scholarly journals STRUCTURE OF CEREAL-LEGUME HERBALS WITH DIFFERENT METHODS OF SOWING AND IRRIGATION IN ARID CONDITIONS OF THE LOWER VOLGA

2022 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Natal'ya Kudryashova ◽  
Galina Bulahtina ◽  
Aleksandr Kudryashov ◽  
Andrey Hyupinin

In recent years, livestock farms in the Astrakhan region have mainly used grasses from natural hayfields and pastures for fodder. But, due to the sharp aridization of the climate, and, as a consequence, the more frequent droughts, as well as the unregulated growth of the number of animals on farms, the reserves of natural herbage are often insufficient. Therefore, the region began to increase the area of sown hayfields for irrigation. The aim of the work is to study the effect of various irrigation methods on the productivity of cereal-leguminous mixtures with multi-cut use in the conditions of light chestnut soils of the Northern Caspian region. The studies were carried out in 2017-2020 in the Astrakhan region. All studied irrigation methods (sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation with a belt laying depth of 0.0, 0.15, 0.25, 0.35 and 0.45 m, periodic flooding), with the exception of subsoil irrigation, with an ordinary method of sowing contributed to the development of both cereals and legumes. In these variants of the experiment, cereals occupied a significant part in the total herbage - from 40.0 to 61.0%. When using the spread sowing method, only in one variant, the share of cereal grasses was 54.0% (periodic flooding). In all others with this method of sowing, the amount of cereals in the total mass was insignificant, or they were completely absent. The widespread method of sowing was also the most productive in all the years of research. The maximum yield in the experiment was noted in all variants of the experiment in the third year of the life of grasses in 2019.The highest productivity with the spread method of sowing was noted in 2019 in the variants of the experiment with a belt laying depth of 0.25, 0.35 and 0.45 m and amounted to 98.1, 104.4 and 111.0 t/ha, respectively. In the variants with the row-sowing method, the yield was lower than with the wide-spread one. The highest yield with this method of sowing was also noted in 2019 in variants with subsurface drip irrigation with a belt laying depth of 0.35 and 0.45 m and amounted to 105.5 and 104.8 t/ha, respectively

Author(s):  
Rajanbir Singh ◽  
Amarinder Singh ◽  
Gurbax Singh ◽  
Amritpal Singh ◽  
Gurloveleen Kaur

Background: Potato (Solanum tuberosum) popularly known as ‘The King of Vegetables’, has emerged as fourth most important food crop in the world after rice, wheat and maize. Indian vegetables basket is incomplete without potato as its, dry matter, edible energy and edible protein makes it nutritionally superior as well as staple food throughout the world. Methods: The experiment during 2016-2018 was laid out in factorial randomized complete block design with three replications to study the effect of bed size on the yield and size of the tuber under different irrigation methods. Results: Maximum yield was obtained in 60cm bed (narrow bed size) whereas in irrigation system drip produced maximum yield. All quality parameters did not influence due to sowing method and irrigation system but chip recovery was more in drip irrigation than furrow system. Maximum yield through interaction was found in drip irrigated 105 cm triple row bed. Around 45-50 per cent water was saved through drip irrigation as compared to furrow irrigation. However, maximum benefit cost ratio was obtained in furrow irrigated 60cm bed size.


2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.P. Edwards ◽  
C.A. Madramootoo ◽  
J.K. Whalen ◽  
V.I. Adamchuk ◽  
A.S. Mat Su ◽  
...  

Irrigation practices change the soil moisture in agricultural fields and influence emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). A 2 yr field study was conducted to assess carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from surface and subsurface drip irrigated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fields on a loamy sand in southern Ontario. Surface and subsurface drip irrigation are common irrigation practices used by tomato growers in southern Ontario. The N2O fluxes were generally ≤50 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1, with mean cumulative emissions ranging between 352 ± 83 and 486 ± 138 mg N2O-N m−2. No significant difference in N2O emissions between the two drip irrigation practices was found in either study year. Mean CO2 fluxes ranged from 22 to 160 mg CO2-C m2 h−1 with cumulative fluxes between 188 ± 42 and 306 ± 31 g CO2-C m−2. Seasonal CO2 emissions from surface drip irrigation were significantly greater than subsurface drip irrigation in both years, likely attributed to sampling time temperature differences. We conclude that these irrigation methods did not have a direct effect on the GHG emissions from tomato fields in this study. Therefore, both irrigation methods are expected to have similar environmental impacts and are recommended to growers.


