rehydration Therapy ◽  
Starch Degradation ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Oral Rehydration ◽  
Repressive Effect ◽  
Rehydration Solution ◽  
Adhesion Process

ABSTRACT Cholera is a severe diarrheal disease caused by specific serogroups of Vibrio cholerae that are pathogenic to humans. Cholera can become epidemic and deadly without adequate medical care. Appropriate rehydration therapy can reduce the mortality rate from as much as 50% of the affected individuals to <1%. Thus, oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is an important measure in the treatment of this disease. To further reduce the symptoms associated with cholera, improvements in oral rehydration solution (ORS) by starch incorporation were suggested. Here, we report that V. cholerae adheres to starch granules incorporated in ORS. Adhesion of 98% of the cells was observed within 2 min when cornstarch granules were used. Other starches showed varied adhesion rates, indicating that starch source and composition play an important role in the interaction of V. cholerae and starch granules. Sugars metabolized by V. cholerae showed a repressive effect on the adhesion process. The possible mechanisms involved are discussed. Comparing V. cholerae adhesion with the adhesion of other pathogens suggests the involvement of starch degradation capabilities. This adhesion to granular starch can be used to improve ORT.

scholarly journals Glucose- but Not Rice-Based Oral Rehydration Therapy Enhances the Production of Virulence Determinants in the Human Pathogen Vibrio cholerae

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. e3347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane Kühn ◽  
Flavio Finger ◽  
Enrico Bertuzzo ◽  
Sandrine Borgeaud ◽  
Marino Gatto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Oral Rehydration Therapy ◽  
Virulence Determinants ◽  
Human Pathogen ◽  
Oral Rehydration
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