scholarly journals Hyporheic hydraulic geometry: Conceptualizing relationships among hyporheic exchange, storage, and water age

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262080
Author(s):  
Geoffrey C. Poole ◽  
S. Kathleen Fogg ◽  
Scott J. O’Daniel ◽  
Byron E. Amerson ◽  
Ann Marie Reinhold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hyporheic Zone ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Hyporheic Exchange ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Hydraulic Geometry ◽  
Water Age ◽  
Mathematical Basis ◽  
Hyporheic Zones ◽  
Improved Accuracy

Hyporheic exchange is now widely acknowledged as a key driver of ecosystem processes in many streams. Yet stream ecologists have been slow to adopt nuanced hydrologic frameworks developed and applied by engineers and hydrologists to describe the relationship between water storage, water age, and water balance in finite hydrosystems such as hyporheic zones. Here, in the context of hyporheic hydrology, we summarize a well-established mathematical framework useful for describing hyporheic hydrology, while also applying the framework heuristically to visualize the relationships between water age, rates of hyporheic exchange, and water volume within hyporheic zones. Building on this heuristic application, we discuss how improved accuracy in the conceptualization of hyporheic exchange can yield a deeper understanding of the role of the hyporheic zone in stream ecosystems. Although the equations presented here have been well-described for decades, our aim is to make the mathematical basis as accessible as possible and to encourage broader understanding among aquatic ecologists of the implications of tailed age distributions commonly observed in water discharged from and stored within hyporheic zones. Our quantitative description of “hyporheic hydraulic geometry,” associated visualizations, and discussion offer a nuanced and realistic understanding of hyporheic hydrology to aid in considering hyporheic exchange in the context of river and stream ecosystem science and management.

Effects of riffle–step restoration on hyporheic zone chemistry in N-rich lowland streams

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamao Kasahara ◽  
Alan R Hill
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Hyporheic Zone ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hyporheic Exchange ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Exchange Flow ◽  
Nutrient Inputs ◽  
Lowland Streams ◽  
Hyporheic Zones

Stream restoration projects that aim to rehabilitate ecosystem health have not considered surface–subsurface linkages, although stream water and groundwater interaction has an important role in sustaining stream ecosystem functions. The present study examined the effect of constructed riffles and a step on hyporheic exchange flow and chemistry in restored reaches of several N-rich agricultural and urban streams in southern Ontario. Hydrometric data collected from a network of piezometers and conservative tracer releases indicated that the constructed riffles and steps were effective in inducing hyporheic exchange. However, despite the use of cobbles and boulders in the riffle construction, high stream dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were depleted rapidly with depth into the hyporheic zones. Differences between observed and predicted nitrate concentrations based on conservative ion concentration patterns indicated that these hyporheic zones were also nitrate sinks. Zones of low hydraulic conductivity and the occurrence of interstitial fines in the restored cobble-boulder layers suggest that siltation and clogging of the streambed may reduce the downwelling of oxygen- and nitrate-rich stream water. Increases in streambed DO levels and enhancement of habitat for hyporheic fauna that result from riffle–step construction projects may only be temporary in streams that receive increased sediment and nutrient inputs from urban areas and croplands.

scholarly journals How does daily groundwater table drawdown affect the diel rhythm of hyporheic exchange?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liwen Wu ◽  
Jesus D. Gomez-Velez ◽  
Stefan Krause ◽  
Anders Wörman ◽  
Tanu Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Hyporheic Zone ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Groundwater Table ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
Hyporheic Exchange ◽  
Coupled Flow ◽  
River Temperature ◽  
Hyporheic Zones ◽  
Tightly Coupled

Abstract. Groundwater table dynamics extensively modify the volume of the hyporheic zone and the rate of hyporheic exchange processes. Understanding the effects of daily groundwater table fluctuations on the tightly coupled flow and heat transport within hyporheic zones is crucial for water resources management. With this aim in mind, a physically based model is used to explore hyporheic responses to varying groundwater table fluctuation scenarios. Effects of different timing and amplitude of groundwater table daily drawdowns under gaining and losing conditions are explored in hyporheic zones influenced by natural flood events and diel river temperature fluctuations. We find that both diel river temperature fluctuations and daily groundwater table drawdowns play important roles in determining the spatiotemporal variability of hyporheic exchange rates, temperature of exfiltrating hyporheic fluxes, mean residence times, and hyporheic denitrification potentials. Groundwater table dynamics present substantially distinct impacts on hyporheic exchange under gaining or losing conditions. The timing of groundwater withdrawal has a direct influence on hyporheic exchange rates and hyporheic buffering capacity on thermal disturbances. Consequently, the selection of aquifer pumping regimes has significant impacts on the dispersal of pollutants in the aquifer and thermal heterogeneity in the sediment.

scholarly journals How daily groundwater table drawdown affects the diel rhythm of hyporheic exchange

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 1905-1921
Author(s):  
Liwen Wu ◽  
Jesus D. Gomez-Velez ◽  
Stefan Krause ◽  
Anders Wörman ◽  
Tanu Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Hyporheic Zone ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Groundwater Table ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
Hyporheic Exchange ◽  
Coupled Flow ◽  
River Temperature ◽  
Hyporheic Zones ◽  
Tightly Coupled

