scholarly journals Inheritances, social classes, and wealth distribution

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0259002
Author(s):  
Pedro Patrício ◽  
Nuno A. M. Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Simple Theoretical Model ◽  
Finite Resource ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Class Distinction

We consider a simple theoretical model to investigate the impact of inheritances on the wealth distribution. Wealth is described as a finite resource, which remains constant over different generations and is divided equally among offspring. All other sources of wealth are neglected. We consider different societies characterized by a different offspring probability distribution. We find that, if the population remains constant, the society reaches a stationary wealth distribution. We show that inequality emerges every time the number of children per family is not always the same. For realistic offspring distributions from developed countries, the model predicts a Gini coefficient of G ≈ 0.3. If we divide the society into wealth classes and set the probability of getting married to depend on the distance between classes, the stationary wealth distribution crosses over from an exponential to a power-law regime as the number of wealth classes and the level of class distinction increase.

scholarly journals Effects of Corporate Governance Guidelines on Investors: An Experimental Examination of Bangladeshi Investors’ Decisions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
ATM Tariquzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Insider Trading ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Financial Condition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Investor Decisions

<p>The main purpose of the study is to examine whether investors assign importance to corporate governance in making investment decisions. The study involves a 2x2x2 between-participant experiment on real investors that examines the effects of corporate governance structure, financial condition and insider trading on individual investor decisions. The findings of this study extend the literature on corporate board practices and investor perceptions by providing evidence from this emerging economy that strong corporate governance has a positive impact on investor decisions. The study also confirms the findings of prior literature that financial condition of a company positively influences investor decisions. Hence, the results provide insights into the effects of strengthening corporate governance guidelines and of variation in financial condition on investor decisions. The study provides evidence that the common occurrence of illegal insider trading in the emerging market of Bangladesh does not appear to impact on investor decision making, unlike in developed countries.  The results of this study also contribute to understanding of how the quality of corporate governance impacts on decision making. It appears that governance directly impacts the perceived reliability of financial reports and trust in the board and management and that these factors fully mediate the impact on investor decision making.  The theoretical model and instrument developed for this study will be useful for further studies to explore the impact of other corporate governance factors on investor decisions. Furthermore, the theoretical model and instrument will also be useful for further studies in other developed and developing countries, particularly where insider trading is regarded by investors as being a concern and to investigate the impact of other corporate governance factors on investors and financial analysts.</p>

scholarly journals THE SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF PREGNANT WOMEN’ SELF-ESTEEM

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 57-65
Author(s):  
Iryna Martyniuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Psychological Determinants ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Psychological Assistance ◽  
The Impact

The psychology of motherhood is one of the most complex and little-studied branches of modern science. Such studies are important because of existing grave demographic problems associated with falling birth rates, the large number of divorces, the increasing number of children abandoned by their parents or cases of child abuse, insufficient social and psychological assistance for families, and especially for women in labour.The holistic psychological approach is relevant to studies of motherhood and social-psychological determinants forming pregnant women’s self-esteem, because psychological problems of motherhood and early childhood are in demand on the background of modern advances in medicine, physiology, gynaecology and obstetrics, improved scientific-technical help at childbirth and neonatal practices.The article studies pregnant women’s self-esteem, in particular, by taking into account such characteristics as women’s reproductive health, psychological-emotional states during pregnancy, psychological readiness for motherhood, social environment, social support, self-realization in the professional sphere, social guarantees given by employers.The article proposes the theoretical model covering social-psychological determinants of pregnant women’s self-esteem, which takes into account both the general social-psychological factors of life and the sphere of life specific for a modern pregnant woman. The presented determinants affect a woman’s self-esteem before / during pregnancy, after childbirth and form her attitude to herself and to her role as a mother in family and society. The purpose of this theoretical model is to analyze the impact of socio-psychological determinants on pregnant women’s self-esteem.Pregnant women’s self-esteem is a multilevel structure, which parts are studied in many sciences (psychology, sociology, demography, medicine - (gynaecology, obstetrics, neonatology, prenatal psychology), and covers all areas of pregnant women’ life.

scholarly journals Does population ageing impact inflation?

