scholarly journals Determinants of water source use, quality of water, sanitation and hygiene perceptions among urban households in North-West Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0239502
Author(s):  
Shewayiref Geremew Gebremichael ◽  
Emebet Yismaw ◽  
Belete Dejen Tsegaw ◽  
Adeladilew Dires Shibeshi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
North West ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
North West Ethiopia

Background Clean water is an essential part of human healthy life and wellbeing. More recently, rapid population growth, high illiteracy rate, lack of sustainable development, and climate change; faces a global challenge in developing countries. The discontinuity of drinking water supply forces households either to use unsafe water storage materials or to use water from unsafe sources. The present study aimed to identify the determinants of water source types, use, quality of water, and sanitation perception of physical parameters among urban households in North-West Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among households from February to March 2019. An interview-based a pre-tested and structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data collection samples were selected randomly and proportional to each of the kebeles’ households. MS Excel and R Version 3.6.2 were used to enter and analyze the data; respectively. Descriptive statistics using frequencies and percentages were used to explain the sample data concerning the predictor variable. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess the association between independent and response variables. Results Four hundred eighteen (418) households have participated. Based on the study undertaken,78.95% of households used improved and 21.05% of households used unimproved drinking water sources. Households drinking water sources were significantly associated with the age of the participant (x2 = 20.392, df = 3), educational status (x2 = 19.358, df = 4), source of income (x2 = 21.777, df = 3), monthly income (x2 = 13.322, df = 3), availability of additional facilities (x2 = 98.144, df = 7), cleanness status (x2 = 42.979, df = 4), scarcity of water (x2 = 5.1388, df = 1) and family size (x2 = 9.934, df = 2). The logistic regression analysis also indicated that those factors are significantly determining the water source types used by the households. Factors such as availability of toilet facility, household member type, and sex of the head of the household were not significantly associated with drinking water sources. Conclusion The uses of drinking water from improved sources were determined by different demographic, socio-economic, sanitation, and hygiene-related factors. Therefore; the local, regional, and national governments and other supporting organizations shall improve the accessibility and adequacy of drinking water from improved sources in the area.

scholarly journals Determinants of Water Source Use, Quality of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Perceptions among Urban Households in North-West Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shewayiref Geremew Gebremichael ◽  
Emebet Yismaw ◽  
Belete Dejen ◽  
Adeladilew Dires
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
North West ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
North West Ethiopia

AbstractBackgroundClean water is an essential element for human health, wellbeing, and prosperity. Every human being has the right to access safe drinking water. But, in now day, due to rapid population growth, illiteracy, lack of sustainable development, and climate change; it still faces a global challenge for about one billion people in the developing nation. The discontinuity of drinking water supply puts in force households either to use unsafe water storage materials or to use water from unimproved sources. This study aimed to identify the determinants of water source types, use, quality of water, and sanitation perception of physical parameters among urban households in North-West Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among households from February to March 2019. An interview-based pre-tested and structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data collection samples were selected randomly and proportional to each kebeles’ households. MS Excel and R Version 3.6.2 was used to enter and analyze the data; respectively. Descriptive statistics using frequencies and percentages were used to explain the sample data concerning the predictor variable. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess the association between the independent and the response variables.ResultsFour hundred eighteen (418) households have participated. Based on the study undertaken, 78.95% of households used improved and 21.05% of households used unimproved drinking water sources. Households drinking water sources are significantly associated with age of participant (x2 = 20.392, df=3), educational status (x2 = 19.358, df=4), source of income (x2 = 21.777, df=3), monthly income (x2 = 13.322, df=3), availability of additional facilities (x2 = 98.144, df=7), cleanness status (x2 =42.979, df=4), scarcity of water (x2 = 5.1388, df=1) and family size (x2 = 9.934, df=2). The logistic regression analysis also indicated as those factors are significantly determined (p 0.05) the water source types used by households. Factors such as availability of toilet facility, household member type, and sex of head of the household are not significantly associated with the drinking water sources.ConclusionThe study showed that being an older age group of the head of the household, being government employer, merchant and self-employed, being a higher income group, the presence of all facilities in the area, lived in a clean surrounding and lower family size are the determinant factors of using drinking water from improved sources. Therefore; the local, regional, and national governments and other supporting organizations shall improve the accessibility and adequacy of drinking water from improved sources through short and long time plans for the well-being of the community in the area.