Abstract. Groundwater table dynamics extensively modify the volume of the hyporheic zone and the rate of hyporheic exchange processes. Understanding the effects of daily groundwater table fluctuations on the tightly coupled flow and heat transport within hyporheic zones is crucial for water resources management. With this aim in mind, a physically based model is used to explore hyporheic responses to varying groundwater table fluctuation scenarios. The effects of different timing and amplitude of groundwater table daily drawdowns under gaining and losing conditions are explored in hyporheic zones influenced by natural flood events and diel river temperature fluctuations. We find that both diel river temperature fluctuations and daily groundwater table drawdowns play important roles in determining the spatiotemporal variability of hyporheic exchange rates, temperature of exfiltrating hyporheic fluxes, mean residence times, and hyporheic denitrification potentials. Groundwater table dynamics present substantially distinct impacts on hyporheic exchange under gaining or losing conditions. The timing of groundwater table drawdown has a direct influence on hyporheic exchange rates and hyporheic buffering capacity on thermal disturbances. Consequently, the selection of aquifer pumping regimes has significant impacts on the dispersal of pollutants in the aquifer and thermal heterogeneity in the sediment.

scholarly journals Assessing the Impact of DMAs and the Use of Boosters on Chlorination in a Water Distribution Network in Greece

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 2141
Author(s):  
Stavroula Tsitsifli ◽  
Vasilis Kanakoudis
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Pressure Management ◽  
Water Age ◽  
Chlorination Process ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
The Impact

Disinfection is one of the most important water treatment processes as it inactivates pathogens providing safe drinking water to the consumers. A fresh-water distribution network is a complex system where constant monitoring of several parameters and related managerial decisions take place in order for the network to operate in the most efficient way. However, there are cases where some of the decisions made to improve the network’s performance level, such as reduction of water losses, may have negative impacts on other significant operational processes such as the disinfection. In particular, the division of a water distribution network into district metered areas (DMAs) and the application of various pressure management measures may impact the effectiveness of the water chlorination process. Two operational measures are assessed in this paper: (a) the use of inline chlorination boosters to achieve more efficient chlorination; and (b) how the DMAs formation impacts the chlorination process. To achieve this, the water distribution network of a Greek town is chosen as a case study where several scenarios are being thoroughly analyzed. The assessment process utilizes the network’s hydraulic simulation model, which is set up in Watergems V8i software, forming the baseline to develop the network’s water quality model. The results proved that inline chlorination boosters ensure a more efficient disinfection, especially at the most remote parts/nodes of the network, compared to conventional chlorination processes (e.g., at the water tanks), achieving 100% safe water volume and consuming almost 50% less chlorine mass. DMAs’ formation results in increased water age values up to 8.27%, especially at the remote parts/nodes of the network and require more time to achieve the necessary minimum effective chlorine concentration of 0.2 mg/L. However, DMAs formation and pressure management measures do not threaten the chlorination’s efficiency. It is important to include water age and residual chlorine as criteria when optimizing water pressure and the division of DMAs.

scholarly journals A conceptual model of flow to the Waikoropupu Springs, NW Nelson, New Zealand, based on hydrometric and tracer (<sup>18</sup>O, Cl,<sup>3</sup>H and CFC) evidence

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Stewart ◽  
J. T. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Deep Aquifer ◽  
Submarine Springs ◽  
Recharge Sources ◽  
Flow Systems ◽  
New Evidence

Abstract. The Waikoropupu Springs, a large karst resurgence 4 km from the coast, are supplied by the Arthur Marble Aquifer (AMA) underlying the Takaka Valley, South Island, New Zealand. New evidence on the recharge sources in the catchment, combined with previous results, is used to establish a new recharge model for the AMA. Combined with the oxygen-18 mass balance, this yields a quantitative description of the inputs and outputs to the aquifer. It shows that the Main Spring is sourced mainly from the karst uplands (74%), with smaller contributions from the Upper Takaka River (18%) and valley rainfall (8%), while Fish Creek Spring contains mostly Upper Takaka River water (50%). In addition, much of the Upper Takaka River contribution to the aquifer (58%) bypasses the springs and is discharged offshore via submarine springs. The chemical concentrations of the Main Spring show input of 0.5% of sea water on average, which varies with flow and derives from the deep aquifer. Tritium measurements spanning 40 yr, and CFC-11 measurements, give a mean residence time of 8 yr for the Main Spring water using the preferred two-component model. Our conceptual flow model, based on the flow, chloride, oxygen-18 and age measurements, invokes two different flow systems with different recharge sources to explain the flow within the AMA. One system contains deeply penetrating old water with mean age 10.2 yr and water volume 3 km3, recharged from the karst uplands. The other, at shallow levels below the valley floor, has much younger water with mean age 1.2 yr and water volume 0.4 km3, recharged by Upper Takaka River and valley rainfall. The flow systems contribute in different proportions to the Main Spring, Fish Creek Springs and offshore springs. Their very different behaviours, despite being in the same aquifer, are attributed to the presence of a diorite intrusion below the surface of the lower valley, which diverts the deep flow towards the Waikoropupu Springs and allows much of the shallow flow to pass over the intrusive and escape via submarine springs.

