Making Marketplaces Safe: Dominant Individual Rationality and Applications to Market Design

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin N. Roth ◽  
Ran I. Shorrer

Often market designers cannot force agents to join a marketplace rather than using pre-existing institutions. We propose a new desideratum for marketplace design that guarantees the safety of participation: dominant individual rationality (DIR). A marketplace is DIR if every pre-existing strategy is weakly dominated by some strategy within the marketplace. We study applications to the design of labor markets and the sharing economy. We also provide a general construction to achieve approximate DIR across a wide range of marketplace designs. This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, decision analysis.

2021 ◽  
pp. 0272989X2110190
Author(s):  
Ilyas Khan ◽  
Liliane Pintelon ◽  
Harry Martin

Objectives The main objectives of this article are 2-fold. First, we explore the application of multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods in different areas of health care, particularly the adoption of various MCDA methods across health care decision making problems. Second, we report on the publication trends on the application of MCDA methods in health care. Method PubMed was searched for literature from 1960 to 2019 in the English language. A wide range of keywords was used to retrieve relevant studies. The literature search was performed in September 2019. Articles were included only if they have reported an MCDA case in health care. Results and Conclusion The search yielded 8,318 abstracts, of which 158 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were considered for further analysis. Hybrid methods are the most widely used methods in health care decision making problems. When it comes to single methods, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is the most widely used method followed by TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution), multiattribute utility theory, goal programming, EVIDEM (evidence and value: impact on decision making), evidential reasoning, discrete choice experiment, and so on. Interestingly, the usage of hybrid methods has been high in recent years. AHP is most widely applied in screening and diagnosing and followed by treatment, medical devices, resource allocation, and so on. Furthermore, treatment, screening and diagnosing, medical devices, and drug development and assessment got more attention in the MCDA context. It is indicated that the application of MCDA methods to health care decision making problem is determined by the nature and complexity of the health care problem. However, guidelines and tools exist that assist in the selection of an MCDA method.


1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 1393-1406 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Healey

This paper reviews the origin and operational definition of the optimum yield (OY) concept and demonstrates how techniques of decision analysis can provide an analytical model for OY. The concept of OY was formalized as the guiding principle of fisheries management in the United States and Canada in 1976. The policies of both countries make it clear that a wide range of biological, economic, and social factors are to be taken into account in determining OY. Confusion exists, however, about precisely which of these factors should determine OY in any fishery and what is their relative importance. Uncertainty also exists about how to take biological, economic, and social factors jointly into account as the concept of OY implies one must. Established biological and economic models in fisheries are not adequate for such an analysis because their focus is single- rather than multi-objective. Operational techniques of decision analysis, such as multiattribute utility analysis, are specifically designed to deal with multiobjective problems like OY. I propose that a simple, linear, utility model be used to assess the optimality of alternative yield strategies in fisheries management. I illustrate the application of the model by assessing OY options in the New England herring (Clupea harengus) fishery and the Skeena River salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) fishery. The advantages of the model are that it is simple and intuitively appealing, that it permits a wide range of types and qualities of data to be incorporated into the evaluation of management options, that it is amenable to sensitivity analysis, and that it is adaptable to a variety of decision rules.


2021 ◽  
Vol 250 ◽  
pp. 06004
Author(s):  
Oksana Nurova ◽  
Tatiana Freze

This research focuses on factors that influence the competitive advantage of the sustainable digital economy. Digital economy helped to speed up the exchange of information flows which, in turn, impacted on the creation the new forms of business and socio-economic interactions. Such sectors as banking and finance or hospitality and services are all influenced by the advancements of the digital economy that include sharing economy or Blockchain technology and its related applications. In this article, we show that digital economy is more sustainable due to the fact that it requires less energy sources and can itself contribute to the formation of the green economy and the acceptance of the renewable energy. All these features constitute its competitive advantage that needs to be further supported and fostered. In addition, we discuss key strategies and the development of skills to adapt to a digital economy and provide an overview of high-quality training for high-tech workers. It was assumed that in future, people would be able to easily acquire new skills through vocational training and vocational training. However, the spread of digital technologies has changed the way we work and has increased the need for high-quality training for workers in a wide range of professions. To use such technologies effectively, workers in an increasing number of sectors and professions need both general and advanced ICT skills.