scholarly journals KARAKTERISTIK RUMAH TANGGA PENGGUNA AIR MINUM KEMASAN DAN ISI ULANG DI INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-164
Author(s):  
Elsa Elsi ◽  
Sahat P Manalu ◽  
Dasuki Dasuki ◽  
Aria Kusuma
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Source Characteristics ◽  
Drinking Water Sources

ABSTRACT One of SDG's 2030 targets is that households have access to drinking water. The phenomenon is some of community use bottled water/refill as drinking water. The aim of this article are knowing household proportion with improve clean water source and water collecting time that use bottled water/refill drinking water, and relation of clean water source characteristics with using bottle/refill drinking water. Research design is cross sectional. Dependent variable is household drinking water sources type, independents are household clean water source characteristics, and travel time collecting water. Bivariate data analysis was carried out to analyze the relationship between the proportion of bottled / refilled water users by households with adequate water sources and households that use inappropriate water sources. The results showed that proportion of households with unimproved drinking water sources, unimproved clean water source and unimproved water collecting time are greater using bottled/refill  drinking, each (7,6%) and (26,7%). There are statistic significances relation between household with unimproved drinking water source, unimproved travel time collecting water with using bottled/ relill drinking water (p = 0,000). Also found statistic significances between household with improved drinking water source, unimproved clean water source and unimproved travel time collecting water with using bottled/ relill drinking water (p = 0,000). Keywords: Bottled water, refill drinking water, improved water   ABSTRAK Salah satu target SDG’s 2030 adalah rumah tangga memiliki akses terhadap air minum. Sebagian masyarakat menggunakan air minum kemasan/ isi ulang sebagai air minum. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik pengguna air minum kemasan/isi ulang sebagai sumber air utama. Desain penelitian adalah potong lintang. Variabel terikat adalah jenis sumber air minum rumah tangga, sedangkan variabel bebas terdiri dari karakteristik sumber air utama dan waktu yang diperlukan untuk mengambil air. Analisis data secara bivariat dilakukan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara proporsi pengguna air minum kemasan/isi ulang oleh rumah tangga dengan sumber air layak dengan rumah tangga yang menggunakan sumber air tidak  layak.  Hasil menunjukkan bahwa proporsi pengguna air minum kemasan/isi ulang oleh  rumah tangga dengan sumber air minum yang belum layak  lebih tinggi diibandingkan dengan rumah tangga dengan sumber air minum layak, yaitu masing-masing (7,6%) dan (26,7%). Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara rumah tangga dengan sumber air minum belum layak, dengan waktu tempuh pengambilan air belum layak terhadap penggunaan air minum kemasan/ isi ulang (p=0,000).  Pada rumah tangga dengan  sumber air minum layak, sumber air utama belum layak dan waktu pengambilan belum layak juga ditemukan hubungan bermakna secara statistik terhadap penggunaan air minum kemasan/ isi ulang (p=0,000). Kata kunci: Air kemasan, air minum isi ulang, air layak

scholarly journals Microbial and metal water quality in rain catchments compared with traditional drinking water sources in the East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena M. Horak ◽  
Joshua S. Chynoweth ◽  
Ward P. Myers ◽  
Jennifer Davis ◽  
Scott Fendorf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
World Health ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Provide Drinking Water