scholarly journals Assessment of Hydrologic Transient Storage of Three Streams

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 79-80
Author(s):  
Michael Gooseff
Keyword(s):  
Porous Media ◽  
Hyporheic Zone ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Stream Sediments ◽  
Hyporheic Exchange ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Stream Channel ◽  
Ample Opportunity ◽  
Biogeochemical Transformations

Stream sediments are important locations of biogeochemical transformations upon which many stream ecosystem functions depend. Stream water is often exchanged between the stream channel and surrounding subsurface locations - this process is known as hyporheic exchange. While stream water is moving through the hyporheic zone, solutes and nutrients may undergo important chemical reactions that are not possible in the main stream channel. Further, because the hyporheic zone is composed of porous media (sand, sediment, alluvium, etc.), flow inherently slows down and the exchanging water has ample opportunity to interact with mineral grain surfaces and biofilms.

scholarly journals Dynamic Hyporheic Zones: Exploring the Role of Peak Flow Events on Bedform‐Induced Hyporheic Exchange

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 218-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanu Singh ◽  
Liwen Wu ◽  
Jesus D. Gomez‐Velez ◽  
Jörg Lewandowski ◽  
David M. Hannah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peak Flow ◽  
Hyporheic Exchange ◽  
Hyporheic Zones

scholarly journals Occurence of microplastics in the hyporheic zone of rivers

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Frei ◽  
S. Piehl ◽  
B. S. Gilfedder ◽  
M. G. J. Löder ◽  
J. Krutzke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Food Webs ◽  
Hyporheic Zone ◽  
River Sediments ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Hyporheic Exchange ◽  
Pore Scale ◽  
River Bank

Abstract Although recent studies indicate that fluvial systems can be accumulation areas for microplastics (MPs), the common perception still treats rivers and streams primarily as pure transport vectors for MPs. In this study we investigate the occurrence of MPs in a yet unnoticed but essential compartment of fluvial ecosystems - the hyporheic zone (HZ). Larger MP particles (500–5,000 µm) were detected using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) - Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Our analysis of MPs (500–5,000 µm) in five freeze cores extracted for the Roter Main River sediments (Germany) showed that MPs were detectable down to a depth of 0.6 m below the streambed in low abundances (≪1 particle per kg dry weight). Additionally, one core was analyzed as an example for smaller MPs (20–500 µm) with focal plane array (FPA)- based µFTIR spectroscopy. Highest MP abundances (~30,000 particles per kg dry weight) were measured for pore scale particles (20–50 µm). The detected high abundances indicate that the HZ can be a significant accumulation area for pore scale MPs (20–50 µm), a size fraction that yet is not considered in literature. As the HZ is known as an important habitat for invertebrates representing the base of riverine food webs, aquatic food webs can potentially be threatened by the presence of MPs in the HZ. Hyporheic exchange is discussed as a potential mechanism leading to a transfer of pore scale MPs from surface flow into streambed sediments and as a potential vector for small MPs to enter the local aquifer. MPs in the HZ therefore may be a potential risk for drinking water supplies, particularly during drinking water production via river bank filtration.

scholarly journals Insight into the influence of local streambed heterogeneity on hyporheic-zone flow characteristics

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 2697-2712
Author(s):  
Robert Earon ◽  
Joakim Riml ◽  
Liwen Wu ◽  
Bo Olofsson
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Penetration Depth ◽  
Hyporheic Zone ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Hyporheic Exchange ◽  
Tracer Injection ◽  
Hyporheic Flow ◽  
Exchange Processes

AbstractInteraction between surface water and groundwater plays a fundamental role in influencing aquatic chemistry, where hyporheic exchange processes, distribution of flow paths and residence times within the hyporheic zone will influence the transport of mass and energy in the surface-water/groundwater system. Geomorphological conditions greatly influence hyporheic exchange, and heterogeneities such as rocks and clay lenses will be a key factor for delineating the hyporheic zone. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) were used to investigate the streambed along a 6.3-m-long reach in order to characterise geological layering and distinct features which may influence parameters such as hydraulic conductivity. Time-lapse ERT measurements taken during a tracer injection demonstrated that geological features at the meter-scale played a determining role for the hyporheic flow field. The penetration depth of the tracer into the streambed sediment displayed a variable spatial pattern in areas where the presence of highly resistive anomalies was detected. In areas with more homogeneous sediments, the penetration depth was much more uniformly distributed than observed in more heterogeneous sections, demonstrating that ERT can play a vital role in identifying critical hydraulic features that may influence hyporheic exchange processes. Reciprocal ERT measurements linked variability and thus uncertainty in the modelled resistivity to the spatial locations, which also demonstrated larger variability in the tracer penetration depth, likely due to local heterogeneity in the hydraulic conductivity field.

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