Control and Prevention of Varicella in Healthcare Settings

Background: Standard precautions prevent the spread of infections in healthcare settings. Incompliance with infection control guidelines of healthcare workers (HCWs) may increase their risk of exposure to infectious disease, especially under pandemics. The purpose of this study was to assess the level of compliance with the infection prevention and control practices among HCWs in different healthcare settings and its relationship with their views on workplace infection control measures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Nurses in Hong Kong were invited to respond to a cross-sectional online survey, in which their views on workplace infection and prevention policy, compliance with standard precautions and self-reported health during pandemics were collected. Results: The respondents were dissatisfied with workplace infection and prevention policy in terms of comprehensiveness (62%), clarity (64%), timeliness (63%), and transparency (60%). For the protective behavior, the respondents did not fully comply with the standard precautions when they were involved in medical care. Their compliance was relatively low when having proper patient handling (54%) and performing invasive procedures (46%). A multivariate analysis model proved that the level of compliance of the standard precautions was positively associated with the satisfaction on infection control and prevention policy among high risk group (0.020; 95% CI: 0.005–0.036), while older respondents had higher level of compliance among the inpatient and outpatient groups (coefficient range: 0.065–0.076). The higher level of compliance was also significantly associated with working in designated team and having chronic condition of the respondents among high-risk and inpatient groups. Conclusions: Standard precautions are the most important elements to reduce cross-transmission among HCWs and patients while the satisfaction on infection control and prevention policy would increase the compliance among the high-risk group. An overall suboptimal compliance and poor views on the infection prevention and control guidelines is a warning signal to healthcare system especially during pandemics.

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Respiratory Protection by Respirators: The Predictive Value of User Seal Check for the Fit Determination in Healthcare Settings

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology ◽

10.1086/659151 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 402-403 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Simon Ching Lam ◽

Joseph Kok Long Lee ◽

Linda Yin King Lee ◽

Ka Fai Wong ◽

Cathy Nga Yan Lee

Keyword(s):

Electronic Device ◽

World Health ◽

Respiratory Pathogens ◽

Respiratory Protection ◽

Healthcare Settings ◽

The World ◽

Fit Testing ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Health Organization ◽

N95 Respirators

The N95 respirator is one type that is recommended by the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to prevent inhalation of droplets that may act to transmit respiratory pathogens. However, the reliability of this respirator to prevent transmission is dependent on how well it is fitted to the wearer. For ill-fitting respirators, the average penetration by ambient aerosol was found to be 33%, compared with 4% for well-fitting respirators. Such penetration or leakage may be caused by the gap between the respirator and the wearer's face. Therefore, formal fit testing should be carried out prior to the use of N95 respirators. Quantitative fit testing measures “the adequacy of respirator fit by numerically measuring the amount of leakage into the respirator” using an electronic device.

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Clínica Radiológica em tempos de pandemia: impacto e condutas na prática odontológica

ARCHIVES OF HEALTH INVESTIGATION ◽

10.21270/archi.v9i4.5144 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Leda Maria Pescinini Salzedas ◽

Izabela Fornazari Delamura ◽

Laís Ventura Barroti ◽

Samyra Yukiko Tazaki Dote ◽

Gabriela Lopes dos Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Infection Prevention And Control ◽

