scholarly journals Neuroprotective action of Cortexin, Cerebrolysin and Actovegin in acute or chronic brain ischemia in rats

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254493
Author(s):  
Denis V. Kurkin ◽  
Dmitry A. Bakulin ◽  
Evgeny I. Morkovin ◽  
Anna V. Kalatanova ◽  
Igor E. Makarenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Antioxidant System ◽  
Brain Ischemia ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Neuroprotective Activity ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Chronic Brain Ischemia ◽  
Neuroprotective Action

This study was the first to compare the neuroprotective activity of Cerebrolysin®, Actovegin® and Cortexin® in rodent models of acute and chronic brain ischemia. The neuroprotective action was evaluated in animals with acute (middle cerebral artery occlusion) or chronic (common carotid artery stenosis) brain ischemia models in male rats. Cortexin® (1 or 3 mg/kg/day), Cerebrolysin® (538 or 1614 mg/kg/day) and Actovegin® (200 mg/kg/day) were administered for 10 days. To assess the neurological and motor impairments, open field test, adhesive removal test, rotarod performance test and Morris water maze test were performed. Brain damage was assessed macro- and microscopically, and antioxidant system activity was measured in brain homogenates. In separate experiments in vitro binding of Cortexin® to a wide panel of receptors was assessed, and blood-brain barrier permeability of Cortexin® was assessed in mice in vivo. Cortexin® or Cerebrolysin® and, to a lesser extent, Actovegin® improved the recovery of neurological functions, reduced the severity of sensorimotor and cognitive impairments in rats. Cortexin® reduced the size of necrosis of brain tissue in acute ischemia, improved functioning of the antioxidant system and prevented the development of severe neurodegenerative changes in chronic ischemia model. Radioactively labeled Cortexin® crossed the blood-brain barrier in mice in vivo with concentrations equal to 6–8% of concentrations found in whole blood. During in vitro binding assay Cortexin® (10 μg/ml) demonstrated high or moderate binding to AMPA-receptors (80.1%), kainate receptors (73.5%), mGluR1 (49.0%), GABAA1 (44.0%) and mGluR5 (39.7%), which means that effects observed in vivo could be related on the glutamatergic and GABAergic actions of Cortexin®. Thus, Cortexin, 1 or 3 mg/kg, or Cerebrolysin®, 538 or 1614 mg/kg, were effective in models acute and chronic brain ischemia in rats. Cortexin® contains compounds acting on AMPA, kainate, mGluR1, GABAA1 and mGluR5 receptors in vitro, and readily crosses the blood-brain barrier in mice.

Activation of PKC modulates blood-brain barrier endothelial cell permeability changes induced by hypoxia and posthypoxic reoxygenation

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (5) ◽  
pp. H2012-H2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa A. Fleegal ◽  
Sharon Hom ◽  
Lindsay K. Borg ◽  
Thomas P. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Paracellular Permeability ◽  
Cell Permeability ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Cerebral Microvessels ◽  
Permeability Changes ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Brain Microvessel

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a metabolic and physiological barrier important for maintaining brain homeostasis. The aim of this study was to determine the role of PKC activation in BBB paracellular permeability changes induced by hypoxia and posthypoxic reoxygenation using in vitro and in vivo BBB models. In rat brain microvessel endothelial cells (RMECs) exposed to hypoxia (1% O2-99% N2; 24 h), a significant increase in total PKC activity was observed, and this was reduced by posthypoxic reoxygenation (95% room air-5% CO2) for 2 h. The expression of PKC-βII, PKC-γ, PKC-η, PKC-μ, and PKC-λ also increased following hypoxia (1% O2-99% N2; 24 h), and these protein levels remained elevated following posthypoxic reoxygenation (95% room air-5% CO2; 2 h). Increases in the expression of PKC-ε and PKC-ζ were also observed following posthypoxic reoxygenation (95% room air-5% CO2; 2 h). Moreover, inhibition of PKC with chelerythrine chloride (10 μM) attenuated the hypoxia-induced increases in [14C]sucrose permeability. Similar to what was observed in RMECs, total PKC activity was also stimulated in cerebral microvessels isolated from rats exposed to hypoxia (6% O2-94% N2; 1 h) and posthypoxic reoxygenation (room air; 10 min). In contrast, hypoxia (6% O2-94% N2; 1 h) and posthypoxic reoxygenation (room air; 10 min) significantly increased the expression levels of only PKC-γ and PKC-θ in the in vivo hypoxia model. These data demonstrate that hypoxia-induced BBB paracellular permeability changes occur via a PKC-dependent mechanism, possibly by differentially regulating the protein expression of the 11 PKC isozymes.