2018 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 122-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonino Pisciotta ◽  
Rosario Di Lorenzo ◽  
Gioacchino Santalucia ◽  
Maria Gabriella Barbagallo

Author(s):  
Viktor Melihov ◽  
Aleksey Novikov ◽  
Denis Vasilyuk

The article considers three ways of watering potatoessprinkling, furrowing, drip and two methods of hilling – ridge and ridge at early spring and summer planting times. The use of drip irrigation systems in the cultivation of potatoes in the subzone of light-chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region leads to an increase in yield of 63 % compared with sprinkler irrigation, at 31 % compared to irrigation furrows in the spring planting time and by 34 % compared to sprinkler irrigation, by 28 % compared to irrigation furrows on the options for summer planting time. Ridge hilling technique led to an increase in potato yield compared to the ridge technique by 8.5…13.3 % at early spring planting times and by 6.6…13.5 % at summer planting times. The analysis of yield of the main production shows that potatoes of spring term of landing formed mass of tubers to 57,4 t/ha, and at summer plantings to 62,6 t/ha. On average, the yield of potatoes at summer planting dates was higher than the yield of potatoes at spring planting dates by 13 %.


2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 778-786
Author(s):  
Mohammad Albaji ◽  
Mona Golabi ◽  
Aslan Egdernejad ◽  
Farzad Nazarizadeh

The objective of this research was to compare different irrigation methods based on a parametric evaluation system in an area of 16,350 ha in the Albaji Plain of the Khuzestan Province, in the southwest of Iran. The soil properties of the study area such as texture, depth, electrical conductivity, drainage, calcium carbonate content and slope were derived from a semi-detailed soil study carried out on the Albaji Plain on a scale of 1:20,000. After the soil properties were analyzed and evaluated, suitability maps were generated for surface, sprinkler and drip irrigation methods using a geographic information system (GIS). The results demonstrated that by applying sprinkler irrigation instead of surface and drip irrigation methods, the land suitability of 14,530 ha (88.87%) of the Albaji Plain could be improved substantially. However, the main limiting factors in using surface and sprinkler irrigation methods in this area were heavy soil texture, drainage and salinity, and the main limiting factors in using drip irrigation methods were heavy soil texture, calcium carbonate and salinity.


1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (10) ◽  
pp. 1046-1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Xiao ◽  
K. V. Subbarao ◽  
K. F. Schulbach ◽  
S. T. Koike

Experiments were conducted in field plots to evaluate the effects of broccoli residue on population dynamics of Verticillium dahliae in soil and on Verticillium wilt development on cauliflower under furrow and subsurface-drip irrigation and three irrigation regimes in 1994 and 1995. Treatments were a factorial combination of three main plots (broccoli crop grown, harvested, and residue incorporated in V.dahliae-infested plots; no broccoli crop or residue in infested plots; and fumigated control plots), two subplots (furrow and subsurface-drip irrigation), and three sub-subplots (deficit, moderate, and excessive irrigation regimes) arranged in a split-split-plot design with three replications. Soil samples collected at various times were assayed for V. dahliae propagules using the modified Anderson sampler technique. Incidence and severity of Verticillium wilt on cauliflower were assessed at 7- to 10-day intervals beginning a month after cauliflower transplanting and continuing until harvest. Number of propagules in all broccoli plots declined significantly (P < 0.05) after residue incorporation and continued to decline throughout the cauliflower season. The overall reduction in the number of propagules after two broccoli crops was approximately 94%, in contrast to the fivefold increase in the number of propagules in infested main plots without broccoli after two cauliflower crops. Disease incidence and severity were both reduced approximately 50% (P < 0.05) in broccoli treatments compared with no broccoli treatments. Differences between furrow and subsurface-drip irrigation were not significant, but incidence and severity were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the deficit irrigation regime compared with the other two regimes. Abundance of microsclerotia of V. dahliae on cauliflower roots about 8 weeks after cauliflower harvest was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in treatments with broccoli compared with treatments without broccoli. Rotating broccoli with cauliflower and incorporating broccoli residues into the soils is a novel means of managing Verticillium wilt on cauliflower and perhaps on other susceptible crops. This practice would be successful regardless of the irrigation methods or regimes followed on the susceptible crops.


1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Bell ◽  
L. Liu ◽  
B. Reidy ◽  
R. M. Davis ◽  
K. V. Subbarao