Dental Practice ◽

Oral Radiology ◽

Surface Stability ◽

Healthcare Settings ◽

Future Challenges ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

The Impact

Introdução: O novo coronavírus é responsável pela síndrome respiratória aguda grave, causando óbito, em 5 meses de pandemia, de 646 mil indivíduos mundialmente. As principais formas de transmissão identificadas são gotículas de saliva expelidas ao falar e tossir ou pelo contato em uma superfície com secreções salivares, com característica agressiva de contágio e potencial letalidade. Objetivo: Relatar as práticas do serviço radiológico em tempos de pandemia e evidenciar práticas seguras de biossegurança para o Cirurgião-Dentista. Métodos: Para elaboração deste trabalho foram selecionados 13 artigos utilizando a base de dados do Pubmed. Foram utilizados como descritores “Coronavirus Infections”, “Betacoronavirus”, “Dentistry”, “Radiology” e “Containment of Biohazards. Os critérios de inclusão foram artigos publicados em inglês, espanhol e português com os resumos disponíveis, do ano de 2020. Resultados: Os Cirurgiões-Dentistas estão entre os profissionais que mais sofrem risco de contaminação, uma vez que estão expostos a riscos biológicos e contato direto com a saliva, sendo necessário, neste cenário crítico de pandemia do coronavírus, adotar medidas mais eficazes de prevenção e controle de infecção a fim de evitar ou reduzir ao máximo a transmissão deste vírus. Na Radiologia Odontológica, a baixa incidência de aerossóis não exclui a possibilidade de contaminação pelo contato com fluido salivar nas tomadas radiográficas intrabucais, preconizando radiografias extrabucais. Conclusão: A presente revisão de literatura é baseada em relevantes diretrizes e pesquisas, introduzindo conhecimentos essenciais sobre o coronavírus, condutas a serem adotadas em ambiente odontológico e fornece protocolos de orientações recomendadas para dentistas e estudantes.Descritores: Infecções por Coronavirus; Betacoronavirus; Odontologia; Radiologia; Contenção de Riscos Biológicos.ReferênciasOrganização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. 2020. Disponível: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019Zhu HD, Zeng CH, Lu J, Teng GJ. COVID-19: What should interventional radiologists know and what can they do? J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2020; 31(6):876-81.Odeh ND, Babkair H, Abu-Hammad S, Borzangy S, Abu-Hammad A, Abu-Hammad O. COVID-19: present and future challenges for dental practice. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17(9):3151.Conselho Federal de Odontologia (CFO). Manual de Boas Práticas em Biossegurança para Ambientes Odontológicos. 2020. Disponível em: http://website.cfo.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/cfo-lanc%CC%A7a-Manual-de-Boas-Pra%CC%81ticas-em-Biosseguranc%CC%A7a-para-Ambientes-Odontologicos.pdfSalzedas LMP, Oliva AH, Coclete GEG, Coclete GA. Protocolo de biossegurança e gerenciamento de resíduos no ensino de radiologia odontológica da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba-UNESP. Arch Healt Invest. 2014;3(6):20-27.Peng X, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X, Ren B. Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12(1):9.Fini MB. What dentists need to know about COVID-19. Oral Oncol. 2020;105:104741.Société Française de Stomatologie, Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale et Chirurgie Orale (SFSCMFCO). Praticiens de la cavité orale. Recommandations professionnelles. Risques infectieux par le COVID-19. Faire front pour faire face. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020;121(2):e3-6.Han P, Ivanovski S. Saliva – friend and foe in the COVID-19 outbreak. Diagnostics (Basel). 2020;10:290.Dziedzic A, Wojtyczka R. The impact of coronavírus infectious disease 19 (COVID-19) on oral health. Oral Dis. 2020;101111Wu R, Wang L, Kuo HCD, Shannar A, Peter P, Chuo PJ, Li S, Hudlikar, Liu X, Liu Z, Poiani, Amorosa L, Brunetti L, Kong AN. An update on current therapeutic drugs treating COVID-19. Curr Pharmacol Rep. 2020;11:1-15.Van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, Tamin A, Harcourt JL, Thornburg NJ, Gerber SI, Lloyd-Smith JO, Wit E, Munster VJ. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(16):1564-67.American Dental Association (ADA). What Constitutes a Dental Emergency? 2020. Disponível: https://success.ada.org/~/media/CPS/Files/Open%20Files/ADA_COVID19_Dental_Emergency_DDS.pdf?_ga=2.253879752.110187285.1584496315-1622146531.1565271894Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Interim Infection Prevention and Control for Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Healthcare Settings. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/dental-settings.htmlPeditto M, Scapellato S, Marcianò A, Costa P, Oteri G. Dentistry during the COVID-19 epidemic: an italian workflow for the management of dental practice. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(9):3325.Tuñas ITC, Silva ET, Santiago SBS, Maia KD, Silva-Júnior GO. Doença pelo Coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19): Uma abordagem preventiva para Odontologia. Rev Bras Odontol. 2020;77(1):1-6.Salzedas LMP, Oliva AH, Oliveira LQC, Simas MCO, Coclete GA. Biossegurança na clínica de radiologia odontológica. Arch Health Invest. 2014;3(6):6-13.Escola de Educação Permanente do Hospital das Clínicas da USP (HC). COVID-19: dicas e cuidados para enfrentar a pandemia. 2020. Disponível em: https://jornal.usp.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/e-book-covid-19.pdfSaki M, Haseli S, Iranpour P. Oral radiology center as a potential source of COVID-19 transmission; Points to consider. Acad Radiol. 2020;27(7):1047-48.Yu J, Ding N, Liu XJ, He WJ, Dai WC, Zhou ZG et al. Infection control against COVID-19 in departments of radiology. Acad Radiol. 2020;27(5):614-17.