2017 ◽  
pp. 58-69
Author(s):  
М. V. Lesnikova

Labor potential for the Ukrainian economy cannot be formed without professional training of staff. The system for professional technical education (PTE) consists of professional technical institutions in an industry, other enterprises, institutions, organizations, and education or supervisory offices charged with the administration of the former. The studies demonstrate that the existing PTE network in Ukraine is ineffective and distanced from the needs of regional economies in terms of their demography problems and needs of their labor markets. The abovementioned raises the importance of the issues of access to high quality and complete statistical information, incorporating a wide range of statistical indicators, first and foremost the ones on labor market performance, enabling for effective decision-making. The author’s review of the respective statistical reports shows that the existing statistical indicators form three linked modules (labor market, formation of PTE system, national accounts of education), containing quantitative data on network, enrolment, teaching personnel, material-technical and methodological provision of professional technical education institutions, PTE financing. Sufficiency of the existing statistical information is assessed by use of multi-step typology by the technology based on the statistics of non-numeric data. The data obtained from users and makers of PTE system in time of Turin process in 2016 show that the existing statistical reports fails to meet information needs of labor markets in high quality statistical data. According to the respondents, the main barrier is unstable economic situation; more than one quarter of the respondents (27%) mention irrelevance of the body supervising the collection of statistical data, and lack of advanced methodologies and methods for recording of jobs. A pressing problem is related with overlooking the scopes of shadow jobs and reluctance of a major part of employers to inform the development plans of their enterprises. Measures to improve the existing statistical reporting on PTE are as follows: introduce the questionnaire-based interviews of employers, to calculate the number of graduates kept on jobs, by specialty; considering large number of small enterprises and private enterprises, improve the existing method for collection and processing of bid data; construct a standard method for calculating the rate of graduates’ job placement using the shadow economy ratio; create an integrated information and analytical system for PTE; calculate the rate of apprenticeship passed, by specialty, ours of apprenticeship, and location of apprenticeship; introduce the monitoring-based assessment of PTE quality; develop the method for balancing the scopes of professional technical staff trained in education institutions and labor market needs.


Author(s):  
Karen S. Cook ◽  
Bogdan State

This chapter explores the linkages between trust and cooperation in social dilemmas. In the typical social dilemma individuals do not know what others will do, thus they must make assumptions about the likelihood that others will cooperate. This judgment is sometimes made on the basis of the presumed trustworthiness of the others involved, and, if so, trust makes cooperation possible. However, there are other mechanisms at work. This chapter considers when trust facilitates cooperation and when other factors are more likely to. In addition it discusses briefly the nature of the applications of work on trust and social dilemmas to a wide range of phenomena focusing on collective action in relation to corruption, systems of taxation, environmental issues, and health-related dilemmas as well as those that arise in the sharing economy. It ends with speculation about the potential for solutions of social dilemmas to improve trust in society.


2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 1601-1608
Author(s):  
Agustin Cocola-Gant ◽  
Angela Hof ◽  
Christian Smigiel ◽  
Ismael Yrigoy

Papers in this special issue offer a wide range of political economy and sociological perspectives to explain the development and impacts of short-term rentals (STRs) in European cities. Empirically, they provide insights regarding STR providers, socio-spatial impacts, and regulation. Authors reveal the professionalization of the sector vis-à-vis the connection between STRs and the wider financialization of housing. STRs are predominantly supplied by professional property managers as well as by middle-class individuals for which renting on digital platforms is their main professional activity. Furthermore, the increasing professionalization of hosts and the intrinsic competition among them is largely stimulated by the business model of digital platforms which has progressively favoured professional operators. Understanding how STRs are shaped by platform capitalism helps to explain the socio-spatial impacts of this market as well as why current regulations have not mitigated such impacts. In terms of impacts, contributions to this special issue document processes of displacement, gentrification, and how the penetration of visitors in neighbourhoods is experienced by residents as a process of loss and dispossession. However, due to the lobbying campaigns of professional operators and industry players, regulation has led to the legitimization of this new market rather than to the limitation of the activity. Therefore, the special issue challenges the use of a ‘sharing economy' and ‘peer-to-peer platforms’ as analytical categories, and, instead, provides evidence of why the STR market should be seen as part of the wider expansion of platform capitalism, consolidating the neoliberal and financialized urban paradigm.


2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-133
Author(s):  
V. D. Nechaev ◽  
S. Yu. Belokonev

The article is devoted to a theoretical analysis of the possible consequences of the digital transformation of modern societies. The authors carry out a comparative analysis of three political and economic models of digital transformation: the cognitive capitalism model, sharing economy (the peer production economy) model and the digital totalitarianism model. It is concluded that these theoretical models reflect conflicting trends in the development of society at the stage of digital transformation. The authors suggest that in reality a wide range of mixed political and economic models of a digital society will emerge, each of which will include a particular combination of analyzed ideal types. The implementation of this or that model will depend on a group of factors, including: the national structure of the economy, the system of international relations, the territorial structure of urbanization and the ability (political, economic and technological) of a particular national state to maintain its sovereignty in the digital world.


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