scholarly journals Thinking outside the blood: Perspectives on tissue-resident Trypanosoma brucei

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. e1009866
Author(s):  
Nathan P. Crilly ◽  
Monica R. Mugnier
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Valuable Resource ◽  
Experimental Animal Models ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Parasite Populations

Trypanosoma brucei is a protozoan parasite that causes human and animal African trypanosomiases (HAT and AAT). In the mammalian host, the parasite lives entirely extracellularly, in both the blood and interstitial spaces in tissues. Although most T. brucei research has focused on the biology of blood- and central nervous system (CNS)-resident parasites, a number of recent studies have highlighted parasite reservoirs in the dermis and adipose tissue, leading to a renewed interest in tissue-resident parasite populations. In light of this renewed interest, work describing tissue-resident parasites can serve as a valuable resource to inform future investigations of tissue-resident T. brucei. Here, we review this body of literature, which describes infections in humans, natural hosts, and experimental animal models, providing a wealth of information on the distribution and biology of extravascular parasites, the corresponding immune response in each tissue, and resulting host pathology. We discuss the implications of these studies and future questions in the study of extravascular T. brucei.

scholarly journals Metabolic reprogramming during the Trypanosoma brucei life cycle

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry K. Smith ◽  
Frédéric Bringaud ◽  
Derek P. Nolan ◽  
Luisa M. Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Cellular Metabolic Activity

Cellular metabolic activity is a highly complex, dynamic, regulated process that is influenced by numerous factors, including extracellular environmental signals, nutrient availability and the physiological and developmental status of the cell. The causative agent of sleeping sickness, Trypanosoma brucei, is an exclusively extracellular protozoan parasite that encounters very different extracellular environments during its life cycle within the mammalian host and tsetse fly insect vector. In order to meet these challenges, there are significant alterations in the major energetic and metabolic pathways of these highly adaptable parasites. This review highlights some of these metabolic changes in this early divergent eukaryotic model organism.

scholarly journals A novel gene signature based on five immune checkpoint genes predicts the survival of glioma

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang ◽  
You Zhai ◽  
Guanzhang Li ◽  
Tao Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Gene Signature ◽  
Immune Checkpoints ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Checkpoint Genes

Abstract Background Glioma is the most common and fatal type of nerve neoplasm in the central nervous system. Several biomarkers have been considered for prognosis prediction, which is not accurate enough. We aimed to carry out a gene signature related to the expression of immune checkpoints which was enough for its performance in prediction. Methods Gene expression of immune checkpoints in TGGA database was filtrated. The 5 selected genes underwent verification by COX and Lasso-COX regression. Next, the selected genes were included to build a novel signature for further analysis. Results Patients were sub-grouped into high and low risk according to the novel signature. Immune response, clinicopathologic characters, and survival showed significant differences between those 2 groups. Terms including “naive,” “effector,” and “IL-4” were screened out by GSEA. The results showed strong relevance between the signature and immune response. Conclusions We constructed a gene signature with 5 immune checkpoints. The signature predicted survival effectively. The novel signature performed more functional than previous biomarkers.

Trypanosoma brucei central nervous system infection in working equidae in West Africa: an emerging disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. S80-S81 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.G.M. Sutton ◽  
L.J. Morrison ◽  
P.J. Pollock ◽  
C. Hahn ◽  
P.E. Johnston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Central Nervous System Infection ◽  
Emerging Disease

The structural mechanics of cell division in Trypanosoma brucei

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue Vaughan ◽  
Keith Gull
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Structural Mechanics ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Mammalian Host

Undoubtedly, there are fundamental processes driving the structural mechanics of cell division in eukaryotic organisms that have been conserved throughout evolution and are being revealed by studies on organisms such as yeast and mammalian cells. Precision of structural mechanics of cytokinesis is however probably no better illustrated than in the protozoa. A dramatic example of this is the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, a unicellular flagellated parasite that causes a devastating disease (African sleeping sickness) across Sub-Saharan Africa in both man and animals. As trypanosomes migrate between and within a mammalian host and the tsetse vector, there are periods of cell proliferation and cell differentiation involving at least five morphologically distinct cell types. Much of the existing cytoskeleton remains intact during these processes, necessitating a very precise temporal and spatial duplication and segregation of the many single-copy organelles. This structural precision is aiding progress in understanding these processes as we apply the excellent reverse genetics and post-genomic technologies available in this system. Here we outline our current understanding of some of the structural aspects of cell division in this fascinating organism.

scholarly journals The Role of Mast Cells in Stroke

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edoardo Parrella ◽  
Vanessa Porrini ◽  
Marina Benarese ◽  
Marina Pizzi
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Brain Edema ◽  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Mast cells (MCs) are densely granulated perivascular resident cells of hematopoietic origin. Through the release of preformed mediators stored in their granules and newly synthesized molecules, they are able to initiate, modulate, and prolong the immune response upon activation. Their presence in the central nervous system (CNS) has been documented for more than a century. Over the years, MCs have been associated with various neuroinflammatory conditions of CNS, including stroke. They can exacerbate CNS damage in models of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke by amplifying the inflammatory responses and promoting brain–blood barrier disruption, brain edema, extravasation, and hemorrhage. Here, we review the role of these peculiar cells in the pathophysiology of stroke, in both immature and adult brain. Further, we discuss the role of MCs as potential targets for the treatment of stroke and the compounds potentially active as MCs modulators.

Understanding Central Nervous System Effects of Deliriant Hallucinogenic Drugs through Experimental Animal Models

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey D. Volgin ◽  
Oleg A. Yakovlev ◽  
Konstantin A. Demin ◽  
Polina A. Alekseeva ◽  
Evan J. Kyzar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Experimental Animal ◽  
Hallucinogenic Drugs ◽  
Experimental Animal Models
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