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Clinical Guideline Highlights for the Hospitalist: Diagnosis and Management of Measles

Journal of Hospital Medicine ◽

10.12788/jhm.3346 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (01) ◽

pp. 47-48

Author(s):

Marie E Wang ◽

Adam J Ratner

Keyword(s):

Infection Prevention ◽

Healthcare Professionals ◽

Clinical Guideline ◽

Target Population ◽

Infection Prevention And Control ◽

Release Date ◽

Title 1 ◽

Healthcare Settings ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

And Control

GUIDELINE TITLE: (1) Measles (Rubeola): For Healthcare Professionals and (2) Interim Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Measles in Healthcare Settings. RELEASE DATE: (1) February 5, 2018, and (2) July 2019 PRIOR VERSION(s): n/a DEVELOPER: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) FUNDING SOURCE: CDC TARGET POPULATION: Children and adults with suspected or confirmed measles

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Epidemiology of CoVID-19 and predictors of recovery in the Republic of Korea

10.1101/2020.05.07.20094094 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ashis Kumar Das ◽

Saji Saraswathy Gopalan

Keyword(s):

Case Fatality ◽

Evidence Base ◽

Republic Of Korea ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Age Group ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression Model ◽

Healthcare Settings ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Vulnerable Patient ◽

The Republic

AbstractBackgroundThe recent CoVID-19 pandemic has emerged as a threat to global health. Though current evidence on the epidemiology of the disease is emerging, very little is known about the predictors of recovery.ObjectivesTo describe the epidemiology of confirmed CoVID-19 patients in Republic of Korea and identify predictors of recovery.Materials and methodsUsing publicly available data for confirmed CoVID-19 cases from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from January 20, 2020 to April 30, 2020, we undertook descriptive analyses of cases stratified by sex, age group, place of exposure, date of confirmation and province. Correlation was tested among all predictors (sex, age group, place of exposure and province) with the Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Associations between recovery from CoVID-19 and predictors were estimated using a multivariable logistic regression model.ResultsMajority of the confirmed cases were females (56%), from 20-29 age group (24.3%), and primarily from three provinces –– Gyeongsangbuk-do (36.9%), Gyeonggi-do (20.5%) and Seoul (17.1%). Case fatality ratio was 2.1% and 41.6% cases recovered. Older patients, patients from provinces such as Daegu, Gyeonggi-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Jeju-do, Jeollabuk-do and Jeollanam-do, and those contracting the disease from healthcare settings had lower recovery.ConclusionsOur study adds to the very limited evidence base on potential predictors of survival among confirmed CoVID-19 cases. We call additional research to explore the predictors of recovery and support development of policies to protect the vulnerable patient groups.

