Movement Eastward

2019 ◽  
pp. 185-203
Author(s):  
Robert Chazan
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Community ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Soil P ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The One ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

This chapter details the Jewish movement eastward. Toward the end of the thirteenth century and on into the fourteenth, the more advanced polities of the northwest began to limit and then expel their Jews. The Jews expelled from England and France did not opt to return to the Mediterranean Basin, from which their ancestors had originated. The migration of these banished Jews eastward across northern Europe reflects the extent to which the one-time Jewish newcomers had come to identify with their adopted ambience. Jews were also expelled from Spain in 1492 and Portugal in 1497, following the banishments from England, France, and multiple locales in northcentral Europe. However, the Spanish expulsion had enormous impact on Jewish thinking, and the reason is simple. This was the banishment of an age-old Jewish community, one that saw itself and was seen by non-Jews as profoundly rooted in European soil.

scholarly journals Determining the hierarchical order by which the variables of sampling season, dust outbreaks occurrence, and sampling location, can shape the airborne bacterial communities in the Mediterranean basin

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo Rosselli ◽  
Maura Fiamma ◽  
Massimo Deligios ◽  
Gabriella Pintus ◽  
Grazia Pellizzaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Wind Regimes ◽  
The One ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Community Evenness

Abstract. An NGS-based taxonomic analysis was carried out on airborne bacteria sampled at ground level in two periods (May and September) and two opposite localities on the North-South axis of the Sardinia Island. Located in a central position of the Mediterranean basin, Sardinia constitutes a suitable outpost to reveal possible immigration of bacterial taxa during transcontinental particle discharge between Africa and Europe. With the aim of verifying relative effects of dust outbreaks, sampling period and sampling site, on the airborne bacterial community composition, we compared air collected during dust-carrying meteorological events to that coming from wind regimes not associated to long-distance particle lifting. Results indicated that: (a) a higher microbial diversity (118 orders vs 65) and increased community evenness were observed in the campaign carried out in September in comparison to the one in May, irrespective of the place of collection and of the presence or absence of dust outbreaks. (b) During the period of standard wind regimes without transcontinental outbreaks a synchronous, concerted succession of bacterial communities across distant locations of the same island, accompanied as mentioned by a parallel rise in bacterial diversity and community evenness appears to have occurred. (c) changes in wind provenance could transiently change community composition in the locality placed on the coast facing the incoming wind, but not in the one located at the opposite side of the island; for this reason the community changes brought from dust outbreaks of African origin are observed only in the sampling station exposed to south; (d) the same winds, once proceeding over land appear to uplift bacteria belonging to a common core already present over the region, which dilute or replace those that were associated with the air coming from the sea or conveyed by the dust particulate, explaining the two prior points. (e) the hierarchy of the variables tested in determining bacterial assemblages composition results: sampling period >> ongoing meteorological events > sampling location within the island.

scholarly journals Determining the hierarchical order by which the variables of sampling period, dust outbreak occurrence, and sampling location can shape the airborne bacterial communities in the Mediterranean basin

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 4351-4367
Author(s):  
Riccardo Rosselli ◽  
Maura Fiamma ◽  
Massimo Deligios ◽  
Gabriella Pintus ◽  
Grazia Pellizzaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Wind Regimes ◽  
The One ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Community Evenness

Abstract. A next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based taxonomic analysis was carried out on airborne bacteria sampled at ground level in two periods (May and September) and two opposite locations on the north–south axis of the island of Sardinia. Located in a central position of the Mediterranean basin, Sardinia constitutes a suitable outpost for revealing possible immigration of bacterial taxa during transcontinental particle discharge between Africa and Europe. With the aim of verifying relative effects of dust outbreaks, sampling period, and sampling site on the airborne bacterial community composition, we compared air collected during dust-carrying meteorological events to that coming from wind regimes not associated with long-distance particle lifting. Results indicated that (a) higher microbial diversity and richness (118 vs. 65 orders) and increased community evenness were observed in the campaign carried out in September in comparison to the one in May, irrespective of the place of collection and of the presence or absence of dust outbreaks; (b) during the period of standard wind regimes without transcontinental outbreaks, a synchronous concerted turnover of bacterial communities across distant locations of the same island, accompanied as mentioned by a parallel rise in bacterial diversity and community evenness, appears to have occurred; (c) changes in wind provenance could transiently change community composition in the locality placed on the coast facing the incoming wind but not in the one located at the opposite side of the island, and for this reason the community changes brought from dust outbreaks of African origin are observed only in the sampling station exposed to the south; (d) the same winds, once proceeding over land, appear to uplift bacteria belonging to a common core already present over the region, which dilute or replace those that were associated with the air coming from the sea or conveyed by the dust particulates, explaining the two prior points; and (e) the hierarchy of the variables tested in determining bacterial assemblages composition results is as follows: sampling period≫ongoing meteorological events>sampling location within the island.