In Papua New Guinea, a significant portion of morbidity and mortality is attributed to water-borne diseases. To reduce incidence of disease, communities and non-governmental organizations have installed rain catchments to provide drinking water of improved quality. However, little work has been done to determine whether these rain catchments provide drinking water of better quality than traditional drinking water sources, and if morbidity is decreased in villages with rain catchments. The specific aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of water produced by rain catchments in comparison with traditional drinking water sources in rural villages in the East Sepik Province. Fifty-four water sources in 22 villages were evaluated for enterococci and Escherichia coli densities as well as 14 health-relevant metals. In addition, we examined how the prevalence of diarrhoeal illness in villages relates to the type of primary drinking water source. The majority of tested metals were below World Health Organization safety limits. Catchment water sources had lower enterococci and E. coli than other water sources. Individuals in villages using Sepik River water as their primary water source had significantly higher incidence of diarrhoea than those primarily using other water sources (streams, dug wells and catchments).

scholarly journals Microbial quality of improved drinking water sources: evidence from western Kenya and southern Vietnam

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 607-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin A. Grady ◽  
Emmanuel C. Kipkorir ◽  
Kien Nguyen ◽  
E. R. Blatchley
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Southern Vietnam ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Public And Private Sector

In recent decades, more than 2 billion people have gained access to improved drinking water sources thanks to extensive effort from governments, and public and private sector entities. Despite this progress, many water sector development interventions do not provide access to safe water or fail to be sustained for long-term use. The authors examined drinking water quality of previously implemented water improvement projects in three communities in western Kenya and three communities in southern Vietnam. The cross-sectional study of 219 households included measurements of viable Escherichia coli. High rates of E. coli prevalence in these improved water sources were found in many of the samples. These findings suggest that measures above and beyond the traditional ‘improved source’ definition may be necessary to ensure truly safe water throughout these regions.

scholarly journals Impact of Community-Led Total Sanitation and Hygiene on Prevalence of Diarrheal Disease and Associated Factors among Under-Five Children: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study in Selected Woredas of Gamo Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Agune Ashole Alto ◽  
Wanzahun Godana ◽  
Genet Gedamu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gamo Gofa

Background. Diarrheal diseases are still one of the major causes of morbidity in under-five children in sub-Saharan Africa. In Ethiopia, diarrhea is responsible for 9% of all deaths and is the major cause of under-five mortality. Objective. To assess the impact of community-led total sanitation and hygiene on the prevalence of diarrheal disease and factors associated among under-five children in Gamo Gofa Zone. Methods. Community-based comparative cross-sectional study design was used to compare the impact of community-led total sanitation and hygiene intervention on under-five diarrheal disease. Multistage sampling method was employed. The data were collected by using pretested structured questionnaires. Data quality was ensured by daily supervision completeness and consistency. The data were coded, entered, and cleaned by using Epi Info version 7 and were analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were carried out by using binary logistic regression. Significance was declared by using p value of <0.05 and AOR with 95% confidence intervals. Results. The response rate of this study was 93.3%. The overall diarrhea prevalence was 27.5% (CI = (24.06, 30.97)) which was 18.9% (CI = (14.94, 23.2)) in implemented and 36.2%. (CI = (30.41, 41.59)) in nonimplemented woredas. Children whose age was between 12 and 23 months (AOR = 1.6) and greater than 24 months (AOR = 5), availability of handwashing facilities (AOR = 4), disposal of waste in open field (AOR = 9.7), unimproved source of drinking water (AOR = 6.5), using only water for handwashing (AOR = 6), children who started complementary feeding less than 6 months (AOR = 5.6) and greater than 6 months (AOR = 5.2), and utensils used to feed children such as bottle (AOR = 3.9) were the factors positively associated with diarrhea. Conclusion. The overall prevalence of under-five diarrhea was 27.5%. The prevalence was low in CLTSH woredas as compared with non-CLTSH woredas. The study showed that handwashing facility, using only water for handwashing, open refuse disposal, and unimproved source of drinking water among under-five had a statistically significant association with diarrhea occurrence in CLTSH nonimplemented areas. Integrated efforts are needed from the Ministry of Health together with the WASH Project in improving drinking water, handwashing facilities, and solid waste disposal practices.

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