Refining In Vitro Neurotoxicity Testing — The Development of Blood–Brain Barrier Models

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Tähti ◽  
Heidi Nevala ◽  
Tarja Toimela
Keyword(s):  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Capillary Endothelial Cells ◽  
In Vitro Bbb Model

The purpose of this paper is to review the current state of development of advanced in vitro blood–brain barrier (BBB) models. The BBB is a special capillary bed that separates the blood from the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma. Astrocytes maintain the integrity of the BBB, and, without astrocytic contacts, isolated brain capillary endothelial cells in culture lose their barrier characteristics. Therefore, when developing in vitro BBB models, it is important to add astrocytic factors into the culture system. Recently, novel filter techniques and co-culture methods have made it possible to develop models which resemble the in vivo functions of the BBB in an effective way. With a BBB model, kinetic factors can be added into the in vitro batteries used for evaluating the neurotoxic potential of chemicals. The in vitro BBB model also represents a useful tool for the in vitro prediction of the BBB permeability of drugs, and offers the possibility to scan a large number of drugs for their potential to enter the CNS. Cultured monolayers of brain endothelial cell lines or selected epithelial cell lines, combined with astrocyte and neuron cultures, form a novel three-dimensional technique for the screening of neurotoxic compounds.

scholarly journals Proof-of-Concept Study of Drug Brain Permeability Between in Vivo Human Brain and an in Vitro iPSCs-Human Blood-Brain Barrier Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwenaëlle Le Roux ◽  
Rafika Jarray ◽  
Anne-Cécile Guyot ◽  
Serena Pavoni ◽  
Narciso Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Data ◽  
Apparent Permeability ◽  
Clinical Drug Development ◽  
Blood Brain

Abstract The development of effective central nervous system (CNS) drugs has been hampered by the lack of robust strategies to mimic the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and cerebrovascular impairments in vitro. Recent technological advancements in BBB modeling using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) allowed to overcome some of these obstacles, nonetheless the pertinence for their use in drug permeation study remains to be established. This mandatory information requires a cross comparison of in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic data in the same species to avoid failure in late clinical drug development. Here, we measured the BBB permeabilities of 8 clinical positron emission tomography (PET) radioligands with known pharmacokinetic parameters in human brain in vivo with a newly developed in vitro iPSC-based human BBB (iPSC-hBBB) model. Our findings showed a good correlation between in vitro and in vivo drug brain permeability (R2 = 0.83; P = 0.008) which contrasted with the limited correlation between in vitro apparent permeability for a set of 18 CNS/non-CNS compounds using the in vitro iPSCs-hBBB model and drug physicochemical properties. Our data suggest that the iPSC-hBBB model can be integrated in a flow scheme of CNS drug screening and potentially used to study species differences in BBB permeation.

scholarly journals Baicalein as a Potential Inhibitor against BACE1 and AChE: Mechanistic Comprehension through In Vitro and Computational Approaches

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Han ◽  
Yeongseon Ji ◽  
Kumju Youn ◽  
GyuTae Lim ◽  
Jinhyuk Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Binding Interaction ◽  
In Silico Docking ◽  
Blood Brain

One of the major neurodegenerative features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the presence of neurotoxic amyloid plaques composed of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ). β-Secretase (BACE1) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which promote Aβ fibril formation, have become attractive therapeutic targets for AD. P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the major efflux pump of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), plays a critical role in limiting therapeutic molecules. In pursuit of discovering a natural anti-AD candidate, the bioactivity, physicochemical, drug-likeness, and molecular docking properties of baicalein, a major compound from Scutellaria baicalensis, was investigated. Baicalein exhibited strong BACE1 and AChE inhibitory properties (IC50 23.71 ± 1.91 µM and 45.95 ± 3.44 µM, respectively) and reacted in non-competitive and competitive manners with substrates, respectively. in Silico docking analysis was in full agreement with the in vitro results, demonstrating that the compound exhibited powerful binding interaction with target enzymes. Particularly, three continuous hydroxyl groups on the A ring demonstrated strong H-bond binding properties. It is also noteworthy that baicalein complied with all requirements of Lipinski’s rule of five by its optimal physicochemical properties for both oral bioavailability and blood–brain barrier permeability. Overall, the present study strongly demonstrated the possibility of baicalein having in vivo pharmacological efficacy for specific targets in the prevention and/or treatment of AD.