Subsurface drip irrigation and associated mandatory minimum tillage practices significantly reduced the incidence of lettuce drop (Sclerotinia minor) and the severity of corky root on lettuce compared with furrow irrigation and conventional tillage. Three possible mechanisms for the drip irrigation-mediated disease suppression were examined in this study: qualitative and quantitative differences in the soil microflora under furrow and subsurface drip irrigation; their antagonism and potential bio-control effects on S. minor; and the physical distribution of soil moisture and temperature relative to the two irrigation methods. To determine if the suppressive effects under subsurface drip irrigation were related to changes in soil microflora, soils were assayed for actinomycetes, bacteria, and fungi during the spring and fall seasons. The effects of the irrigation methods on microbial populations were nearly identical during both seasons. In the spring season, the total number of fungal colonies recovered on potato dextrose agar amended with rose Bengal generally was greater in soils under drip irrigation than under furrow irrigation, but no such differences were observed during the fall. Numbers of actinomycetes and bacteria were not significantly different between irrigation methods during either season. No interaction between sampling time and irrigation methods was observed for any of the microbial populations during both seasons. Thus, the significant effect of sampling time observed for actinomycete and bacterial populations during the spring was most likely not caused by the irrigation treatments. There were also no qualitative differences in the three groups of soil microflora between the irrigation treatments. Even though some fungal, actinomycete, and bacterial isolates suppressed mycelial growth of S. minor in in vitro assays, the isolates came from both subsurface drip- and furrow-irrigated soils. In in planta assays, selected isolates failed to reduce the incidence of drop in lettuce plants. The soil moisture under subsurface drip irrigation was significantly lower at all depths and distances from the bed center after an irrigation event than under furrow irrigation. The soil temperature, in contrast, was significantly higher at both 5 and 15 cm depths under drip irrigation than under furrow irrigation. The suppression of lettuce drop under subsurface drip irrigation compared with furrow irrigation is attributed to differential moisture and temperature effects rather than to changes in the soil microflora or their inhibitory effects on S. minor.


1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 575-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
George J. Hochmuth ◽  
Salvadore J. Locascio ◽  
Stephen R. Kostewicz ◽  
Frank G. Martin

Three irrigation treatments (none, drip, and sprinkler) and eight rowcover treatments were evaluated for their capacity to provide freeze protection for strawberries (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) in a split-plot factorial field experiment. The period under study included 20 freeze events, two events with minima of -9.5C and -10.0C. With no freeze protection, up to 93% of the flowers were damaged by freezes. Among sprinkler-irrigated plants, an average of only 10% flowers were damaged due to the freezes. Heavy-weight rowcovers (polyethylene blanket and polypropylene, 30 and 50 g·m-2, respectively) protected strawberry flowers as well as sprinkler irrigation to -4.4C. Early yield (December-January) from unprotected plants was negligible. Early yields from plants protected with a 3.2-mm polyethylene blanket or a 50 g·m-2 polypropylene cover were equal to yields obtained with sprinkler-protected plants. Combinations of sprinkler and certain rowcover treatments provided for better fruit production than either treatment alone. Drip irrigation alone provided no protection from freezes. All strawberry plants recovered from freeze damage and total-season yields were similar with all irrigation methods and rowcovers.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
D K SINGH ◽  
ANANT BAHADUR ◽  
S NS CHAURASIA ◽  
SHEKHAR SINGH

Tomato is one of the important vegetable crops for nutrition security. The vegetables respond very well to proper irrigation water management towards increasing yield. A study on response of tomato under subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) with laterals placed at 5 cm, 10 cm and 15 cm depth below soil surface was carried out in inceptisols at ICAR- Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi. It was found that soil water content variation was less and more favorable within top 30 cm depth of soil profile under SDI with lateral placed at 10 cm depth below soil surface. The maximum yield of tomato 52.85 t/ha was realized under SDI with lateral placed at 10 cm depth below soil surface followed by yield under 15 cm and 5 cm depth of lateral placement. It was 14.67% higher than the surface drip irrigation. The lowest yield of tomato was recorded 46.09 t/ha with surface drip irrigation. Maximum water use efficiency 1.968 t/ha-cm was obtained with SDI lateral placed at 10 cm depth below soil surface. To realize maximum yield and water use efficiency of tomato, SDI laterals could be placed at 10 cm depth below soil surface.


HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 839A-839
Author(s):  
Erik B.G. Feibert ◽  
Clinton C. Shock ◽  
Lamont D. Saunders

Onion yield and grade were compared under sprinkler, subsurface drip, and furrow irrigation in 1992, 1993, and 1994. Furrow-irrigated onions were planted on two double rows on 1.12-m-wide beds at 352,000 seeds/ha. Sprinkler- and drip-irrigated onions were planted in nine single rows on a 2.24-m-wide bed at 432,100 seeds/acre. Drip plots had three drip lines buried 0.10 m deep in each 2.24-m bed. Soil water potential at 0.2-m depth was measured by tensiometers and granular matrix sensors (Watermark Model 200SS, Irrometer Co., Riverside, Calif.). Furrow irrigations were started when the soil water potential at the 0.2-m depth reached –25 kPa. Drip-irrigated onions had soil water potential at the 0.2-m depth kept wetter than –25 kPa by daily replacement of crop evapotranspiration (Etc). Sprinkler irrigations were started when the accumulated Etc reached 25 mm. Sprinkler irrigation resulted in significantly higher onion yield than furrow irrigation in 1993 and 1994. Sprinkler irrigation resulted in higher marketable onion yield than furrow irrigation in 1993. Drip irrigation resulted in significantly higher onion yield than furrow irrigation every year. Drip irrigation resulted in higher marketable onion yield than furrow irrigation in 1992 and 1994. Marketable onion yield was reduced in 1993 due to rot during storage.


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