scholarly journals Making sense of unfamiliar COVID-19 vaccines: How national origin affects vaccination willingness

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261273
Author(s):  
Eric A. Jensen ◽  
Brady Wagoner ◽  
Axel Pfleger ◽  
Lisa Herbig ◽  
Meike Watzlawik

Vaccination willingness is a critical factor in pandemics, including the COVID-19 crisis. Therefore, investigating underlying drivers of vaccination willingness/hesitancy is an essential social science contribution. The present study of German residents investigates the mental shortcuts people are using to make sense of unfamiliar vaccine options by examining vaccination willingness for different vaccines using an experimental design in a quantitative survey. German vaccines were preferred over equivalent foreign vaccines, and the favorability ratings of foreign countries where COVID-19 vaccines were developed correlated with the level of vaccination willingness for each vaccine. The patterns in vaccination willingness were more pronounced when the national origin was shown along with the vaccine manufacturer label. The study shows how non-scientific factors drive everyday decision-making about vaccination. Taking such social psychological and communication aspects into account in the design of vaccination campaigns would increase their effectiveness.

2021 ◽  
pp. 104687812098758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Schechter ◽  
Jacquelyn Schneider ◽  
Rachael Shaffer

Background. Wargaming has a long history as a tool for understanding the complexity of conflict. Although wargames have shown their relevance across topics and time, the immersive nature of wargames and the guild-like communities that surround them have often resisted the social scientific advances that occurred alongside the evolution of warfare. However, recent work raises new possibilities for integrating wargaming practices and social scientific methods. Purpose. Develop the experimental wargaming method and practice. Prioritizing the focus on iteration, control, and generalizability within experimental design can provide new opportunities for wargames to answer broader questions about decision-making, crisis behaviors, and patterns of outcomes. Method. The International Crisis Wargame developed in 2018 demonstrates the viability of experimental wargaming, and models the process of theorizing, designing, developing, and executing these wargames. It also identifies what makes games more or less experimental and details how experimental design influenced choices in the game. Conclusion. Experimental wargames are a promising new tool for both the social science and the wargaming communities. A proposed new research agenda for experimental design within wargames would support this nascent method


2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Justin Raycraft

This paper addresses how Makonde Muslim villagers living on the Swahili coast of southern Tanzania conceptualize and discuss environmental change. Through narratives elicited during in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, I show that respondents associate various forms of environmental change—ecological, climatic, political, and socioeconomic—with God’s plan. Respondents had a sound grasp of the material workings of their lived realities and evoked religious causality to fill in the residual explanatory gaps and find meaning in events that were otherwise difficult to explain. Such narratives reveal both a culturally engrained belief system that colors people’s understandings of change and uncertainty and a discursive idiom for making sense of social suffering. On an applied note, I submit that social science approaches to studying environmental change must take into account political and economic contexts relative to local cosmologies, worldviews, and religious faiths, which may not disaggregate the environment into distinct representational categories.


2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Pascoe ◽  
Marie Manikis

This article discusses victim engagement with the executive clemency process from a normative perspective. The authors’ aim is to explore the existing models of victim participation in clemency decision making in common law jurisdictions, in order to determine whether these possess any sound theoretical basis. The article brings together the academic literatures on victim participation and clemency functionality in order to ground the analysis. In brief, the authors' main finding is that victim involvement in clemency decision making can indeed be supported by the theoretical literature, albeit to a more limited extent than is currently practised in some common law jurisdictions. In light of the theoretical underpinnings of clemency in democratic societies and the literature on victim participation, the authors conclude by making several ‘best practice’ recommendations for future policy-making.


2017 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 879-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Fligstein ◽  
Jonah Stuart Brundage ◽  
Michael Schultz

One of the puzzles about the financial crisis of 2008 is why regulators, particularly the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), were so slow to recognize the impending collapse of the financial system and its broader consequences for the economy. We use theory from the literature on culture, cognition, and framing to explain this puzzle. Consistent with recent work on “positive asymmetry,” we show how the FOMC generally interpreted discomforting facts in a positive light, marginalizing and normalizing anomalous information. We argue that all frames limit what can be understood, but the content of frames matters for how facts are identified and explained. We provide evidence that the Federal Reserve’s primary frame for making sense of the economy was macroeconomic theory. The content of macroeconomics made it difficult for the FOMC to connect events into a narrative reflecting the links between foreclosures in the housing market, the financial instruments used to package the mortgages into securities, and the threats to the larger economy. We conclude with implications for the sociological literatures on framing and cognition and for decision-making in future crises.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Bloom ◽  
Laurie Paul

Some decision-making processes are uncomfortable. Many of us do not like to make significant decisions, such as whether to have a child, solely based on social science research. We do not like to choose randomly, even in cases where flipping a coin is plainly the wisest choice. We are often reluctant to defer to another person, even if we believe that the other person is wiser, and have similar reservations about appealing to powerful algorithms. And, while we are comfortable with considering and weighing different options, there is something strange about deciding solely on a purely algorithmic process, even one that takes place in our own heads.What is the source of our discomfort? We do not present a decisive theory here—and, indeed, the authors have clashing views over some of these issues—but we lay out the arguments for two (consistent) explanations. The first is that such impersonal decision-making processes are felt to be a threat to our autonomy. In all of the examples above, it is not you who is making the decision, it is someone or something else. This is to be contrasted with personal decision-making, where, to put it colloquially, you “own” your decision, though of course you may be informed by social science data, recommendations of others, and so on. A second possibility is that such impersonal decision-making processes are not seen as authentic, where authentic decision making is one in which you intentionally and knowledgably choose an option in a way that is “true to yourself.” Such decision making can be particularly important in contexts where one is making a life-changing decision of great import, such as the choice to emigrate, start a family, or embark on a major career change.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Szilvia Zörgő ◽  
Gjalt - Jorn Ygram Peters ◽  
Csajbók-Veres Krisztina ◽  
Anna Jeney ◽  
Andrew Ruis