scholarly journals Mesoscale numerical simulations of heavy nocturnal rainbands associated with coastal fronts in the Mediterranean Basin

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1185-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mazon ◽  
D. Pino
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Mesoscale Model ◽  
Cold Pool ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The One ◽  
Maritime Air ◽  
Upstream Flow ◽  
Northeastern Coast ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

Abstract. Three offshore rainbands associated with nocturnal coastal fronts formed near the Israeli coastline, the Gulf of Genoa and on the northeastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula, are simulated using version 3.3 of the WRF-ARW mesoscale model in order to study the dynamics of the atmosphere in each case. The simulations show coastal fronts producing relatively high (in comparison with some other similar rainbands) 1 and 10 h accumulated precipitations that formed in the Mediterranean Basin. According to these simulations, the coastal fronts that formed near the Israeli coastline and over the Gulf of Genoa are quasi-stationary, while the one that formed on the northeastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula moves away from the coast. For the three events, we evaluate and intercompare some parameters related to convective triggering, deceleration induced by the cold pool in the upstream flow, and the blockage that the cold coastal front offers to the warmer maritime air mass.

scholarly journals Numerical simulation of relatively heavy nocturnal rain bands associated with nocturnal coastal fronts in the Mediterranean basin

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 7595-7613 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mazon ◽  
D. Pino
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Mesoscale Model ◽  
Convective Precipitation ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The One ◽  
Coastal Front ◽  
Northeastern Coast ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

Abstract. Three offshore rain bands associated with nocturnal coastal fronts formed near the Israel coastline, the Gulf of Genoa and on the northeastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula are simulated by using version 3.3 of WRF–ARW mesoscale model to study the dynamics of the atmosphere in each case. A relatively large 1 h and 10 h accumulated precipitation are simulated when comparing with some other similar rain bands formed in the Mediterranean basin. According to the simulations, the coastal fronts formed near the Israel coastline and in the Gulf of Genoa are quasi-stationary, while the one formed on the northeastern of the Iberian Peninsula moves offshore. For the three events, the evolution of the triggering parameter H/LFC, where H is the coastal-front depth and LFC is the Level of Free Convection, is compared and used as an indication of the occurrence of convective precipitation.

Piracy and Law in the Ottoman Mediterranean

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. White
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Comprehensive Examination ◽  
Legal Space ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
First Time ◽  
Eastern Half ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

This book offers a comprehensive examination of the shape and impact of piracy in the eastern half of the Mediterranean and the Ottoman Empire’s administrative, legal, and diplomatic response. In the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, piracy had a tremendous effect on the formation of international law, the conduct of diplomacy, the articulation of Ottoman imperial and Islamic law, and their application in Ottoman courts. Piracy and Law draws on research in archives and libraries in Istanbul, Venice, Crete, London, and Paris to bring the Ottoman state and Ottoman victims into the story for the first time. It explains why piracy exploded after the 1570s and why the Ottoman state was largely unable to marshal an effective military solution even as it responded dynamically in the spheres of law and diplomacy. By focusing on the Ottoman victims, jurists, and officials who had to contend most with the consequences of piracy, Piracy and Law reveals a broader range of piratical practitioners than the Muslim and Catholic corsairs who have typically been the focus of study and considers their consequences for the Ottoman state and those who traveled through Ottoman waters. This book argues that what made the eastern half of the Mediterranean basin the Ottoman Mediterranean, more than sovereignty or naval supremacy—which was ephemeral—was that it was a legal space. The challenge of piracy helped to define its contours.

Unfinished and Less Authored Texts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. C. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Jewish Writers

The concept of textual unfinishedness played a role in a wide variety of cultures and contexts across the Mediterranean basin in antiquity and late antiquity. Chapter 2 documents examples of Greek, Roman, and Jewish writers reflecting explicitly in their own words about unfinished texts. Many writers claimed to have written unfinished texts on purpose for specific cultural reasons, while others claimed to have written texts that slipped out of their hands somehow with their permission.

The Alphabet and its Legacy

2019 ◽  
pp. 240-255
Author(s):  
Madadh Richey
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Writing Systems ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Generative Power ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Alphabetic Writing ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

The alphabet employed by the Phoenicians was the inheritor of a long tradition of alphabetic writing and was itself adapted for use throughout the Mediterranean basin by numerous populations speaking many languages. The present contribution traces the origins of the alphabet in Sinai and the Levant before discussing different alphabetic standardizations in Ugarit and Phoenician Tyre. The complex adaptation of the latter for representation of the Greek language is described in detail, then some brief attention is given to likely—Etruscan and other Italic alphabets—and possible (Iberian and Berber) descendants of the Phoenician alphabet. Finally, it is stressed that current research does not view the Phoenician and other alphabets as inherently simpler, more easily learned, or more democratic than other writing systems. The Phoenician alphabet remains, nevertheless, an impressive technological development worthy, especially by virtue of its generative power, of detailed study ranging from paleographic and orthographic specifications to social and political contextualization.

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