Stanovnistvo ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-122
Author(s):  
Marija Radulovic ◽  
Milan Kostic
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
The Impact

Modern society is characterised by clear and distinct demographic processes, such as the constant decline in the number of children born and the ageing population in developed countries, resulting from complex biological, economic, social, political, and other factors. Demographic changes observed through population ageing have an impact on the economy and inflation. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to examine the impact of population ageing on inflation in Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) countries. The paper?s authors used data from 1970 to 2016. The ARDL approach was used to test the long- and short-term relationship between population ageing and inflation. The results showed a positive relationship between population ageing and inflation in the long term and a negative relationship in the short term. The ageing population decreases inflation in the short term and increases inflation in the long term.

scholarly journals Effects of Corporate Governance Guidelines on Investors: An Experimental Examination of Bangladeshi Investors’ Decisions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
ATM Tariquzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Insider Trading ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Financial Condition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Investor Decisions

<p>The main purpose of the study is to examine whether investors assign importance to corporate governance in making investment decisions. The study involves a 2x2x2 between-participant experiment on real investors that examines the effects of corporate governance structure, financial condition and insider trading on individual investor decisions. The findings of this study extend the literature on corporate board practices and investor perceptions by providing evidence from this emerging economy that strong corporate governance has a positive impact on investor decisions. The study also confirms the findings of prior literature that financial condition of a company positively influences investor decisions. Hence, the results provide insights into the effects of strengthening corporate governance guidelines and of variation in financial condition on investor decisions. The study provides evidence that the common occurrence of illegal insider trading in the emerging market of Bangladesh does not appear to impact on investor decision making, unlike in developed countries.  The results of this study also contribute to understanding of how the quality of corporate governance impacts on decision making. It appears that governance directly impacts the perceived reliability of financial reports and trust in the board and management and that these factors fully mediate the impact on investor decision making.  The theoretical model and instrument developed for this study will be useful for further studies to explore the impact of other corporate governance factors on investor decisions. Furthermore, the theoretical model and instrument will also be useful for further studies in other developed and developing countries, particularly where insider trading is regarded by investors as being a concern and to investigate the impact of other corporate governance factors on investors and financial analysts.</p>

Investment climate and government turnover in russian regions

2014 ◽  
pp. 88-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Syunyaev ◽  
L. Polishchuk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Investment Climate ◽  
Regional Data ◽  
Endogenous Property Rights ◽  
The Impact

We study the impact of Russian regional governors’ rotation and their affiliation with private sector firms for the quality of investment climate in Russian regions. A theoretical model presented in the paper predicts that these factors taken together improve “endogenous” property rights under authoritarian regimes. This conclusion is confirmed empirically by using Russian regional data for 2002—2010; early in that period gubernatorial elections had been canceled and replaced by federal government’s appointments. This is an indication that under certain conditions government rotation is beneficial for economic development even when democracy is suppressed.

Strategic Role of Zakat in Multidimensional Quality of Life in Sijunjung, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Herlin Hamimi ◽  
Abdul Ghafar Ismail ◽  
Muhammad Hasbi Zaenal
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status ◽  
Being There ◽  
The Impact

Zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam which has a function of faith, social and economic functions. Muslims who can pay zakat are required to give at least 2.5 per cent of their wealth. The problem of poverty prevalent in disadvantaged regions because of the difficulty of access to information and communication led to a gap that is so high in wealth and resources. The instrument of zakat provides a paradigm in the achievement of equitable wealth distribution and healthy circulation. Zakat potentially offers a better life and improves the quality of human being. There is a human quality improvement not only in economic terms but also in spiritual terms such as improving religiousity. This study aims to examine the role of zakat to alleviate humanitarian issues in disadvantaged regions such as Sijunjung, one of zakat beneficiaries and impoverished areas in Indonesia. The researcher attempted a Cibest method to capture the impact of zakat beneficiaries before and after becoming a member of Zakat Community Development (ZCD) Program in material and spiritual value. The overall analysis shows that zakat has a positive impact on disadvantaged regions development and enhance the quality of life of the community. There is an improvement in the average of mustahik household incomes after becoming a member of ZCD Program. Cibest model demonstrates that material, spiritual, and absolute poverty index decreased by 10, 5, and 6 per cent. Meanwhile, the welfare index is increased by 21 per cent. These findings have significant implications for developing the quality of life in disadvantaged regions in Sijunjung. Therefore, zakat is one of the instruments to change the status of disadvantaged areas to be equivalent to other areas.