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Infected surfaces as a source of transmissible material in healthcare settings dealing with COVID 19 patients

10.1101/2021.08.06.21261491 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Gulab Dattarao Khedkar ◽

Pramod Bajaj ◽

Amol Kalyankar ◽

Rajeshree Deolalikar ◽

Vikram Khilare ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Active Surface ◽

Human Beings ◽

Health Crisis ◽

Viral Shedding ◽

Public Health Crisis ◽

Healthcare Settings ◽

Route Of Transmission ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Infection Control And Prevention ◽

Selection Of

The disease COVID-19 has turned out to be a tremendous slayer and has had some of the most devastating impacts on human beings ever seen in history. To overcome this major public health crisis, an understanding of the transmission of the virus underlying this disease is of paramount importance. Evidence suggests that the most common route of transmission for the SARS-CoV-2 virus is likely via direct contact in person-to-person encounter with aerosol droplets. However, the possibility of transmission via contact with fomites from surfaces is a possible route of infection as well. Environmental contamination in rooms with COVID-19 patient has been widely observed due to viral shedding from both asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Also, in hospitals, SARS-CoV-2 is known to survive on various surfaces for extended periods of time. Because repetitive contact cycles can spread the virus from one surface to the other in healthcare settings, here we evaluated contamination on different types of surfaces commonly found in healthcare settings. Also, based on various datasets, we analyzed the importance of various surfaces in transmission modalities. Based on the findings of this study, decontamination of surfaces that frequently are in touch contact throughout all segments of the healthcare system should constitute an important part of the infection control and prevention of COVID-19. We also recommend the selection of a non-reactive disinfectant for hospital monitors, devices, ventilators and computers so that active surface disinfection can be effected without damage to the devices.

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Candida auris Dry Surface Biofilm (DSB) for Disinfectant Efficacy Testing

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12010018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 18 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Katarzyna Ledwoch ◽

Jean-Yves Maillard

Keyword(s):

Hospital Staff ◽

Post Treatment ◽

Point Of View ◽

Candida Auris ◽

Healthcare Settings ◽

Practical Evaluation ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Product Effectiveness ◽

Infection Control And Prevention

Candida auris is an emerging pathogen that needs to be controlled effectively due to its association with a high mortality rate. The presence of biofilms on dry surfaces has been shown to be widespread in healthcare settings. We produced a C. auris dry surface biofilm (DSB) on stainless steel surfaces following sequential hydration and desiccation cycles for 12 days. The ASTM2967-15 was used to measure the reduction in viability of 12 commercially wipe-based disinfectants and sodium hypochlorite (1000 ppm) against C. auris DSB. We also evaluated C. auris transferability and biofilm regrowth post-treatment. A peracetic acid (3500 ppm) product and two chlorine-based products (1000 ppm available chlorine) were successful in reducing C. auris viability and delaying DSB regrowth. However, 50% of the products tested failed to decrease C. auris viability, 58% failed to prevent its transferability, and 75% did not delay biofilm regrowth. Using three different parameters to measure product efficacy provided a practical evaluation of product effectiveness against C. auris DSB. Although log10 reduction in viability is traditionally measured, transferability is an important factor to consider from an infection control and prevention point of view as it allows for determination of whether the surface is safe to touch by patients and hospital staff post-treatment.

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Investigation of healthcare infection risks from water-related organisms: Summary of CDC consultations, 2014—2017

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology ◽

10.1017/ice.2019.60 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (6) ◽

pp. 621-626 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Kiran M. Perkins ◽

Sujan C. Reddy ◽

Ryan Fagan ◽

Matthew J. Arduino ◽

Joseph F. Perz

Keyword(s):

Medical Devices ◽

Healthcare Delivery ◽

Healthcare Facilities ◽

Exposure Pathways ◽

Water Exposure ◽

Healthcare Settings ◽

Water Splash ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Patients At Risk ◽