scholarly journals Amphotericin B Penetrates into the Central Nervous System through Focal Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Experimental Hematogenous Candida Meningoencephalitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidmantas Petraitis ◽  
Ruta Petraitiene ◽  
Jessica M. Valdez ◽  
Vasilios Pyrgos ◽  
Martin J. Lizak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Amphotericin B ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Bolus Administration ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Mri Scans

ABSTRACT Hematogenous Candida meningoencephalitis (HCME) is a life-threatening complication of neonates and immunocompromised children. Amphotericin B (AmB) shows poor permeation and low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations but is effective in the treatment of HCME. In order to better understand the mechanism of CNS penetration of AmB, we hypothesized that AmB may achieve focally higher concentrations in infected CNS lesions. An in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model was serially infected with Candida albicans. Liposomal AmB (LAMB) or deoxycholate AmB (DAMB) at 5 μg/ml was then provided, and the vascular and CNS compartments were sampled 4 h later. For in vivo correlation, rabbits with experimental HCME received a single dose of DAMB at 1 mg/kg of body weight or LAMB at 5 mg/kg and were euthanized after 1, 3, 6, and 24 h. Evans blue dye solution (2%, 2 ml/kg) administered intravenously (i.v.) at 1 h prior to euthanasia stained infected regions of tissue but not histologically normal areas. AmB concentrations in stained and unstained tissue regions were measured using ultraperformance liquid chromatography. For selected rabbits, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans performed on days 1 to 7 postinoculation were acquired before and after i.v. bolus administration of gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) at 15-min intervals through 2 h postinjection. The greatest degree of penetration of DAMB and LAMB through the in vitro BBB occurred after 24 h of exposure (P = 0.0022). In vivo the concentrations of LAMB and DAMB in brain abscesses were 4.35 ± 0.59 and 3.14 ± 0.89 times higher, respectively, than those in normal tissue (P ≤ 0.019). MRI scans demonstrated that Gd-DTPA accumulated in infected areas with a disrupted BBB. Localized BBB disruption in HCME allows high concentrations of AmB within infected tissues, despite the presence of low cerebrospinal fluid concentrations.

scholarly journals EXTH-67. IDENTIFICATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEURAL ECM-BINDING LAMPREY ANTIBODIES (VARIABLE LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTORS) THAT TARGET GLIOBLASTOMA

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_6) ◽  
pp. vi96-vi96
Author(s):  
Benjamin Umlauf ◽  
Paul Clark ◽  
Jason Lajoie ◽  
Julia Georgieva ◽  
Samantha Bremner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Disease Markers ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Lymphocyte Receptors

Abstract INTRODUCTION The median survival of glioblastoma (GBM) patients remains less than two years even with state-of-the-art treatment. Current targeted GBM therapies demonstrate initial therapeutic benefit; however, patients relapse due to therapeutic selection of treatment resistant GBM cellular populations. Therefore, we propose targeting pathologic disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB) via exposure of neural ECM, rather than disease markers, to overcome therapy-resistant GBM. METHODS We identify Variable Lymphocyte Receptors (VLRs, the antigen recognition system used by lamprey) that demonstrate high specificity for neural ECM. Candidate VLRs underwent further refinement using in vitro binding assays and ex vivo tissue staining. Utilizing pathologic disruption of BBB as an approach for targeting GBM was confirmed in vivo using intracranial murine glioblastoma models. RESULTS The lead neural ECM-binding VLR candidate, named P1C10, demonstrates diffuse binding to parenchymal neural ECM, without detectable binding to other tissues. P1C10 demonstrates nanomolar affinity for in vitro derived neural ECM, and preferentially accumulates at intracranial GL261 and U87 lesions in murine GBM models. Finally, administration of P1C10-targeted doxorubicin-loaded liposomes significantly extends the survival of mice bearing intracranial U87 GBM. CONCLUSIONS We identified VLRs that bind neural ECM, and demonstrate their utility for delivering compounds and nanoparticles to sites of GBM induced blood brain barrier disruption. This novel strategy allows for targeting therapeutics via the underlying physiology of GBM rather than relying on cellular disease markers that are often lost in patients that relapse after targeting therapies.

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