Reducing the Risks of the Financial Sector to Ensure Sustainable Growth of the Russian Еconomy

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 86-92
Author(s):  
T. I. Minina ◽  
V. V. Skalkin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Real Sector ◽  
Financial Instruments ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Impact

Russia’s entry into the top five economies of the world depends, among other things, on the development of the financial sector, being a necessary condition for the economic growth of a developed macroeconomic and macro-financial system. The financial sector represents a system of relationships for the effective collection and distribution of economic resources, their deployment according to public demand, reducing the risk of overproduction and overheating of the economy.Therefore, the subject of the research is the financial sector of the Russian economy.The purpose of the research was to formulate an approach to alleviating the risks of increasing financial costs in the real sector of the economy by reducing the impact of endogenous risks expressed as financial asset “bubbles” using the experience of developed countries in the monetary policy.The paper analyzes a macroeconomic model applied to the financial sector. It is established that the economic growth is determined by the growth and, more important, the qualitative development of the financial sector, which leads to two phenomena: overproduction in the real sector and an increase in asset prices in the financial sector, with a debt load in both the real and financial sectors. This results in decreasing the interest rate of the mega-regulator to near-zero values. In this case, since the mechanisms of the conventional monetary policy do not work, the unconventional monetary policy is used when the mega-regulator buys out derivative financial instruments from systemically important institutions. As a conclusion, given deflationally low rates, it is proposed that the megaregulator should issue its own derivative financial instruments and place them in the financial market.

Surveying adherence of dental clinic patients to preventive measures in oral cavity

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. V. Kudryavtseva ◽  
V. V. Tachalov ◽  
E. S. Loboda ◽  
L. Yu. Orekhova ◽  
E. Yu. Nechai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Dental Clinic ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Impact

Relevance. Periodontal diseases are a medical and social problem due to the wide spread among the population of developed countries and the impact on the quality of life. Among the many factors that are important in the development of inflammatory periodontal diseases, an important role is played by adherence to the recommendations of the dentist in respecting oral hygiene. Aim of the work was to study the adherence of patients of the dental clinic to compliance with preventive measures in the oral cavity.Materials and methods. A total of 98 patients of dental clinic, 62 female (medial age 38,6 ± 14,0 years) and 36 male (medial age 37,2±13,1 years) participated in survey. The study participants flled in the profle and answered questions about age, gender, harmful working conditions and bad habits, frequency of visits to the dental clinic, attitudes to the prevention of dental diseases, knowledge about the means and methods of oral hygiene.Results. As a result of the study, it was found that in the vast majority of cases, respondents are employed in production that does not adversely affect their health (91%), only 8% of patients indicated harmful working conditions.Conclusions. The study revealed that, despite the recommendations of the dentist, patients are not always committed to the implementation of preventive measures in the oral cavity. Dentists need to motivate patients to use not only the usual methods and means of hygiene, but also additional ones necessary for maintaining dental health.

Belgium: Creeping Vulnerability of Children

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Vinck ◽  
Wim Van Lancker
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Important Lesson ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Poverty Risk ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Families With Children ◽  
The Impact

Belgium has been plagued by comparatively high levels of child poverty, and by a creeping, yet significant, increase that started in the good years before the crisis. This is related to the relatively high share of jobless households, the extremely high and increasing poverty risk of children growing up in these households, and benefits that are inadequate to shield jobless families with children from poverty. Although the impact of the Great Recession was limited in Belgium, the crisis seems to have had an impact on child poverty, by increasing the number of children living in work-poor households. Although the Belgian welfare state had an important cushioning impact, its poverty-reducing capacity was less strong than it used to be. The most important lesson from the crisis is that in order to make further headway in reducing child poverty, not only activation but also social protection should be improved.

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