Background: Patient decision-making concerning therapy choice has been thoroughly investigated in the Push/Pull framework: factors pushing the patient away from biomedicine and those pulling them towards Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM). Others have examined lay etiology as a potential factor in CAM use.Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with patients employing only biomedicine and those using CAM. The coded and segmented data was quantified and modelled using epistemic network analysis (ENA) to explore what effects push/pull factors and etiology had on the decision-making processes.Results: There was a marked difference between our two subsamples concerning push factors: although both groups exhibited similar scaled relative code frequencies, the CAM network models were more interconnected, indicating that CAM users expressed dissatisfaction with a wider array of phenomena. Among pull factors, a preference for natural therapies accounted for differences between groups but did not retain a strong connection to rejecting conventional treatments. Etiology, particularly adherence to vitalism, was also a critical factor in both choice of therapy and rejection of biomedical treatments.Conclusions: Push factors had a crucial influence on decision-making, not as individual entities, but as a constellation of experienced phenomena. Belief in vitalism affects the patient’s explanatory model of illness, changing the interpretation of other etiological factors and illness itself. Scrutinizing individual push/pull factors or etiology does not explain therapeutic choices; it is from their interplay that decisions arise. Our unified, qualitative-and-quantitative methodological approach offers novel insight into decision-making by displaying connections among codes within patient narratives.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Eko Nur Hermansyah ◽  
Danny Manongga ◽  
Ade Iriani

<p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Intansi Kearsipan memiliki berbagai pengetahuan yang digunakan untuk pengelolaan arsip yang dimilikinya, <em>knowledge management</em> digunakan untuk mengumpulkan, mengelola, dan menyebarluaskan pengetahuan yang dimiliki, sehingga pengetahuan yang dimiliki oleh instansi kearsipan dapat digunakan untuk kemajuan intansi dan tidak hilang. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Dinas Perpustakaan dan Kearsipan Kota Salatiga. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara petugas kearsipan untuk mengumpulkan data tentang pengetahuan yang dimiliki dan cara penyimpanan serta penyebarluasan yang diterapkan di intansi kearsipan. Analisis data dilakukan dengan mengelompokkan pengetahuan yang dimiliki oleh intansi kearsipan sesuai dengan model <em>Choo-Sense Making</em>, untuk kemudian diterapkan di <em>Confluence</em> sesuai dengan hasil dari pengolahan data dengan model <em>Choo-Sense Making</em>. Hasil dari penelitian ini untuk model <em>Choo-Sense Making</em> pengetahuan di intansi kearsipan dibagi atas 3 tahap yaitu <em>Sense Making</em> yang berisi tentang pengetahuan yang berasal dari luar intansi dibuatkan wadah sebagai media diskusi, <em>chatting,</em> <em>Knowledge Creating</em> berisi tentang pengetahuan-pengetahuan yang dimiliki intansi kearsipan yang telah di dokumentasikan diubah dalam betuk <em>softfile</em> kemudian diunggah kedalam <em>space</em> untuk memudahkan penyimpanan serta penyebarluasan pengetahuan yang dimiliki, dan <em>Decision Making</em> yang berisi tentang jadwal-jadwal intansi dan evaluasi yang dilakukan intansi kearsipan. Hasil dari model <em>Choo-Sense Making</em> dimasukan ke <em>Confluence</em>, memperoleh hasil <em>space</em> yang dapat memudahkan menyimpan pengetahuan yang dimiliki berupa file aplikasi, <em>softfile</em>, serta memudahkan dalam pencarian kembali dan penyerluasan pengetahuan yang dimiliki. Penerapan <em>Choo-Sense Making</em> selain untuk mempermudah penyimpanan dan penyerbaluasan serta komunikasi, dapat mengurangi resiko kehilangan pengetahuan yang dimiliki oleh intansi kearsipan.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Kata kunci<em>: </em></strong><em>Knowledge Management, Model Choo-Sense Making, Confluence</em>, Perpustakaan dan Arsip</p><p align="center"><em>Abstract</em></p><p><em>Archival Agency has several knowledge that are used to manage the owned archive, knowledge management is used to collect, manage and disseminate the owned knowledge so that the knowledge that the archival agency has can be used for the agency progress and it will not missing. The research is conducted in Dinas Perpustakaan dan Kearsipan Kota Salatiga. Data collecting is conducted by interviewing the archival officer to gather data related to its knowledge, the storage system and dissemination applied in this archival agency. Data analysis is conducted by categorizing the agency knowledge according to Choo-Sense Making model and then it is applied in Confluence in accordance with the result of the data analysis from the Choo-Sense Making model. The result of this research, for Choo-Sense Making model, the knowledge in the archival agency is divided into 3 steps; Sense Making, Knowledge Creating and Decision Making. Sense Making contains knowledge coming from the outside of the agency that has forum as discussion media, chatting. Knowledge Creating contains knowledge that owned by the archival agency that has been documented and changed in the form of softfile then uploaded into space to ease the storage and the knowledge dissemination. Decision Making is about agency schedules and evaluation toward the activity in this archival agency. The result of Choo-Sense Making Model is input into Confluence, get space result that ease to save the knowledge in the form of application file, softfile, and ease to search and disseminate the owned knowledge. The application of Choo-Sense Making eases the storage system, dissemination, and communication. It also reduces the risk of losing knowledge owned by the archival agency.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: <em>Knowledge Management, Model Choo-Sense Making, Confluence, Library and Archive</em></p>


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