Healthcare Associated

AbstractObjective:Water exposures in healthcare settings and during healthcare delivery can place patients at risk for infection with water-related organisms and can potentially lead to outbreaks. We aimed to describe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) consultations involving water-related organisms leading to healthcare-associated infections (HAIs).Design:Retrospective observational study.Methods:We reviewed internal CDC records from January 1, 2014, through December 31, 2017, using water-related terms and organisms, excluding Legionella, to identify consultations that involved potential or confirmed transmission of water-related organisms in healthcare. We determined plausible exposure pathways and routes of transmission when possible.Results:Of 620 consultations during the study period, we identified 134 consultations (21.6%), with 1,380 patients, that involved the investigation of potential water-related HAIs or infection control lapses with the potential for water-related HAIs. Nontuberculous mycobacteria were involved in the greatest number of investigations (n = 40, 29.9%). Most frequently, investigations involved medical products (n = 48, 35.8%), and most of these products were medical devices (n = 40, 83.3%). We identified a variety of plausible water-exposure pathways, including medication preparation near water splash zones and water contamination at the manufacturing sites of medications and medical devices.Conclusions:Water-related investigations represent a substantial proportion of CDC HAI consultations and likely represent only a fraction of all water-related HAI investigations and outbreaks occurring in US healthcare facilities. Water-related HAI investigations should consider all potential pathways of water exposure. Finally, healthcare facilities should develop and implement water management programs to limit the growth and spread of water-related organisms.

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Experience in the USA

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1258/ijsa.2008.08s201 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 20 (1_suppl) ◽

pp. 2-6

Author(s):

K H Mayer

Keyword(s):

Hiv Testing ◽

Hiv Transmission ◽

Cost Effective ◽

The United States ◽

Healthcare Settings ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

The Usa ◽

New Guidelines ◽

Routine Hiv Testing ◽

The Impact

In November 2006, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention updated their recommendations for HIV-testing in healthcare settings in the USA. The new guidelines recommended routine HIV-testing not based on patient risk, opt-out testing, no separate consent for HIV-testing and no requirement for pretest counselling. Three cardinal points underlie the changes: risk-based testing has not identified all HIV-infected individuals in the USA, opportunities for diagnosis and management of HIV are being missed and routine HIV screening is cost-effective. Routine screening for HIV is desirable and should be achievable, but challenges still remain in introducing it in the USA. State-by-State changes in laws have had to be made, the impact on providers and payers must be considered and proactive screening programmes must be supported by faith and cultural leaders in the highly affected communities. Furthermore, non-specialist clinicians must be trained to deal with all aspects of HIV-testing in an appropriate and professional manner. Despite fears that the public would not accept the new approach, many Americans believe that HIV-testing is an appropriate part of a medical check-up. With the public's support, newly diagnosed HIV-infected individuals will benefit from treatment, and society will benefit because of reduced HIV transmission.

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Foundations of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Preparedness and Response Plan for Healthcare Facilities

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology ◽

10.1086/502338 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 25 (12) ◽

pp. 1020-1025 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Arjun Srinivasan ◽

Lawrence C. McDonald ◽

Daniel Jernigan ◽

Rita Helfand ◽

Kathleen Ginsheimer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Healthcare Facility ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Healthcare Facilities ◽

Airborne Infection ◽

Healthcare Settings ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Response Plan ◽

Healthcare Administrators ◽

Staffing Needs

AbstractObjective:To help facilities prepare for potential future cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).Design and Participants:The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), assisted by members of professional societies representing public health, healthcare workers, and healthcare administrators, developed guidance to help facilities both prepare for and respond to cases of SARS.Interventions:The recommendations in the CDC document were based on some of the important lessons learned in healthcare settings around the world during the SARS outbreak of 2003, including that (1) a SARS outbreak requires a coordinated and dynamic response by multiple groups; (2) unrecognized cases of SARS-associated coronavirus are a significant source of transmission; (3) restricting access to the healthcare facility can minimize transmission; (4) airborne infection isolation is recommended, but facilities and equipment may not be available; and (5) staffing needs and support will pose a significant challenge.Conclusions:Healthcare facilities were at the center of the SARS outbreak of 2003 and played a key role in controlling the epidemic. Recommendations in the CDC's SARS preparedness and response guidance for healthcare facilities will help facilities prepare for possible future outbreaks of SARS.

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